平流层臭氧变化对大气加热率及到达地面紫外辐射的影响

平流层臭氧的变化对平流层的温度结构，整个大气环流以及到达地面的紫外辐射均有影响。本文采用一个计算臭氧吸收太阳辐射的参数化方法和有关资料，研究了臭氧变化对大气最大加热率和到达地面的紫外辐射通量密度的影响情况。文中给出的参数化方法可直接应用于大气环流模式计算臭氧吸收太阳辐射的加热率。     

用太阳及天光光度计进行大气臭氧探测

在紫外光谱区，大气臭氧有较丰富的吸收带结构。作者用自制的太阳及天光光度计测量直射阳光、直射月光和曙暮光的紫外吸收光谱，并用带吸收法计算臭氧垂直柱总量及斜程含量。文中介绍了观测和计算方法，并给出北京地区晴朗天气条件下观测的初步结果。     

国产臭氧探空仪观测数据质量分析

对国产臭氧探空仪从2001年4月到2004年9月在北京观测的臭氧垂直分布数据的质量进行分析。对国产臭氧探空仪系统基本测量数据(包括电化学反应池池温、臭氧最大分压及其所在的高度、对流层顶的温度和高度)进行初步分析, 结果发现国产臭氧探空仪的稳定性仍需进一步提高。与地面多谱森臭氧总量观测相比, 国产臭氧探空积分的总量普遍要高,2002年至2003年之间的差别范围基本上保持在±20%以内。与国际普遍使用的双池型电化学(ECC型)臭氧探空观测结果相比, 国产臭氧探空观测臭氧分压在15 km以下、25～30km两个高度范围, 均要高于ECC测值。分析结果建议国产臭氧探空仪应尽快参与由全球大气本底监测(GAW)技术主持的世界臭氧探空仪标定中心进行标定, 并在现有的技术条件下, 向双池型电化学型臭氧探空仪这一方向发展     

大气臭氧总量的经验计算方法

依据臭氧生消与紫外辐射(UV)能量利用相互作用的观点,考虑与臭氧有关的主要因子UV、大气中物质在化学和光化学反应中对UV能量的吸收、气溶胶粒子的散射等,在分析1990—1992年臭氧总量、太阳辐射、气象资料的基础上,建立了计算臭氧总量的经验模式,其优点是所用资料均可由常规气象站获得。结果表明,计算值与观测值符合得比较好。利用该经验模式计算了北京地区1979年1月—1996年6月的臭氧总量,计算值与观测值同样比较一致,二者相对偏差的最大值、最小值、平均值分别为15.2%、0.05%和4.9%,相对偏差在±10%之内的比例为91.4%,因而该经验模式是合理、可行的。1991年之后北京地区臭氧的下降与Pinatubo火山气溶胶的影响有关。     

紫外差分吸收激光雷达测量平流层臭氧

我们研制了一台紫外差分吸收（UV-DIAL）激光雷达,用于18～45 km高度的平流层臭氧垂直廓线的长期监测。位于合肥的这一激光雷达于1996年8月全面建成并投入常规运行。本文将给出该激光雷达系统的结构和平流层臭氧测量数据处理。给出的一些测量结果和与其他手段测量结果的对比表明,该激光雷达对平流层臭氧能够进行可靠的测量。     

FY-3A气象卫星臭氧总量数据的质量控制方案及其在台风Tembin(2012)和Isaac(2012)中的应用

我国第二代极轨气象卫星“风云三号”A星(FY-3A)上搭载的紫外臭氧总量探测仪(Total Ozone Unit,TOU)每天可以提供一次覆盖全球的臭氧总量观测。为了在数值预报中应用TOU的臭氧资料,从资料同化角度发展了一套质量控制方案。首先基于臭氧总量和平均位势涡度的高相关性建立了逐日动态更新的臭氧线性回归预报模型,然后使用双权重算法对臭氧资料进行质量控制。将该质量控制方案应用于台风Tembin(2012)和Isaac(2012)个例,试验结果说明该方案可以体现出臭氧总量和平均位势涡度之间相关关系的逐日变化,识别出的离群资料百分比随时间变化较稳定,可以保留原始资料的主体信息,并且显著降低了原始资料的标准差。同时,质量控制后的臭氧数据与统计拟合量更加一致,观测减拟合的概率密度函数分布形式也更接近高斯分布,有利于后续的资料同化。     

FY-3星紫外臭氧总量探测仪(TOU)监测大气臭氧及吸收性气溶胶

FY-3卫星上搭载的紫外臭氧总量探测仪(Total Ozone Unit,TOU)是我国首台自主研制的用于全球臭氧总量监测的仪器,自2008年5月至今已有3台仪器搭载在气象卫星(FY-3A/FY-3B/FY-3C)上成功发射并在轨运行。TOU利用紫外波段进行臭氧总量反演,以获得全球臭氧的分布及其变化。2013年,针对我国灰霾、沙尘等气溶胶污染事件频发的环境问题,TOU紫外探测数据被成功用于吸收性气溶胶指数(AAI)的反演,之后TOU被用于我国吸收性气溶胶污染事件的监测,为沙尘、灰霾等的预报提供监测数据。对TOU的数据和产品的质量和应用进行了介绍,包括L1B数据、臭氧总量产品及AAI指数。在此基础上,根据现有仪器的不足,对后续仪器的发展方向进行了阐述。     

