华北地区冬小麦光合作用的光响应曲线的特征参数

在冬小麦各生育期测定了田间叶片光合作用速率及其相应的气象要素, 拟合了各生育期的光合作用的光响应曲线.得出它们的几个特征参数:初始量子效率、最大光合速率和凸度.在华北地区冬小麦的整个生育期, 初始量子效率大多在0.050~0.075之间变化, 最大光合速率在5~25 μmol·m-2·s-1之间变化.表明初始量子效率随生育期的变化不大, 最大光合速率在营养生长期较高, 为20~25 μmol·m-2·s-1, 在生殖生长期, 随着叶片氮、磷、钾等营养元素含量的下降, 叶片的最大光合速率显著降低.     

不同光质对温室甜椒光合特性的影响

以甜椒＂苏椒13号＂品种为试材,于2009年在江苏南京设计不同彩色塑料薄膜（红、绿、黄、紫、蓝、无色（CK））覆盖处理试验,系统研究了不同光质对温室甜椒叶片光合作用特性的影响。结果表明：不同光质处理的甜椒叶片光补偿点和光饱和点分别在4560μmol.m-2.s-1和1 0001 200μmol.m-2.s-1范围内;红膜处理的单叶最大光合速率最高达8.4μmol.m-2.s-1,紫膜处理最低仅为2.89μmol.m-2.s-1;红膜和CK处理的甜椒叶片CO2饱和点明显高于紫膜和黄膜处理,所有处理的CO2补偿点均在100μmol.mol-1左右。CK的叶绿素含量最高,绿膜处理最低。不同色膜处理的晴天叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率日变化均呈单峰型。除蓝膜外,其他色膜处理胞间CO2浓度日变化曲线均呈＂W＂型。水分利用效率日平均值以红膜处理最高、紫膜最低。气孔限制值以紫膜处理最高、红膜处理最低。红膜、黄膜处理可促进甜椒光合作用,而紫膜则具有明显的抑制作用。     

土壤水分胁迫对冬小麦旗叶光合特性的影响

以土壤水分适宜做对照(CK),轻度水分胁迫(50%～70%)、中度水分胁迫(小于50%)3种处理在河北固城可控式土壤水分试验场,选择冬小麦灌浆初期的晴朗天气,采用Li-Cor 6400便携式光合作用仪,观测了3种处理的冬小麦旗叶光合作用参数的日变化。试验结果表明:土壤水分适宜时冬小麦旗叶净光合速率的日变化为"单峰型",未出现明显的"午休"现象,水分胁迫的处理都呈"双峰型",中度胁迫反而比轻度胁迫光合"午休"要短2h;3种处理的蒸腾速率日变化都呈"双峰型",气孔导度是反映叶片气体交换的重要指标,蒸腾速率与气孔导度成极显著正相关;土壤水分适宜或土壤干旱时冬小麦旗叶对环境变化的应变性较迟钝;轻度水分胁迫时冬小麦旗叶净光合速率比CK高2.8%～9.0%,蒸腾速率与CK基本相近,水分利用效率(WUE)比CK高10.6%～12.9%,这可能是一定程度的水分胁迫下冬小麦节水增产的生理调节机理。     

干旱胁迫对冬小麦水分关键期的生理特性和物质生产影响

以冬小麦品种“齐麦2号”为试材,在水分关键期(拔节期~扬花期),设计5个水分处理(T1处于适宜水平,T2、T3、T4、T5分别按照水分关键期常年降水量减少20%、50%、75%、100%进行一次性补水)和1个雨养对照水分控制试验,模拟研究不同程度干旱胁迫对水分关键期冬小麦光合生理特性、抗氧化酶活性及产量结构的影响。结果表明：轻度干旱胁迫会造成冬小麦叶片最大光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度降低,气孔限制值升高,气孔因素是导致冬小麦叶片光合速率降低的主要原因;而当干旱胁迫达到重度时,胞间CO2浓度升高,气孔限制值降低,非气孔因素是导致冬小麦叶片光合速率降低的主要原因。轻度干旱胁迫会使得冬小麦叶片SOD酶、POD酶、CAT酶活性显著升高,从而减轻MDA含量升高对冬小麦叶片膜系统的损伤,复水后抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量均可恢复至正常水平,而重度干旱胁迫下冬小麦叶片SOD酶、POD酶、CAT酶活性不同程度降低,复水后抗氧化酶活性及MDA含量均无法恢复至正常水平,抗氧化酶系统遭受不可逆损伤。此外,水分关键期干旱胁迫还导致冬小麦灌浆速率降低、不孕穗率升高,理论产量大幅降低。研究结论可为科学评估干旱胁迫对冬小麦生长发育及产量形成的影响提供理论依据。     

多功能防旱剂的应用研究

田间试验表明 ,冬小麦喷施多功能防旱剂后 ,能够增大叶片的气孔阻力 ,减少植株蒸腾 ,从而使耗水量减小 ,并能延缓叶片的衰老 ,延长小麦灌浆时间 ;叶片离体失水速率变小 ,保水能力增强 ;灌浆速率、产量和水分利用效率提高 ,经济效益十分明显 ,具有推广价值 .     

