三维变量配置对惯性重力波频散性模拟的影响

在线性斜压原始方程组的基础上，从频率和群速方面讨论了由水平网格 (C、Z网格) 和垂直网格 (L、CP、LZ、LY网格) 组合而成的几种三维网格 (C/L、C/CP、Z/LZ、Z/LY) 的计算频散性并分析了各种网格出现偏差的原因，结果表明三维网格C/CP (水平网格为C网格垂直网格为Charney-Phillips网格) 与Z/LZ（水平网格为Z网格垂直网格为LZ网格）计算频散性能较好。从而为原始方程大气模式选取三维网格提供指导。     

几种垂直跳点网格计算频散性的比较研究

为证明两种新的垂直跳点网格--LZ网格和LY网格的有效性,从频率、群速和出现错误群速的垂直尺度范围等方面与现有的几种垂直跳点网格和时间--垂直跳点网格进行了比较.结果表明:LZ网格计算频散性与目前使用的最广泛的并且计算频散性也是最佳的CP网格相当,而LY网格次之,从而为模式设计者选取垂直网格提供了又一种选择.     

非静力模式中几种垂直网格计算特性的对比研究

从非静力滞弹性方程组出发，将惯性重力波的水平波长分几百公里、几十公里和几公里三种情况，从频率、群速和各速的垂直尺度范围等方面对现有的几种垂直网格进行比较讨论。结果表明：在非静力模式中，CP网格和LZ网格适合于各种不同水平尺度惯性重力波的模拟；L网格和LY网格适合于水平尺度为几十公里以上的惯性重力波的模拟；LTS网格和CPTS网格比较适合于水平尺度的几十公里以下的惯性重力波的模拟。     

中尺度模式中的三维变量配置

由于中尺度模式中采用不同的三维变量配置,必将产生不同的预报和模拟效果.怎样的三维变量分布,才能产生最佳的模拟效果呢?一直没有人从事这方面的研究.为此,在线性非静力滞弹性方程组的基础上,从频率、水平群速和垂直群速方面将中尺度模式中常见的四种三维网格的计算频散性与解析解的情况进行了对比,主要采用图示比较的方法.结果表明:总的来看三维网格C/CP计算频散性能最好,Z/LZ和Z/LY网格次之,C/L网格最差.因此设计非静力斜压模式时,应尽量采用C/CP网格.但C/CP网格对水平波长较短的波,误差相对要大些.如果模拟的波动水平尺度较小时,为减少误差,水平格距要减小.另外C/CP网格主要用在有限差分模式中;要考虑谱模式中的变量配置时,应把C/CP网格和Z/LZ网格或Z/LY网格结合起来使用.     

水平网格计算频散性的研究

从线性浅水方程组出发, 在Arakawa A—E网格、Z网格和Eliassen网格上, 分可分辨和不可分辨两种情况, 从频率和群速方面讨论了这7种网格的计算频散性, 并指出了每种网格出现错误群速的水平尺度范围。结果表明:在可分辨的情况下, Z、C和Eliassen网格较其它网格效果好; 在不可分辨的情况下, B网格较其它网格效果好。     

网格嵌套技术对一次中尺度对流系统降水过程模拟的影响

利用非静力中尺度模式MM5对2002年7月22日12:00~23日12:00(世界时,下同)长江流域的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值模拟试验,主要讨论了网格嵌套技术对降水和中尺度对流系统的影响。结果表明:三重嵌套在D1,D2域选用积云参数化方案后,模拟的雨区收缩,虚假降水中心相对减少,降水强度及分布更接近观测值。在模式非线性动力、热力及湿物理过程共同驱动下,通过嵌套网格的双向相互作用,使可分辨云尺度的细网格域D3将其信息通过嵌套边界向次细网格域D2传递,然后再通过D2域边界向粗网格域D1域传递。同样,动力、热力反馈也会反向进行。结果将有助于改进各网格域的预报效果。但对D1网格域系统位置及其发展演变过程的影响相对小些;另外,通过双向多重嵌套,可提高模式预报区域的分辨率,特别是提高模式关键预报区域的分辨率,这也就有可能改进预报的中尺度物理场,使其能够较真实地描写大气实况。     