青藏高原大气臭氧研究

总结了国内外有关青藏高原大气臭氧方面开展的研究工作，并简要地介绍了1996－1999年利用NILUV观测仪器在拉萨地区进行臭氧和紫外辐射观测的初步结论。     

大气臭氧与气候变化

人们为什么对大气中大量的臭氧感兴趣呢?其原因在于臭氧对大气的结构、特性,以致于地球上有生命物体有着巨大影响。大气中臭氧的存在使得波长小于290nm的太阳强紫外辐射不能透过大气。另外,臭氧还大量吸收了波长在290-320nm之间的中紫外辐射,波长在320-240nm的近紫外辐射才能通过臭氧层到达地面,但它对生物没有危害。今天无疑可以认为:由于大气中“臭氧盖”的存在,才能使人类免遭紫外辐射的有害影响,人类才能得以生存和发展。大气中臭氧总量的变化(臭氧含量平衡的破坏)影响了平流层中不同高度太阳紫外辐散流入量的分布,这就导致了平流层温度和高层大气     

青藏高原瓦里关地区大气臭氧柱总量及UV—B观测结果的特征分析

利用Brewer臭氧分光光谱仪对青藏高原东北部瓦里关地区的大气臭氧柱总量及太阳紫外B生物有效辐射剂量进行了连续的观测。通过对1996-1996年的资料分析表明：该地区的臭氧柱总量具有明显的年季变化特征，并存在着减少的趋势，与TOMS卫星的观测结果相一致；臭氧垂直廓线的Umkehr反演得出这一地区的臭氧数密度最大值出现在20-30km处，冬春季的高度低于夏季；太阳紫外B生物有效辐射剂量夏季最高可达0．4W／m^2。     

Ozone UV spectroscopy. II. Absorption cross-sections and temperature dependence

Absolute absorption cross-sections of ozone have been measured at five temperatures (218–295 K) in the UV wavelength region corresponding to the Hartley and Huggins bands (195–345 nm). The aim is to give to the users, a coherent set of data determined under high resolution. A comparison with previous work has been made.     

The Effect of Three Different Absorption Cross-Sections and their Temperature Dependence on Total Ozone Measured by a Mid-Latitude Brewer Spectrophotometer

Abstract

The influence of variations in atmospheric temperature and ozone profiles on the total ozone column (TOC) derived from a Brewer MKII spectrophotometer operating in Thessaloniki, Greece, is investigated using three different sets of ozone absorption cross-sections. The standard Brewer total ozone retrieval algorithm uses the Bass and Paur (1985) cross-sections without accounting for the temperature dependence of the ozone cross-sections which produces a seasonally dependent bias in the measured TOC. The magnitude of this temperature effect depends on the altitude where the bulk of the ozone absorption occurs. Radiosonde measurements for the period 2000 to 2010 combined with climatological ozone profiles were used to calculate the effective temperature of ozone absorption and investigate its effect on the retrieved ozone column. Three different ozone absorption cross-section spectra convolved with the instrument's slit function were used: those of Bass and Paur (hereafter BP), currently used in the standard Brewer retrieval algorithm; those of Brion, Daumont, and Malicet (Malicet et al., 1985; hereafter BDM); and the recently published set by Serdyuchenko et al. (2013 hereafter S13). The temperature dependence of the differential ozone absorption coefficient ranges between 0.09 and 0.13% per degree Celsius for BP, between ?0.11 and ?0.06% per degree Celsius for BDM, and between 0.018 to 0.022% per degree Celsius for S13, resulting in a seasonal bias in the derived TOC of up to 2%, 1.8%, and 0.4%, respectively. The temperature sensitivity of the differential ozone absorption coefficient for the Brewer spectrophotometer at Thessaloniki for the BP and BDM cross-sections is found to be within the range reported for other Brewer instruments in earlier studies, whereas the seasonal bias in TOC is minimized when using the new S13 cross-sections because of their small temperature dependence.     

Three-Year Observations of Ozone Columns over Polar Vortex Edge Area above West Antarctica

Ozone vertical column densities (VCDs) were retrieved by Zenith Scattered Light-Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (ZSL-DOAS) from January 2017 to February 2020 over Fildes Peninsula, West Antarctica (62.22°S, 58.96°W). Each year, ozone VCDs started to decline around July with a comparable gradient around 1.4 Dobson Units (DU) per day, then dropped to their lowest levels in September and October, when ozone holes appeared (less than 220 DU). Daily mean values of retrieved ozone VCDs were compared with Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME-2) satellite observations and the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis dataset, with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.86, 0.94, and 0.90, respectively. To better understand the causes of ozone depletion, the retrieved ozone VCDs, temperature, and potential vorticity (PV) at certain altitudes were analyzed. The profiles of ozone and PV were positively correlated during their fluctuations, which indicates that the polar vortex has a strong influence on stratospheric ozone depletion during Antarctic spring. Located at the edge of polar vortex, the observed data will provide a basis for further analysis and prediction of the inter-annual variations of stratospheric ozone in the future.     

