青藏铁路沿线平均最高最低气温变化趋势预测及其概率估计

根据实测月最高最低气温资料，建立了1955—2000年青藏铁路沿线各站平均最高最低气温序列，最低气温在1975年以前偏冷，最冷的1960年代，比多年平均偏低1．4℃；1975年以后偏暖，到2000年气温距平达 1．4℃；最高气温的变化大体与前者相反，1960年代比多年平均气温偏暖约0．1℃，1970年代和1980年代偏冷约0．2℃，进入1990年代后才逐渐升高，2000年气温距平达 0．8℃。利用近1000年的太阳黑子周期长度(SCL)约有41，58，76，90和200年的5个显著周期及均生函数正交化筛选方案，预测21世纪SCL比20世纪平均长1年，在2055年达到极长年份12．4年，2068年转为极短年份10．6年。根据IPCC报告中未来100年大气CO2浓度的估计值(B2方案)，研究了未来50～100年青藏铁路沿线平均最高最低气温变化趋势。同时，作为试验，利用事件概率回归估计模式预测，相对于1990年代而言，青藏铁路沿线平均最高(最低)气温到2050年升高0．4℃(2．4℃)的概率为66％(74％)；到2100年升高1．4℃(6．9℃)左右的概率为85％(62％)。     

青藏铁路沿线平均年气温变化趋势预测

青藏铁路沿线年平均气温具有很好的互相关性,特别是各站10年滑动平均气温序列互相关系数达到0．92,以此建立了1935-2002年青藏铁路沿线平均年气温序列Trw。研究表明：Trw对太阳黑子周期长度(SCL)和大气中CO2浓度有落后5年和15年的显著响应,其相关系数分别为-0．76(SCL)和0．88(CO2)。利用近1000年SCL的76、93、108、205和275年显著周期及均生函数模型预测了未来太阳活动周期的快慢：21世纪前50年的SCL总体偏长,活动周期放慢;后50年SCL总体偏短,活动周期加快。在考虑大气CO2浓度倍增和气候自然变化情况下,预测2l世纪前50年Trw与20世纪最后10年(1990年代)相比,其升温幅度在0．5℃左右;与20世纪最后30年(1971-2000年)相比,其升温幅度在l.O℃以内。这一升温幅度的概率为0．64～0．73。     

气温的天气和气候记忆性特征分析:以济南和青岛为例

气温的天气和气候记忆性特征分析对于提高气候预测水平具有积极意义。利用济南和青岛1961—2020 年逐日、月和年平均气温资料,运用自相关性函数和标准化频率分布分析了上述时间序列的气温记忆性特征和概率分布特征,并利用结构函数法建立了月、年平均气温距平与日平均气温距平之间的分数阶导数关系。结果表明:(1)济南和青岛的月、年平均气温距平呈现不同程度的记忆性特征,其中年平均气温距平相比于月平均气温距平具有更好的记忆性。(2)济南和青岛的月、年平均气温距平与日平均气温距平之间存在分数阶导数关系,济南和青岛相应的月、年尺度阶数分别为0. 529、0. 665 和0. 553、0. 791,两地的月尺度阶数相近,但青岛略大,青岛的年尺度阶数大于济南,即青岛月和年平均气温距平的记忆性大于济南。(3)济南和青岛的月和年平均气温距平相比于日平均气温距平有不同程度的长尾特征,长尾特征反映了极值温度发生的概率。     

青藏高原及铁路沿线地表温度变化趋势预测

青藏高原及其铁路沿线各站的年地表温度具有很好的互相关性,特别是各站10年滑动平均温度互相关系数达到0．92,以此建立了1961-2003年青藏铁路沿线平均地表温度序列。研究表明：青藏高原地表温度的升高是明显的,40年来升高1．1～1．5℃,其升温率为0．44℃／10a。大气CO2浓度的增加有利于青藏高原地表温度的升高,而太阳黑子周期长度（SCL）的变长则起相反作用。地表温度对人气CO2浓度和SCL的最好响应约滞后10年。若根据SCL的变化和IPCC第三次评估报告给出的新的温室气体排放情景SRES-B1预测,目前青藏高原地表温度的升温到2010年前后达到最强,此后可能会出现一个明显的降温过程,到2030年前后可能低于20世纪70～90年代的平均值。新一轮的升温开始于2040年代。若综合考虑CO2和SCL两者的共同影响预测,未来50年平均最低、最高和年地表温度与1971-2000年的平均比较,分别升高0．2,1．0和0．6℃。     

世界异常天气及其评价(1993年6月天气)

