1880-2006年中国夏季雨带类型的年代际变化特征

 利用1880-2006年中国东部地区夏季降水量及1951-2006年中国160个站夏季降水量和北半球大气环流资料,在夏季降水分型的基础上,研究了夏季雨型的年代际变化规律,分析了夏季各类雨型所对应的北半球500 hPa环流场的主要特征。结果表明：东部季风区和西部区存在着20～40 a左右的年代际振荡趋势,东北区则表现为明显的15 a左右的年代际变化特点;东部季风区四类雨型东亚大气环流差异显著,西部区二类雨型和东北区二类雨型欧亚大气环流的配置基本都相反。     

1880-2006年中国夏季雨带类型的年代际变化特征

利用1880-2006年中国东部地区夏季降水量及1951-2006年中国160个站夏季降水量和北半球大气环流资料,在夏季降水分型的基础上,研究了夏季雨型的年代际变化规律,分析了夏季各类雨型所对应的北半球500 hPa环流场的主要特征。结果表明：东部季风区和西部区存在着20～40 a左右的年代际振荡趋势,东北区则表现为明显的15 a左右的年代际变化特点;东部季风区四类雨型东亚大气环流差异显著,西部区二类雨型和东北区二类雨型欧亚大气环流的配置基本都相反。     

山东夏季降水分布型及与全国雨型的关系

利用山东省26个代表站1961—2009年夏季6—8月降水资料,采用自然函数正交分解（EOF）和相关概率等方法定义了山东夏季降水分布型,并分析了其年代际变化特征及与全国雨型的关系,结果表明：山东夏季降水存在同多（少）、东少（多）西多（少）及南多（少）北少（多）六个基本分布型;其与全国雨型有一定的联系,出现频数最高的同多型中,全国Ⅱ类雨型最多,其次为Ⅰ类雨型;出现频数次高的同少型中,全国Ⅲ类雨型最多。山东夏季雨型变化具有明显的年代际特征,同多型主要出现在上世纪60年代前期、90年代中前期及21世纪初;同少型主要分布在80年代;2000年以来,山东夏季以全省多雨为主,且主要多雨区位于鲁南、鲁中东部和半岛地区。     

ENSO与中国东部夏季降水异常关系的年代际变化

根据1960—2011年Had ISST资料集中的月平均海表温度资料和中国753站逐日降水资料,基于转经验正交函数分解等分析方法,发现中国夏季降水的变化具有明显的独立性特征,可以分为相对独立的11个雨区,并在此基础上讨论了11个雨区夏季降水与ENSO的相关关系及其年代际变化,发现不同雨区的夏季降水与ENSO相关关系的年代际变化特征不尽相同,据此可分为3种类型:第1类为稳定不相关型,代表区为东北地区、长江中下游地区、江南地区、闽赣地区、环琼州海峡地区;第2类为稳定相关型,代表区为河套地区、黄河中下游地区;第3类为相关关系变化型,代表区为辽吉地区、黄淮地区、淮河流域以及两广地区。而在第3类相关关系变化型中,4个雨区夏季降水与ENSO相关关系的年代际突变时间也存在差异,两广地区的突变年份在1975年左右,辽吉地区和黄淮地区的突变年份在1980年左右,淮河流域的突变年份在1985年左右。     

华北夏季降水的年代际变化

利用我国740个测站逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,使用合成分析等方法,对华北夏季降水的年代际变化特征进行分析。结果表明:华北夏季降水的年代际变化与华北夏季雨带的年代际变化密不可分。在华北夏季降水偏多阶段,华北地区雨带降水量较大,华北雨带能够向西延伸,雨带位置大多数时间能够越过115°E,并且能够接近华北西部边界110°E,位置偏西;而在华北夏季降水偏少阶段,华北雨带降水量偏小,雨带虽然也能够越过115°E,但维持时间不长,且向西延伸并不明显,雨带位置很难接近华北西部边界110°E,位置偏东。华北雨带发生的年代际变化和东亚地区大气环流以及东亚夏季风的年代际变化有关。     