太阳紫外线辐射及其生物效应

紫外（UV）辐射在太阳幅射光谱中的谱区范围是在100－400nm间，其能量仅占太阳辐射总量的8％，按照不同波长线所起的生物作用，可分为三部分，紫外线A段（UV－A），波长320－400nm，约占太阳辐射总量的6％，这部分生物作用较弱，主要是色素沉着作用，紫外线B段（UV-B），波长290－320nm，约占太阳辐射总量的1．5％，此段对人体影响较大，主要作用是抗佝偻病和红斑作用，是引起民皮肤癌，白内障，免疫系统能力下降的主要原因之一，紫外线C段（UV－C），波长100－290nm，约占太阳辐射总量的0．5％，由于几乎完全被臭氧层吸收而不能达到地面，以人工发生的紫外线灯进行实验，这段紫外线具有最大杀菌力，对机体细胞也有强烈的刺激破坏作用。     

Temperature-dependence of ultraviolet absorption cross-sections of alternative chlorofluoroethanes: 2. The 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro ethane -HCFC-124

The temperature-dependent ultraviolet absorption cross-sections of CF₃-CHFCI (HCFC-124) have been measured between 170 and 230 nm for temperatures ranging from 295 to 210 K, with uncertainties between 2 and 4%. These results are compared with other available sets of determinations. Temperature effects are discussed and the photodissociation coefficients, presented with their temperature dependence, are calculated. Implication of the temperature dependences on the stratospheric chemistry is also discussed. Parametrical formulae are proposed to compute absorption crosssection values for wavelengths and temperatures useful in modelling calculations.     

Ultraviolet absorption spectrum of trifluoro-bromo-methane,difluoro-dibromo-methane and difluoro-bromo-chloro-methane in the vapor phase

Ultraviolet absorption cross-sections of trifluoro-bromo-methane (CF₃Br-Halon 1301), difluoro-dibromo-methane (CF₂Br₂-Halon 1202) and of difluoro-bromo-chloro-methane (CF₂BrCl-Halon 1211) are measured in the wavelength interval 172–304 nm for temperatures ranging from 210 to 295 K with uncertainties of between 2 and 4%. They are compared with previous measurements available at room temperature. Temperature effects are discussed and parametrical formulae are proposed to compute the absorption cross-sections for wavelengths and temperatures useful in atmospheric modelling calculations. Photodissociation coefficients are presented and their temperature dependence is discussed.     

Ozone UV spectroscopy I: Absorption cross-sections at room temperature

Because of the importance of the absorption cross-sections of ozone in the atmosphere, we give a new set of data at ambient temperature for the whole spectral region within the 195–345 nm range. Two new methods have been investigated for the experiments to measure the ozone pressures. Our results are compared with all of the previous data. The agreement between the more recent works is relatively good and can be improved by making some corrections in the WMO set. The new reference value at 254 nm proposed by Mauersberger et al. is confirmed and we suggest taking it as a new standard.     

双差分吸收激光雷达:-种能有效减小气溶胶对臭氧测量影响的方法

文中提出了一种新的激光雷达测量臭氧的方法：双差分吸收方法。理论分析和数值模拟表明这种方法可以有效减小气溶胶消光和后向散射对臭氧测量的影响，从而使激光雷达在气溶胶影响严重地区测量的臭氧精度比传统差分吸收激光雷达大大提高。利用（２８９，３１３；２７７．１，２９９．１ｎｍ）或（２６８．４，２８９；２７７．１，２９９．１ｎｍ）４波长进行双差分吸收可以用于对流层大气气溶胶含量丰富或分布不均匀地区臭氧的测量。利用（２９９．１，３４１．５；３０８，３５３ｎｍ）４波长进行双差分吸收可以对火山爆发后平流层臭氧进行较精确的测量。     

Sensitivity Studies for Monitoring Tropospheric Ozone from Space Using the Ultraviolet,Visible,and Polarization Bands

The authors analyzed the retrieval sensitivity of tropospheric ozone using simulated the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 （GOME-2） measurements. The retrieval sensitivity was evaluated by the degree of free- dom for signal （DFS）. The combination of the ultraviolet （UV）, UV polarization （UVPOL）, and visible （VIS） bands enhances DFS of tropospheric ozone and improves the vertical resolution of the retrieved ozone profile. UVPOL reduces the dependence on solar zenith angle, mainly in- creases the sensitivity in upper troposphere. Polarization increased the DFS by 20% on the eastern side of the GOME-2 orbit, with little improvement on the western side because the increase in DFS due to polarization is depend- ent on the relative azimuth angle. The inclusion of the visi- ble band reduces significantly the dependence on viewing geometry, and mainly increases the DFS in the lower tro- posphere （0-6 kin） by a factor of two. It was possible to retrieve several independent pieces of tropospheric ozone information from GOME-2 UV/UVPOL/VIS measure- ments, especially in the lower troposphere.