6月份北半球500hPa月平均国的主要村点是：极区附近仍以正距平为主，中纬度则负距平占多数。特别在太平洋西部、斯堪的纳维亚半岛至俄罗斯的欧洲部分，负距平最为显著。另外，太平洋地区的负距平虽然没有5月之前那样显著，但仍在持续。1西西伯利亚高温西西伯利亚地区气温几乎全部偏高，特别是乌拉尔地区北部有月平均气温比常年偏高8℃以．上的地方。2亚洲南部高温印度支那半岛至菲律宾、印度西南部气温偏高，巴基斯坦受热浪袭击，死亡人数超过了100人。3欧洲北部低温欧洲北部至俄罗斯的欧洲部分月平均气温出现了较常年偏低2℃左右的大范围…     

青藏铁路沿线地面气温演变的非线性振荡规律研究

将描述局地气温变化的非线性振荡方程应用到青藏铁路沿线9个测站(安多、当雄、托托河、班戈、格尔木、那曲、西宁、拉萨及五道梁)局地年气温演变研究中，根据各测站1966—1997年逐年年气温距平资料和反演理论获得具体描述各测站局地气温的非线性振荡方程。在不考虑外源强迫项的情况下，以经典非线性力学理论为依据，研究青藏铁路沿线9个测站的气温演变规律。结果表明，青藏铁路沿线9个测站局地气温系统是明显的非线性系统，其演变周期大致在3～6年之间，气温振幅随时间增加而衰减。其平均预报准确率为75．4％，有较好的预报能力。     

1470年以来我国华东四季与年平均气温变化的研究

本文根据历史记载恢复了1470年以来我国华东(长江中下游地区)春、夏、秋,冬四季的10年平均气温距平。首先利用近35年(1951-1985年)气温观测对不同强度寒冷事件的气温距平做出估计,然后按事件发生频率定出五百年来每10年寒冷指数,最后转换为对近百年平均气温的偏差。结果表明,过去五百年中,前四百年比近一百年显著偏冷,各季百年平均气温均为负距平,变化于-0.1℃到-0.7℃之间,10年平均气温虽有正距平,但负距平占绝对优势,达到-1.0℃的10年以冬、春为最多,最大负距平(-2.0℃左右)出现在冬季,个别10年(如1650＇s及1840＇s)年平均气温距平亦达到-1.0℃。分析表明,在小冰河期不但气温平均值下降,气温变化幅度(方差)也增加,春、秋两季最为明显。     

青藏铁路沿线地面气温和地温的年际变化趋势及与地形的关系

利用青藏铁路沿线常规气象观测站自建站至2002年月平均地面气温和地表温度，通过插补建立了1960-2002年青藏铁路沿线各站各季及年平均温度资料完整的序列。分析表明，青藏铁路沿线温度近40年来的变化是明显的，升温最显著的是冬季、秋季，升温率分别达到0．41℃／10a和0．40℃／10a，春季升温率只有0．23℃／10a。年平均气温和地温的升温率分别为0．33℃／10a和0．37℃／10a，地温的升高比气温要快。升温率与海拔高度呈负相关，其相关系数为-0．807。升温率随海拔高度的升高而减小。盆地升温率比高山大。铁路沿线地温与气温变化间的相关系数达0．767。在相对冷期，气温的波动幅度大于地温；在相对暖期，地温的升高明显比气温快。     

世界异常天气及其评价──1994年7月天气

7月份，北半球500hPa月平均环流形势主要特点为：极区为负距平，亚洲至太平洋海域的中纬度地区被正距平所覆盖。另外，在欧洲，大陆西部可见到阻塞高压和较强的正距平，其东西两例均为负距平。1中国东部至日本高温少雨中国东部至日本，气温明显偏高，月平均气温距平为2～4℃，在日本和韩团等国家的许多地方，月平均气温和日极端囊高气温的最高记录都被打破。月降水偏少，有些地方只有常年的10％左右，直接对农作物和用水造成影响。2中国南方和菲律宾多雨中国南方和菲律宾受台风等影响降水偏多，出现了洪水等灾害。气温低于常年伍，香港等地…     

温室效应对青藏高原及青藏铁路沿线气候影响的数值模拟

在一个全球模式中嵌套了RegCM2区域气候模式,进行了CO2加倍对中国区域气候影响的数值试验,对青藏高原及青藏铁路沿线地区进行了重点分析。结果表明,在CO2加倍的情况下,这里的气温将明显升高,升高值一般在2．6～2．8℃以上,高于全国平均值。同时降水在青藏高原大部分地区也将明显增加;其中青藏铁路沿线的增加率一般在25％以上,远高于全国平均值水平。温室效应同时会使得青藏铁路沿线的日平均最高气温升高。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences