塔中气象要素变化特征

利用塔中气象站12 a的气象要素数据,分析了塔中主要气象要素风、温度、湿度、气压等的变化特征。结果显示,塔中气温年较差、日较差很大,年较差达38℃,空气湿度很小。夜间温度低,日出后气温上升迅速,午后气温最高;3～9月地面风速〉2.0 m/s,冬季多在2 m/s以下。气压日变幅春〉夏〉秋〉冬;各季相对湿度夜间〉白天,冬季...     

塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘近地层气象要素变化特征

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘哈德自动气象站2011年1~12月近地面层气象要素梯度观测资料,分析了该地区近地层风速、气温和相对湿度的日变化规律及四季廓线特征,并计算了哈德观测点大气稳定度和中性条件下的地表粗糙度。结果表明,哈德地区近地层0.5~10 m高度范围内气温、相对湿度和风速都呈现出明显的日变化特征。其中,风速为白天高、夜晚低,中午15:00各层风速均达到最大,凌晨04:00降至最低,其日变化幅度为1.1~1.7 m/s;14:00~15:00各层气温均为最大值,最低气温出现在05:00~06:00,昼夜温差大,最大温差为0.5 m处的16.5℃,下午17:00至次日09:00有逆温存在;相对湿度日变化在25%~55%之间,其变化规律与风速、气温的相反,凌晨06:00最大,下午15:00最低。哈德地区四季近地层风、温、湿廓线变化规律明显,14:00四季风速都呈指数形式增长,其中0.5~2 m间低层风速变化明显大于2~10 m间高层的变化;春、夏季气温主要以指数形式增长,冬季以线性增长为主,四季都有逆温存在;冬季的相对湿度明显大于其它季节。另外,哈德地区全年以东北风为主,2 m与10 m高度的主导风向一致,风频稍有差别。中性层结大气条件下的空气动力学粗糙度范围为1.42×10-11~1.7×10-3m,平均值为4.2×10-5m。     

气象要素对电力污闪发生的影响

利用石家庄地区1990~2013年电力污闪事故发生的详细资料,归纳整理出污闪发生的一般规律,结合诱发污闪发生的天气现象和气象要素,综合在不同气象条件下污闪发生的可能性大小,对其进行分级,给出污闪发生级别的综合预测标准,从而判定预测电力污闪发生的气象指数,并提出必要安全预防措施。结果表明:当气温15.6℃,相对湿度45%,风速4.8 m/s时天气晴朗,不会发生污闪;在相对湿度≥80%,风速≤2.0 m/s时,气温在-7.5~7.5℃时出现雾,气温在-4.5~4.5℃时出现积雪或结冰,极易发生污闪;在相对湿度≥80%,风速≤2.0 m/s,气温在-4.5~4.5℃时出现液态、混合或固态降水、轻雾,容易发生污闪。     

西南地区东部大官山温湿梯度变化特征分析

采用西南地区巫溪大官山同一坡面10个不同海拔高度梯度观测站2019~2020年逐小时温湿观测资料,分析了气温、气温直减率、日较差和相对湿度的梯度变化特征。结果表明:观测期间,气温随海拔升高而降低,海拔2000 m以上区域秋、冬季常出现逆温或同温现象;年平均气温递减率为0.57℃/100 m,最大值出现在3月和9月,分别为0.63℃/100 m和0.62℃/100 m,2月最低为0.49℃/100 m;日较差总体随海拔升高而减小,但在海拔1065~1222 m,出现了日较差随海拔升高而快速下降的突变区;年、春季在海拔1222~2180 m,秋季在海拔1222~2550 m,出现了日较差相对稳定层,其它季节不太明显。在海拔1670 m以下区域,年相对湿度为78.5%,夏季最大（85.3%）,秋季次之（82%）,冬季再次（74.3%）,春季最低（72.3%）;随着海拔升高云雾出现频率增大,年和各季相对湿度均随之增大;海拔1670~1930 m为突变区间,相对湿度迅速增加,在海拔1930~2550 m,年、春、夏、秋季处于云中的时间较多,相对湿度变化不大;冬季由于云层低,海拔较高的区域常处于云的上方,相对湿度随海拔升高反而有所减小。      

广汉机场春季地面风的变化特征及其对飞行训练的影响

利用广汉机场2010~2014年遥测地面风场资料,分析了春季地面风的年变化、月变化以及日变化特征,讨论了地面风对飞行训练的影响。结果表明:广汉机场春季盛行偏北风,此外主要还受到北西北、北东北风的影响,飞行训练易遭遇左侧风;4~5m/s以及6m/s以上的地面风日数年变化不大,但春季最大风速的年变化差异较大;3~5月月平均地面风速呈递增特征,从3月到5月主导风向由北风顺时针变化为东北风,东东南、东南、南东南风频率逐渐增加,左侧风以及逆风影响增大。地面风速的日变化呈现出“一峰一谷”的大陆型变化特征,即白天风速大,夜间风速小,午后风速最大,4~5m/s的风受日变化影响大,6m/s以上的风主要受天气系统的影响。      

西安市旅游气象舒适度分析与应用

基于2007—2014年西安地区兵马俑、翠华山等7个旅游景点区域自动气象站观测资料,分析西安景区的旅游气象条件,应用本地化的人体舒适度指数预报方法对西安景区旅游气象舒适度进行了评价。结果表明:西安旅游景区气温冬季气温较低,月平均气温低于5℃,夏季气温较高,月平均气温大都高于20℃;人文景区气温高于自然景区。冬半年的相对湿度低于夏半年,7—10月相对湿度较高;大部分自然景区相对湿度高于人文景区。风速整体较小,月平均风速为0.2~1.1m/s,全年风速变化不大。(2)4—10月为西安的旅游气候舒适期,其中,4—5、9—10月是平原人文景区最佳游览时期,6—10月是山岳自然景区旅游的最佳时期。     

