美国国家天气局烟尘预报产品投入业务

美国国家天气局加强空气质量指导服务，在成功地进行了10个月的应用试验后，将其烟尘预报产品投入业务使用。该烟尘浓度预报产品的制作调动了NOAA内外技术力量。     

小麦条锈病的预报模式

美国植物病理学家R.F.Line等人,近5年来应用一种统计模式,精确地预报了美国西部6个州冬小麦条锈病的发生发展。 统计模式是根据美国西部冬春季温度和这个地区条锈病的发生率、危害程度之间的关系建立的。通过分析,他们认为影响条锈病发生频率和数量的     

基于CMAQ的大气污染个例分析

2017年5月10日,珠三角出现了区域性的细颗粒物和臭氧"双高"型复合大气污染;5月29日,粤珠三角中西部、粤西、粤北出现了大范围的臭氧污染过程。利用常规气象资料和美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)/美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)提供的1°×1°再分析数据及环境监测数据,分析大气污染成因,并且首次在珠三角地区利用区域多尺度空气质量模型(CMAQ)模拟了5月10日各物理和化学过程对臭氧质量浓度的贡献。结果表明:(1)两次污染过程天气形势相似,850hPa均有反气旋环流,地面呈均压场,风速较小,且污染当天天气晴好,温度较高;两次过程不同点在于"双高"污染前期NO2质量浓度和相对湿度均较大,且前期PM2.5质量浓度已经较高。(2)在城市站点,臭氧的主要来源是水平平流和垂直扩散;而在郊区站点,臭氧则主要来源于气相化学,水平平流和垂直扩散。     

重庆市臭氧污染及其气象因子预报方法对比研究

利用2014年1月1日至2018年12月31日的重庆市空气质量日均值资料,分析了重庆近5 a臭氧污染的特征。发现重庆市臭氧是除PM_2.5以外的第二大大气污染物,具有较强的季节变化特征,主要污染时段位于夏半年,在7—8月臭氧污染程度明显超过了PM_2.5。臭氧年平均浓度呈现逐年增加的趋势,首要污染物为臭氧的日数在2018年首次超过PM_2.5,臭氧成为2018年重庆市的第一大污染物,表明重庆正在由一个以颗粒物污染为主的城市转变为臭氧污染为主的城市。通过对同期逐日气象资料与臭氧8 h滑动平均日最大值相关性分析发现,大气温度、湿度及气压均为影响臭氧污染的重要气象因子。利用气象影响因子,采用逐步回归、支持向量机、神经网络方法对臭氧8 h滑动平均日最大值进行预报实验表明,三种预报模型均具有较强的预报能力,但总体来看预报均比实况略偏小。支持向量机方法的预报效果要稍好于逐步回归和神经网络方法,可为重庆市臭氧浓度预报提供参考。     

兰州市空气质量预报系统结构及效果检验

文中从潜势预报、浓度预报、统计预报和数值预报 4方面介绍了兰州市空气质量预报业务系统的研究方法和结构特点。对 2 0 0 1年 4～ 10月兰州市空气质量预报与日报 (实况 )进行了分析研究 ,结果表明 ,该系统对兰州市空气质量预报有较强的预报能力 ,适用于兰州市空气质量预报业务。     

北京地面O3的集合预报试验

基于蒙特卡罗集合预报方法建立了一个北京地面臭氧的集合预报系统,该系统对包括排放源、气象场在内的154个模式输入和参数进行了扰动,共包含了50个集合成员。利用该集合预报系统模拟了北京奥运会期间一次臭氧过程(2008年8月11日～8月13日),分析了集合预报系统在概率预报,最优集合子集预报以及表征预报可靠性方面的特点。结果表明:与原确定性预报相比,集合预报能为用户提供更加丰富的预报信息,通过概率预报可以提供不同事件发生的概率,对臭氧事件的预报准确率更高。采用最优集合子集预报方式时的臭氧预报均方根误差比原确定性预报低了10%以上。     