Four-dimensional variational data assimilation for mesoscale and storm-scale applications

Summary ?The status and progress of the four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) are briefly reviewed focusing on application to prediction of mesoscale/storm-scale atmospheric phenomena. Theoretical background is provided for each important component of the 4DVAR system – forecast and adjoint models, observations, background, cost function, preconditioning, and minimization. An overview of practical issues specific for mesoscale/storm-scale 4DVAR is then presented in terms of high-resolution observations, nonlinearity and discontinuity problem, model error, errors from lateral boundary condition, and precipitation assimilation. Practical strategies for efficient and simplified 4DVAR are also introduced, e.g., incremental 4DVAR, poor man’s 4DVAR, and inverse 3DVAR. A new concept on hybrid approach is proposed to combine an efficient 4DVAR scheme and the standard 4DVAR scheme aiming at reducing computational demand required by the standard 4DVAR while improving the accuracy of the simplified 4DVAR. Applications to both hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic models are illustrated and our vision on opportunities and directions for future research is provided. Received March 12, 2001; revised July 24, 2001; accepted September 5, 2001     

北京地区中尺度非静力数值预报系统的开发与实时预报应用

国家气象中心与北京市气象局联合开发并将于1999年底建成“北京地区中尺度数值天气预报业务系统”。作为开发的第一阶段,以PSU/NCAR的MM5非静力中尺度模式为基础,在国家气象中心IBM/SP2机并行运算环境下与国家气象中心资料源连接并应用北京地区加密地面观测资料,初步建成了“北京地区中尺度数值天气预报试验系统”（以下简称BJ-MM5V.1）。模式设计为垂直23层,水平分辨率分别为45和15km的两重双向嵌套网格。在IBM/SP2计算机上用24个节点作36 h预报所需机时为2 h 20 min,满足实时业务预报需要。该系统于1997年夏季进行了实时运行试验,可提供北京地区每小时降水量预报每3 h多种气象要素预报,预报产品在北京市气象局试用。结果表明,系统有较强的稳定性和实用性,对降水时空分布的预报效果较好。     

Three-dimensional numerical study of cell broadening during cold-air outbreaks

The boundary-layer development and convection-pattern transition typically occurring in cold-air outbreaks is studied using three-dimensional simulations. The simulations include the secondary-flow transition starting with the relatively small-scale boundary-layer rolls developing during the initial phase and ending with mesoscale cellular convection patterns. The application of a computational grid, whose horizontal mesh size enables the resolution of the small-scale initial patterns and whose domain size is large enough to capture mesoscale convection patterns, overcharges even state-of-the-art supercomputers. In order to bypass the computer storage problem, the horizontal size of the model domain and the horizontal resolution of the computational grid are adjusted to the scale of the dominant convective structures. This enables the simulation of convection cells whose horizontal scales increase up to values exceeding the size of the initial model domain. The model is applied to conditions of a cold-air outbreak observed during the ARKTIS 1991 experiment. The most important characteristics of the observed situation are revealed by the model. Sensitivity studies are performed in order to investigate the relation between cell broadening and various physical processes. The artificial cutoff of liquid-water formation prevents the enlargement of convective scales. Latent heating due to condensation and especially radiative cloud-top cooling are identified as processes leading to cell broadening. We propose a conceptual model that elucidates the mechanism by which cloud-top cooling may generate larger aspect ratios.     

Short-range forecast of heavy precipitation and strong wind using the convection-allowing WRF models

The results are stated of estimation of short-range forecasting of heavy precipitation (P ≥ 10 mm/12 hours) and strong wind at the height of 10 m (V ≥ 10 m/s) using three nonhydrostatic models from the WRF family: ARW, ARW Glob, and NMM. The forecasts on the basis of all three models were carried out using two grids. The horizontal resolution of external grids varied from 9 to 16.5 km and that of the nested grids, from 3 to 5.5 km. For the ARW and NMM models, the values at side boundaries of external nested grids were taken from the forecasts on the basis of the global GFS NCEP model and for the ARW Glob model, from the global forecasts based on this model. The convection parameterization was turned off at nested grids for all models. The forecasts of heavy precipitation and strong wind at nested grids over the European territory of Russia were estimated from the radar and station measurements in summer 2008. It is obtained that all three models reproduce well enough the mesoscale convective systems and associated areas of heavy precipitation and strong wind but they have common shortcomings: they overestimate the amount and area of heavy precipitation and underestimate the strong wind speed. To a lesser degree, these shortcomings are typical of the ARW model. The possible reasons for systematic errors in the forecasts are discussed.     