拉萨冬小麦生育后期籽粒形成与温度的关系

拉萨冬小麦生育后期温度偏低,灌浆速率比北方麦区小,灌浆时间长,籽粒产量高;蛋白质等主要营养成分含量低,品质较差。因此,高原热量条件对小麦产量为正效应,而对品质为负效应。     

秋季在北京城郊草地下垫面上的一次臭氧干沉降观测试验

2007年9月23日至10月13日, 在北京昌平区蟒山森林公园内, 利用浓度梯度观测法研究了秋季草地下垫面上臭氧的干沉降特征。研究结果表明: (1) 整个观测期间, 臭氧干沉降通量和干沉降速率平均值分别为-0.40 μg?m-2?s-1(负号表示方向指向地面) 和0.55 cm/s。 (2) 臭氧干沉降通量和干沉降速率受观测点山谷风的影响, 当白天谷风主导时, 臭氧的干沉降通量最大, 其平均值为－0.67 μg?m-2?s-1; 在山风、 谷风转换期间, 其平均值为－0.44 μg?m-2?s-1; 夜间山风主导时最小, 为－0.26 μg?m-2?s-1。臭氧干沉降速率也呈现同样的变化规律, 三种情形下的平均沉降速率分别为0.74 cm/s、 0.50 cm/s和0.47 cm/s。 (3) 利用阻力模型计算了臭氧的植被冠层阻力 (Rc), 结果表明: 由于白天植被的光合作用, 叶面气孔打开, 冠层阻力相对较小, Rc 的平均值为109.0 s/m; 夜间植被叶面气孔关闭, 阻力有明显升高, Rc的平均值为217.7 s/m; 在整个观测期间, Rc的平均值为184.0 s/m。     

气象条件对2010年冬小麦生长发育的影响

根据冬小麦生长发育的农业气象指标,利用对比分析的方法得出影响2010年冬小麦产量构成的有利气象因素是:底墒水充足,各生育阶段降水分布适宜,土壤水分条件较好.在分(蘖)一越冬开始期平均气温偏低,冬前积温不足,不利于晚播小麦分集成穗.春季低温冷害对小麦小花分化有一定影响,但幼穗分化时间长,灌浆期温度适宜,光照充足,灌浆时间...     

水分胁迫对华北平原冬小麦地上部分及产量的影响

以“济麦-22”为供试品种,利用中国气象局固城生态环境与农业气象试验站大型根系观测系统,研究冬小麦在重度干旱胁迫（≤40.0%）、轻中度干旱胁迫（40.1%-55.0%）和适宜（55.1%-80.0%）3种水分胁迫条件下地上部分对水分胁迫的响应,以探索水分胁迫对华北平原冬小麦产量的影响,分析不同水分胁迫对冬小麦产量的影响程度。结果表明：华北平原冬小麦在轻中度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫下,小麦全生育期的天数缩短,株高、叶面积及灌浆速率均呈不同程度的减少。3种水分胁迫的株高增长量为适宜>轻中度胁迫>重度胁迫,灌浆速率为适宜>轻中度胁迫>重度胁迫。土壤水分胁迫引起冬小麦物质分配更多地向支持生长的茎秆转移,在生长发育过程中受到水分胁迫,小麦产量将降低,重度胁迫条件下小麦产量为适宜水分条件的69%。     

干旱胁迫对夏玉米叶片光合及叶绿素荧光的影响

选用华北地区大面积种植的夏玉米品种郑单958、承玉2号、鲁单981作为试验材料,通过研究干旱胁迫条件下的玉米叶片光合、叶绿素荧光等指标随着土壤水分的动态变化规律,以期为夏玉米干旱的生理生态变化监测及水分高效利用提供理论依据。研究发现,在土壤含水量70％左右时,随着土壤相对湿度的下降,上述3个夏玉米品种仍能保持其叶片水分状态。郑单958、承玉2号、鲁单981的叶片净光合速率在土壤水分中等条件下最大,分别为39．9、38．8、38．4μmolCO2／m^2·s;在土壤相对湿度较低时,郑单958、承玉2号、鲁单981的叶片净光合速率下降趋势明显（P〈0．05）。叶片水势变化规律为：在土壤相对湿度〉90％时,对水分胁迫郑单958、承玉2号不敏感,鲁单981敏感;在土壤相对湿度〈70％时,水分胁迫条件下承玉2号不敏感,而鲁单981、郑单958敏感。气孔导度（g1）变化规律：随着水分胁迫加剧,3个夏玉米品种气孔导度均下降,在土壤水分较高时,气孔导度变化规律不明显,在土壤水分较低时,气孔导度明显下降（P〈0．01）,细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）随土壤水分胁迫加剧而上升。上述结果表明：与叶片的光合和水分状况相比,夏玉米的气孔对土壤水分的匮缺更为敏感。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;