云特征参数与降水相关性的研究

利用FY2C卫星和探空反演得到的云结构特征参数,结合地面降水,研究了云顶高度、光学厚度、云粒子有效半径和云厚度等云结构参数与降水的关系,并分类研究了层状云和对流云在不同降水强度情况下,云参数的频数分布规律及其与降水的关系。结果表明：通常云厚大于5km、云底较低、云粒子有效半径较大时,地面易出现降水,若云顶高于10km、云光学厚度大于20且云中无夹层或夹层稀薄时,地面雨强多大于1mm/h;对于层状云降水,当云光学厚度大于17时,地面出现降水的概率较大,随光学厚度值增加,地面雨强呈增大趋势;对于对流云降水,云顶高度和光学厚度相关性较好,云光学厚度大于17且云顶高于7km时,地面出现降水的概率较大,当光学厚度大于20时,地面雨强明显增大;层状云和对流云的降水概率均随云顶高度和光学厚度的增加而增大,降水概率与云光学厚度的相关性更为密切,光学厚度小于10的云很难产生降水,而云光学厚度大于20时,层状云和对流云的降水概率都会显著增加;综合云体的高度、厚度和云光学厚度等云参量的组合特征,对分析判断地面降水落区和降水强度更加有效。     

华北云特征参数与降水相关性的研究

利用河北省、河南省和山西省2013—2014年的每日10—15时逐时FY2E卫星反演得到的云结构特征参数和地面小时降水,统计分析了云顶高度、云顶温度、云光学厚度和云粒子有效半径等4类云结构特征参数与地面降水的关系。主要结论有:随着云光学厚度的增加,降水概率呈增加趋势。云光学厚度比其他云参数对降水更具有指示意义,当云光学厚度大于20时,降水概率显著增大。双参数、多参数组合下,对地面是否出现降水的判断和识别要优于单个云参数的判别结果。4类云参数中,云光学厚度与降水强度呈正相关关系,对降水强度的影响最为显著;云顶温度和云顶高度对降水强度的影响次之;云粒子有效半径与降水强度的关系不明显。地面降水时,当云光学厚度小于20或云光学厚度介于21—30、云顶温度大于-15℃时,出现小雨的概率最大;当云光学厚度介于21—30、云顶温度小于-15℃或云光学厚度大于30、云顶温度大于-30℃时,出现中雨的概率最大;当云光学厚度大于30、云顶温度小于-30℃时,出现大雨或暴雨的可能性最大。云光学厚度、云顶温度、云顶高度和云粒子有效半径等云结构特征参数组合使用,对判断降水概率和降水强度具有较好的指示作用。     

青海省东部地区云特征参量与降水相关性分析

利用青海省东部地区2018年7—9月、2019年4—9月、2020年4—7月FY-2G卫星反演的云特征参量及地面小时降水数据,分析了云顶高度、云顶温度、云光学厚度和云粒子有效半径4种云特征参量对降水频率及降水强度的指示性。结果表明:(1)单云特征参量中,云光学厚度对降水频率指示性最强。中雨、大雨频率分别随云顶温度下降、云顶高度及云光学厚度增加呈明显增加趋势,而小雨频率随之呈减小趋势。(2)双云特征参量(云光学厚度和云顶温度)对降水频率指示性优于单云特征参量,降水频率随云光学厚度增加及云顶温度下降而增大。当云光学厚度为21~30且云顶温度大于0℃时,小雨频率最大。云光学厚度大于40且云顶温度为-45~-31℃时,中雨频率最大。云光学厚度大于40且云顶温度小于-45℃时,大雨频率最大。(3)三云特征参量(云顶温度、云光学厚度和云粒子有效半径)对降水频率指示性优于单云特征参量,但比双云特征参量降水频率指示性弱。     

利用FY-2C卫星数据反演云辐射特性

本文利用FY-2C静止卫星提供的可见光、中红外和热红外观测数据, 开展了水云光学厚度、粒子有效半径和云顶温度的云参数遥感探测理论和反演方法研究。基于FY-2C可见光、中红外(3.75 μm)与热红外(11 μm)通道辐射率对云光学厚度、 云滴有效半径、云顶温度辐射参数的敏感性分析, 提出三通道同时反演云的光学厚度、云滴有效半径及云顶温度的迭代方案; 通过个例分析进行了云参数反演试验, 并将结果与MODIS的云反演产品进行了对比, 最后对反演误差进行了分析。主要结论如下:(1) 个例反演得到的云参数与各通道探测数据有着较好的对应关系, 迭代计算标准偏差在允许的计算精度范围内(<0.89%), 反演结果具有合理性; (2) 通过与MODIS云反演产品的对比可以看到, 两者云光学厚度、云滴有效半径的均值和直方图分布都非常一致, 而MODIS的云顶温度比FY-2C反演值要高, 考虑到FY-2C的 11 μm通道测量的辐射值与MODIS相比偏小, 因此认为我们的反演方法与MODIS方法的精度是相当的。     