Models-3/CMAQ模式对郑州市大气污染物的预报分析研究

介绍了美国国家环保局第三代空气质量模式(Models-3)的主要组成部分:气象模式系统、排放模式系统以及公共多尺度模式系统(CMAQ)。并对郑州市SO2和NO2观测值与Models-3/CMAQ预报值进行对比分析,结果表明:模式可以模拟出郑州市SO2和NO2的同位相变化规律;预报值存在系统性偏低的现象;随着预报时效的延长,对SO2和NO2的预报效果逐渐变差。     

北京空气质量多模式集成预报系统的建立及初步应用

介绍了北京空气质量多模式集成预报系统（ＥＭＳ Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ）．系统中区域空气质量模式包括中国科学院大气物理所自主开发的嵌套网格空气质量模式系统（ＮＡＱＰＭＳ）模式、美国环保署（ＥＰＡ）开发的Ｍｏｄｅｌｓ ３／ＣＭＡＱ模式及美国Ｅｎｖｉ ｒｏｎ公司开发的ＣＡＭｘ模式等,均使用ＳＭＯＫＥ排放模型统一处理大气污染排放清单．此系统各模式采用统一的模拟区域和网格分辨率,采用中尺度气象模式ＭＭ５提供统一的气象场,并采用算术平均、权重集成等方法集成各空气质量模式结果,并投入北京空气质量业务预报,有效支持了北京奥运会空气质量数值预报．业务预报结果表明：１）采用ＳＭＯＫＥ处理的奥运排放清单较接近实际,２００８年８月各空气质量模式可吸入颗粒物（ＰＭ１０）日均值预报结果相对偏差为－３％ ～１７％,与观测数据相关系数在０７以上;２）在排放清单较接近实际的情况下,ＰＭ１０日均值多模式算术平均优于单个空气质量模式;３）分析２００８年４—１１月业务预报表明,采用权重集成方法预报的ＰＭ１０日均值优于算术平均方法,达６１％．总体上,权重集成方法优于算术平均结果．     

石河子市空气质量特征及其气象影响因素的研究

运用石河子市2015—2020年6种污染物浓度，研究了石河子市近6年空气质量及污染物浓度时间变化特征。结果显示：石河子市近6年空气质量有所改善，首要污染物主要以可吸入颗粒物和臭氧为主，并有明显的采暖期和非采暖期之分。冬季空气质量对全年空气质量优良天数占比为负贡献，各污染物浓度的峰值多出现在白天。分析石河子市相对湿度、气压、温度等气象要素和空气质量指数的相关性，并建立拟合方程，结果显示石河子市除冬季外其他时间最小相对湿度、最低气温和空气质量指数相关性较好，在预报空气质量过程中可重点考虑。     

江苏臭氧污染特征及其与气象因子的关系

本文利用2013—2017年江苏70个环境监测站资料和13个国家气象观测站常规观测资料,研究江苏臭氧污染特征及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:江苏臭氧质量浓度和超标率逐年增长,其空间分布特征由东部沿海城市大于西部内陆城市逐渐转为东西部城市差异不明显,南部城市超标率总体高于北部;4—9月臭氧质量浓度处于较高水平,夏季超标占一半以上;日变化呈"单峰单谷"型,15时(北京时间)前后超标率最大,O_(3-8 h)较O_(3-1 h)峰值推后3—4 h;O_3对空气质量不达标的贡献率呈逐年上升趋势;臭氧质量浓度与颗粒物和前体物NO_x日变化呈反相关,且存在"周末效应"。江苏地区臭氧质量浓度总体与气温正相关,相对湿度负相关,气温高于25℃、相对湿度30%～50%区间、风速低于4 m·s~(-1)以下易出现高浓度臭氧;苏南的城市主要在东南风向对应较高的值,而苏北城市多在西南风向对应的较高臭氧质量浓度值。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.