库尔勒气象站迁站前后气象要素特征及成因分析

利用2016-2018年库尔勒气象站迁站前后基本气象要素的观测资料进行对比分析,结果显示：(1)平均气温、平均最低气温年、月值均是新站低于旧站,年值分别低2.1℃和4.1℃,年平均最高气温持平；春季气温差值变化相对较小,夏、秋、冬季气温差值变化相对偏大。(2)各月相对湿度新站大于旧站,各季相对湿度差值夏季最大,年平均相对湿度新站比旧站高11%。(3)平均气压新站高于旧站,年平均气压差值为3.2pha。各季差值冬季最大,(4)平均风速新站比旧站偏大0.1m/s,春季、夏季风速大于其他季节；最大风速新站比旧站偏大1.3-6.2m/s；主导风向由ENE转为E。(5)年平均气温、最低气温、平均湿度和年平均气压,迁站前后资料有显著差异,年平均最高气温、平均风速无显著差异。(6)测站周围环境、海拔高度、下垫面、地形等因素是造成新旧站气象要素差异的主要原因。     

芦苇湿地与玉米旱地近地层小气候特征对比

湿地—大气之间通过物质和能量交换并相互作用形成特有的区域小气候特征,本文采用小气候梯度观测法对比分析了2015年辽河三角洲芦苇湿地与同纬度锦州地区玉米旱地的近地层(0—30 m)小气候特征。结果表明:2015年辽河三角洲芦苇湿地年平均气温为9.91℃,比玉米旱地年平均气温低0.58℃,湿地在春季、夏季和秋季具有降温作用,冬季具有保温作用。芦苇湿地和玉米旱地年平均气温的日变化范围分别为7.50—12.92℃、6.16—15.59℃,芦苇湿地平均气温振幅和层次间气温差小于玉米旱地,玉米旱地存在明显的逆温现象;芦苇湿地年平均相对湿度为64.58%,比玉米旱地年平均相对湿度高7.97%,芦苇湿地月相对湿度主要受水文和植被蒸腾作用的综合影响,芦苇湿地和玉米旱地平均相对湿度的日变化范围分别为51.78%—74.38%、41.00%—73.00%,二者均存在逆湿现象但高度不同;芦苇湿地春季风速为玉米旱地的两倍以上,风速随高度升高呈指数增大,芦苇生长季湿地具有较高的粗糙度,随高度降低风速下降明显,挡风作用明显好于玉米旱地。太阳辐射影响地表湍流是玉米旱地风速日变化的主要影响因子,芦苇湿地风速日变化体现了海陆热力差异的特点。芦苇湿地由于地表有水层覆盖,植被蒸散能力较强,叶面积指数较高,减小近地层气温和相对湿度的变化速率,可有效降低风速,调节区域小气候的生态功能比玉米旱地强,本文研究可为辽河三角洲湿地对区域气候形成的影响及其生态环境效益评价提供参考。     

乌鲁木齐市边界层日变化特征

利用乌鲁木齐市晴天CFL-03型风廓线雷达观测资料,分析了边界层日变化特征。得出结论如下:边界层结构季节变化明显。冬、春季300~600m以下风速较小,小于3m/s,且愈近地面风速愈小;以上风速大、风向恒定,基本为东南大风。夏季和秋季风速比冬季和春季小,流场特征较复杂,水平风速和风向变化较活跃,存在明显的风切变。折射率结构常数春、秋和冬季比夏季分别小1个、3个和1~3个量级;夏季最大,集中在10~(-16)~10~(-13) m~(-2/3)之间。春、夏和秋季晴天湍流动能耗散率量级分别在10~(-6)~10~(-2) m~2·s~(-3)、10~(-4)~10~(-3) m~2·s~(-3)、10~(-6)~10~(-3) m~2·s~(-3)之间;白天比夜间约大1个量级。晴天折射率结构常数和湍流动能耗散率日变化特征与风场日变化特征有较好地对应关系,即湍流发展旺盛的区域与风速较大的区域相一致。风廓线雷达资料反演的湍流动能耗散率对春季和夏季边界层结构日变化演变特征的监测较好。夏季夜间稳定边界层约400~500m,残余层可达到约1800m,对流边界层可发展到约2500m,混合层约2200m,夹卷层约300~400m。     

基于标准有效温度和不舒适指标研究南京热舒适状况

采用标准有效温度和不舒适指标,分析了南京市热舒适状况。以南京市2010年全年的逐时气温和相对湿度资料为基础,计算了2010年逐月每小时气温和相对湿度平均值。通过假定在均匀的环境条件下,遮阴的室内,伏案工作活动量为1.0 met,夏季服装热阻为0.6 clo,春、秋、冬季服装热阻为0.9 clo,室内风速约为0.125 m/s,计算出各月逐时标准有效温度和不舒适指标。结果表明,南京市的热舒适状况具有明显的季节变化和日变化特征。季节变化特征显示：夏冬两季热舒适度偏低,夏季平均标准有效温度和不舒适指标分别为27.6℃和0.7,人体感觉偏热;冬季平均标准有效温度和不舒适指标分别为9.4℃和-2.8,人体感觉偏冷;春秋两季热舒适度指数高,春季平均标准有效温度和不舒适指标分别为19.7℃和-0.8,秋季为17.2℃和-1.3,人体普遍感觉舒适,但舒适期持续时间短,全年约62天。就日变化特征而言,冬季白天人体热舒适度普遍高于夜间,夏季则相反。上述结果能够较好地反映南京市人体的普遍热舒适感,可为旅游、建筑、医疗、交通等相关行业和部门提供参考。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on