FY2E卫星反演云特性参数产品在乌鲁木齐暴雪天气分析中的应用

利用FY-2E静止卫星反演的云参数产品对乌鲁木齐2015年12月11日和2017年12月27日两次暴雪天气过程进行分析,发现在降水发生前2 h,云宏观参数的云顶温度、黑体亮温、云顶高度和过冷层厚度都处于不断增强的较高水平,且出现快速增强后又不断减弱,对应后期可能要出现强降水,其中与小时降水量变化具有较好的相关性,降水前期相关参量较降水中后期都要大。在降雪天气中云顶温度普遍在-20～-60℃,云顶高度最大值均超过10 km,过冷层厚度集中在2～9 km。从云微观参量来看,降雪云的光学厚度主要在10～35,绝大多数的有效粒子半径分布在15～35μm,两场天气的液水路径分别分布在75.49～975.63 g/m2和47.41～796.01 g/m2,前者降雪天气的云宏微观参量均值都不同程度地大于后者。     

基于CERES资料的新疆云物理参数时空分布特征

利用2011—2020年ERA5再分析降水资料、CERES云物理参数产品，分析新疆云参数的时空变化分布特征，归纳总结云物理参数与降水的相关性，结果表明：1）云水路径（冰相）值、云粒子有效半径（冰相）、云光学厚度与降水量的空间分布一致，均为山区最大，北疆次之，南疆最小。2）夏季（6—8月）在南、北疆、山区云水路径（液、冰相）、云顶（底）温度、云光学厚度与降水量呈同位相变化；云粒子有效半径（液、冰相）、云顶气压与降水量呈反位相变化。3）夏季（6—8月）北疆、山区的云水路径（液、冰相）值、云顶（底）温度、云光学厚度，南疆云光学厚度与降水量呈正相关；北疆云粒子有效半径（冰相），南疆云粒子有效半径（液相）、云顶气压，山区云粒子有效半径（液、冰相）、云顶气压与降水量呈负相关。     

一次对流云团合并的卫星等综合观测分析

利用FY2C卫星观测反演得到的云物理特征参数,结合雷达、微波辐射计和地面雨量等资料,综合分析了2008年7月17日中国安徽一次强降水过程的云合并特征。结果表明：对流云团发展合并是这次强降水发生的主要原因,同一区域内FY2C卫星反演的云光学厚度、雷达回波以及地面降水的分布演变具有较好的一致性,强降水落区与云光学厚度大值区以及雷达强回波区基本对应;对流云团中的液水分布不均匀,以团块状结构为主,对流云团合并时,常先有云体上部（云顶）的合并,一旦云中不均匀的液水合并,合并部位的云光学厚度迅速增加,地面微波辐射计观测的整层液水含量跃增,地面将会出现强降水;一般降水增强之前云顶抬升,光学厚度增大;若云顶高但光学厚度较小时,地面降水一般不明显,光学厚度与降水的关系更密切;对流云团合并初期,云底由小粒子组成,T-re图上表现为深厚的凝结增长区域,合并时整层云粒子的有效半径增长明显,粒子相态达到混合相态区和冻结层的温度不断升高。     

中尺度强暴雨云团云特征的多种卫星资料综合分析

针对2002年6月23—27日发生于江淮地区的一次中尺度强暴雨过程，利用FY-1D，EOS和NOAA卫星的可见光、红外、微波通道遥感观测、反演资料，从相态、光学厚度、垂直结构等各方面分析云特征，并将分析结果与同时段地面雨量观测进行对比分析，发现云光学厚度大且云顶粒子为大粒子、冰相态是此次降雨过程中云团的主要云特征，地面雨量的大小与云光学厚度密切相关，两者间基本呈正相关关系；稳定少变的大光学厚度云或云光学厚度显著增大均可带来强的地面降水。微波资料可以很好地体现降雨云团的垂直结构。分析结果显示，卫星遥感对揭示中尺度强暴雨云团的云特征，具有很好的指示作用。     

内蒙古西部地区降水云宏观特征

基于自动站降水、雷达回波、卫星云图等资料,挑选2017及2018年内蒙古西部地区49次降水过程,利用L波段探空、风云卫星反演以及降水数据分析该地区降水云、无降水云与临近降水云的宏观结构。超过80%的样本统计结果显示降水云云底高度小于等于3.0 km,云顶高度大于等于8.0 km,云层厚度大于等于6.0 km,云夹层数小于等于2且夹层厚度小于等于0.6 km,云夹层分布稀疏。云光学厚度和液水路径作为降水云的指标判据具有一定的优势,近70%的样本表明,降水云光学厚度大于等于20,液水路径大于等于100 g·m~(-2)。一般降水易发生在高光学厚度和高液水含量区及光学厚度大于等于55和液水路径小于等于500 g·m~(-2)的降水云区。     

用FY-2C/D卫星等综合观测资料反演云物理特性产品及检验

云的宏微观物理特性参数无论对天气、气候还是人工影响天气的研究和业务都有十分重要的应用价值.基于FY-2C/D静止卫星遥感观测,融合高空和地面等其它观测资料,研发了近10种云宏微观物理特性参数的反演技术方法,并实现业务化运行.简单介绍反演得到的云顶高度、云顶温度、云过冷层厚度、云暖层厚度、云底高度、云体厚度、云光学厚度、云粒子有效半径和云液水路径等近10种云宏微观物理参数产品的物理意义、反演技术方法和业务流程等;对主要云参数产品,利用最新获得的Cioudsat云卫星实测结果进行了对比检验和可用性分析;将反演产品同MODIS反演的同类产品进行对比分析,发现两者具有较好的一致性.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.