全国各省市气象科技期刊文章摘要（36）

1中国东部地区夏季降水型年代际年际变化机理与预测研究 《军事气象水文》2009年第4期 张庆云 中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室100081 摘要：根据NCEP／NCAP．再分析资料以及英国气象局哈德莱中心全球10×10格点月平均海表温度距平和中国160站月平均降水资料,利用物理量诊断、EOF分析等方法,探讨夏季东亚季风区大气环流年代际、年际变化特征与大气外强迫因子（海温）异常关系及对中国东部地区夏季降水型的影响。研究表明：东亚夏季季风环流及中国东部地区夏季降水型的年代际变化特征与大气外强迫因子北太平洋中纬度海温的年代际变化趋势密切相关;     

近50年环渤海地区夏季降水时空变化特征

根据环渤海地区1961-2008年夏季60个测站逐日降水资料序列,使用EOF和REOF方法将环渤海地区划分为4个区域,分析了近50年来环渤海不同区域夏季降水的时空变化特征.结果表明,环渤海地区夏季降水存在明显的区域一致性以及年际和年代际变化特征,降水总体呈下降趋势;各区夏季降水都存在2～3年的年际周期,辽东半岛和环渤海北部区域存在10～11年、环渤海西部和山东半岛存在14～15年的年代际周期;辽东半岛在20世纪60年代后期,山东半岛在70年代初期都发生了降水由多到少的显著突变,而环渤海北部和西部地区在90年代后期降水出现显著突变.     

中国南方夏季低频雨型特征及其年代际变化研究

为了揭示南方低频降水的季节内及年代际变化规律,利用1961—2011年夏季中国南方逐日降水资料和大气环流再分析资料,运用经验正交函数分解(EOF)与聚类分析相结合方法,将南方地区10 d以上的低频尺度降水划分为5个异常雨型.分析表明,各雨型具有较好的持续性,与同期的环流场有很好的对应关系,彼此间水汽异常输送特征有明显差别.通过对雨型的统计特征进行分析,指出不同于以往的季节平均雨型,低频雨型可在季节内交替出现,反映了大尺度异常降水的低频演变特征.进一步研究发现,近50年来各低频雨型的多项统计特征存在显著的年代际变化:20世纪80—90年代各多雨型均相继出现峰值,进入21世纪偏旱型的各项统计特征存在明显上升趋势,而大部分低频多雨型出现次数减少,这可能预示着中国南方地区正在进入一个季节内尺度降水减少的阶段.     

近50 a南京夏季降水的气候特征

利用南京6站近50 a(1960—2009年)的夏季逐日降水资料,应用累积距平、趋势系数、小波分析等方法,分析了南京地区夏季降水和旱、涝年的时空特征。结果表明,南京地区夏季降水量、雨日、暴雨日和暴雨日降水强度均有明显的年代际变化特征,其中降水量和暴雨日数的年代际变化基本一致;各站夏季降水量、雨日和暴雨日均呈增加趋势,总降水量的增加趋势主要是大雨及以上量级降水的贡献;夏季降水量存在2～8 a的周期变化;南京地区旱、涝年的夏季降水量与长江中下游地区有较好的一致性,与华南地区呈相反关系。     

中国西部冬季降水年际与年代际变化的水汽输送差异

中国西部地区是著名的气候脆弱区,降水的多寡对其影响十分巨大。尤其是在全球变暖的背景下,西部地区的增暖、增湿异常显著,随之而来的西部地区气候变化也越来越受到关注。本研究主要分析了中国西部地区冬季降水的时空变化特征,结果表明:该地区冬季降水的最主要模态具有全区一致变化的特点,并且在20世纪80年代中期出现了一次显著的年代际突变,突变之后中国西部地区冬季降水明显增多。大气环流和水汽输送的分析结果显示,引起西部地区冬季降水年际和年代际变化的因子有着明显的差异。其中西风带水汽输送是影响西部地区冬季降水年代际变化的主要原因;而影响西部地区冬季降水年际变化的水汽则主要来自于阿拉伯海西南向的水汽输送;而且在不同年代际背景下,影响中国西部地区冬季降水的主要水汽输送通道是一致的。这些说明西部降水的预测必须要分不同时间尺度进行研究,短期气候预测需要综合考虑年际变化、年代际变化以及气候长期变化背景才会更为合理和可行。另外,西部降水年际变化因子在不同年代际背景下的稳定性,为建立该地区持续稳定的年际预测模型奠定了科学基础。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on