An Adaptive Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Dynamical Core Using a Multi-Moment Constrained Finite Volume Method

An adaptive 2 D nonhydrostatic dynamical core is proposed by using the multi-moment constrained finite-volume(MCV) scheme and the Berger-Oliger adaptive mesh refinement(AMR) algorithm. The MCV scheme takes several pointwise values within each computational cell as the predicted variables to build high-order schemes based on single-cell reconstruction. Two types of moments, such as the volume-integrated average(VIA) and point value(PV), are defined as constraint conditions to derive the updating formulations of the unknowns, and the constraint condition on VIA guarantees the rigorous conservation of the proposed model. In this study, the MCV scheme is implemented on a height-based, terrainfollowing grid with variable resolution to solve the nonhydrostatic governing equations of atmospheric dynamics. The AMR grid of Berger-Oliger consists of several groups of blocks with different resolutions, where the MCV model developed on a fixed structured mesh can be used directly. Numerical formulations are designed to implement the coarsefine interpolation and the flux correction for properly exchanging the solution information among different blocks. Widely used benchmark tests are carried out to evaluate the proposed model. The numerical experiments on uniform and AMR grids indicate that the adaptive model has promising potential for improving computational efficiency without losing accuracy.     

A Three-Dimensional Model of Transport and Diffusion of Seeding Agents within Stratus

1. IntroductionMany projects and experiments of rain enhancement are carried out abroad. Most seeded cloud bodies are the convective or topographic clouds. The seeding agents are usually released near their bases and brought into the clouds by the updrafts. Whether the seeding material can reach the areas where cloud liquid water presents is emphasized. Tzivion et al.(1989) demonstrated that effective dispersal of seeding material strongly depends on the seeding altitude and the stage (time) …     

EXPERIMENT ON THE FORECAST OF CHARACTERISTIC QUANTITIES OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE BY MESOSCALE MODEL MM5

In nested nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5,the characteristic quantities of atmosphericturbulence,i.e.,the standard deviations of the turbulent fluctuated speeds for three directions inPBL are computed by Mellor-Yamada's level 2.5 closure scheme.The magnitudes and the verticalprofiles of these quantities computed from the model are closely connected with temperature andwind speed profiles as well as the type of the ground with a significant diurnal variation,and are inagreement with known magnitudes and regularities in different stratification conditions.Hence themethod in this paper is reasonable and convincible.Their horizontal distribution depends on thehorizontal distribution of the stratification.The method of predicted characteristic quantities ofturbulence from mesoscale model in this paper can be used in the problem of atmospheric diffusionand atmospheric environment.     

垂直变量配置对静力适应过程的影响

为了研究垂直变量配置对静力适应过程的影响,本文从描写静力适应过程的方程组出发,分别在将所有变量置于整层上的非跳点N网格;将垂直速度和温度放置在整层,水平速度、气压和密度等变量放置在半层的Charney Phillips跳点网格(CP网格);将水平速度、气压和温度放置在整层,将垂直速度和密度放置在半层的Lorenz跳点网格(L网格);将密度变量放置在整层的Charney Phillips跳点网格(CP_N网格);将密度放置在整层的Lorenz跳点网格(L_N网格)上进行离散,垂直格距分1 km、0.5 km、0.2 km和0.01 km,研究了在这5种网格上产生的频率和垂直群速的相对误差。结果表明:(1)L_N网格和CP网格是完全等效的两种网格。(2)不论垂直格距为多少,CP网格和L网格的误差都是最小,N网格次之,CP_N网格的误差最大。(3)随着垂直格距的减少,在这几种网格上产生的误差都在减小。对于CP网格、L网格和N网格,在水平长波和垂直短波处产生的误差较大。而CP_N网格对水平波长变化不敏感,垂直波长越短,误差越大。(4)当垂直格距为0.01 km时,这几种网格都对水平波长的变化不敏感了,仅对垂直波长敏感。(5)CP网格、L_N网格和L网格在描写静力适应过程和斜压地转适应过程都是误差最小的垂直变量配置方案,因此在非静力完全可压缩深层大气数值预报模式中应优先选择这3种方案。     

对流层中层中尺度涡旋在台风榴莲(2001)生成中的作用—数值模拟及验证

西太平洋热带气旋（TC）的生成和季风槽及中尺度对流系统（MCS）的活动有密切关系,但以往这方面的实例数值模拟很少。为了进一步探讨由MCS对流强迫产生的对流层中层中尺度涡旋（MCV）在TC生成中的作用,作者利用非静力平衡的中尺度模式PSU/NCAR MM5对台风榴莲（2001）的生成过程进行了高分辨率（6 km）数值模拟和比较验证。结果表明:模式成功地模拟出榴莲的生成地点,其与MCS的相对位置关系与以往的观测研究结果一致;模拟的TC移动路径、强度变化与最优观测报告比较接近,准确反映了TC未来登陆地点,以及中心气压缓慢下降和迅速下降两个阶段;对云系演变的模拟,成功模拟出了TC初生时的涡旋云系和季风槽中MCS云系的分离现象,以及在TC登陆前达到成熟阶段时出现的台风眼和螺旋云带。此外,模式还成功模拟出中层MCV,它的水平尺度约200 km,位于800~400 hPa之间,具有暖心结构等,均与已有观测结果相近。模式初始场中包含有充分的MCS信息,是模拟取得成功的关键因素之一。     

复杂下垫面地域边界层结构的三维细网格数值模拟

建立了一个可供复杂下垫面地域使用的非静力的三维细网格边界层模式，就复杂下垫面条件下的边界层结构和湍流特征作了以实例为对照的数值模拟试验，模式采用能量闭合方案，舍弃了静力近似。以实测资料为初台输入，同时还做了一些数值试验，分别获得了采用静力与非静力模式和不同闭合方案对ＰＢＬ模型的结果。     

EXPERIMENT ON THE FORECAST OF CHARACTERISTIC QUANTITIES OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE BY MESOSCALE MODEL MM5*

In nested nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5,the characteristic quantities of atmospheric turbulence,i.e.,the standard deviations of the turbulent fluctuated speeds for three directions in PBL are computed by Mellor-Yamada's level 2.5 closure scheme.The magnitudes and the vertical profiles of these quantities computed from the model are closely connected with temperature and wind speed profiles as well as the type of the ground with a significant diurnal variation,and are in agreement with known magnitudes and regularities in different stratification conditions.Hence the method in this paper is reasonable and convincible.Their horizontal distribution depends on the horizontal distribution of the stratification.The method of predicted characteristic quantities of turbulence from mesoscale model in this paper can be used in the problem of atmospheric diffusion and atmospheric environment.     

A study of nonhydrostatic effects in idealized sea breeze systems

Nonhydrostatic effects in two-dimensional mesoscale sea breeze systems are investigated by numerical simulations. It is shown that nonhydrostatic effects are directly contributed by the vertical gradients of the vertical velocity variance as well as by the vertical accelerations. It is also shown that a K-type turbulence closure is not suitable in a nonhydrostatic primitive equation model, and a higher-order closure scheme should therefore be used. Results from hydrostatic and fully-nonhydrostatic models are compared for various surface and atmospheric background conditions, such as scale and strength of surface heating, geostrophic wind, stability, surface roughness contrast, Coriolis effect, etc. It is found that for strongly developed sea breeze cases, vertical gradients of vertical velocity variance contribute most to nonhydrostatic forcing in the lower layers, and that the resultant nonhydrostatic pressure gradient acts against the hydrostatic pressure gradient, so that nonhydrostatic simulations produce weaker systems than hydrostatic ones. For weak sea breeze systems, the difference between the two models tends to be small.