2004/2005年连江县冬季沿坡地地面气温观测和分析研究

中亚热带地区种植南亚热带果树易遭冬季低温冻害, 而坡地逆温的最大增温效应往往比目前所采取的一些防冻措施的效应要好。研究坡地逆温特征、选择适宜的坡位种植果树对避免或减轻低温给果树造成的损失有重要的应用意义。据福建省连江县2004/2005年度冬季低温考察资料分析, 对于相对高差小于50 m的小山坡, 晴天最低气温随高度的增加而增加, 越近坡顶, 最低气温越高; 对于相对高差不足100 m的小山坡, 在相对高差约9/10附近的山坡中上部, 晴天最低气温常出现最高, 逆温效应最明显。汇总几个山坡地的考察资料, 分析得出坡地逆温具有以下两个特征:最大逆温出现的坡位与山坡的总高度差呈反相关; 最大的逆温强度与排汇比和山坡总高度差有关。     

安图县的低温冷害发生特点及其防御

安图县位于东北亚北纬43°，属于中温带季风气候区域。由于地处长白山脉腹地的东北坡，大部分耕地分布在海拔500M左右的山坡或山谷之中，气温的垂直梯度大≥10℃活动积温不足2500℃，是农业热量条件最差的县份之一。县内东部主要产粮区域（明月镇地区）由于经常受北日本海回流天气系统的影响，气温的年际变化十分剧烈，夏季频繁发生农作物的低温冷害，导致粮食产量极不稳定。对于气温条件十分敏感的水稻而言，在高温年份，亩产可达700多斤，遇到典型的低温冷害年份，则亩产降到200来斤，年际亩产差异达三倍以上。不难看出，安图县粮食产量…     

低温、干旱胁迫对抽雄期玉米叶片光化效率和光合作用速率的影响

在人工模拟低温、干旱条件下，测定了抽雄期玉米叶片荧光参数（Fo、Fm、Fv／Fm）及光合作用速率。其结果表明：低温、干旱均使光化效率（Fv／Fm）、光合作用速率下降，光化效率与温度的关系：Y=0．002X^2-0．0055X＋0．8032（式中Y为光化效率，X为温度）。低温使光合作用速率下降，温度由25℃降到15℃，光合速率可下降27．8％。土壤湿度由处理5降到处理1，在不同温度下光化效率可降低1％～8％；光合作用速率最大减幅达80％左右。低温、干旱并发对光化效率和光合作用速率的负效应加大，光化效率降幅增大2．5倍，光合作用速率增大15％左右。光化效率与光合作用速率两者呈显著正相关。     

宁夏高、低温天气及环流特征的初步分析

通过宁夏24个测站1960—2000年逐日最高、最低气温资料，对宁夏40年来高、低温天气的时空变化特征进行了分析；并利用NCEP／NCAR(1979—1999年)资料对宁夏高、低温天气典型偏多、少年的大气环流异常特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明：宁夏高、低温天气偏多、少年间极涡的强度及位置和大陆高压、副热带高压的强度和位置具有明显差异，同时，高、低温天气偏多、少年份中，温度场也有相反的分布。     

亳州市2006年影响小麦灌浆的低温冷害过程分析

2006年亳州市小麦出现瘦穗瘪穗等灌浆受阻现象。基于2005／2006年小麦生育期、灌浆速度、千粒重以及相应时期的气象要素和天气图等资料，利用与常年比较、因子筛选、天气系统分析等方法，分析了小麦灌浆的变化情况，筛选了影响小麦灌浆受阻的气象要素，阐述了小麦灌浆期间低温冷害的天气条件。结果表明：（1）小麦灌浆速度及千粒重都是呈现双峰变化趋势；（2）小麦灌浆受阻的主要原因是低温冷害；（3）低温冷害过程是由3次冷空气交替影响造成的。     

臭氧、保鲜剂及温度对哈密瓜呼吸强度及贮藏效果的影响

本文研究了不同温度、不同浓度臭氧溶液和保鲜剂溶液处理对哈密瓜呼吸强度及贮藏效果的影响。实验结果表明。低温有利降低了哈密瓜的呼吸强度，其中4℃是较佳的贮藏温度，2℃贮温会使哈密瓜发生冷害。500mg／L、750mg／L、1000mg／L浓度的伊麦唑与伊源果蜡复合使用能够降低哈密瓜的呼吸强度，但三个处理组之间对瓜呼吸强度影响的差异不明显。     

近50年福建省年度极端最低气温统计特征

把福建省各台站年度极端最低气温统一订正为1950／1951～1999／2000整50年记录，并对其进行标准化处理和评价，继而对其偏冷年景进行特征分析。近50年福建省年度极端最低气温1954／1955为最冷年，1999／2000为第3冷年；冬季月平均气温正常，仍可出现异常或明显偏冷的低温；全省年度极端最低气温年景评价为异常偏冷，有的台站年景却仍属正常，年景等级相差达4级。全省年度极端最低气温的年景评价为异常或明显偏低，该年度福建省果树、花卉和其它冬季作物必然遭受不同程度的冻害和寒害。     

塔里木灌区近40年来气候变化特征

根据塔里木灌区阿拉尔气象站1961年1月－1999年12月的气温及降水资料，分析了塔里木灌区近40年的气候变化，得出近40年来塔里木灌区降水量呈上升趋势（4．60mm/10年），秋季降水量却呈下降趋势（－3．45mm／10年）；年平均气温呈上升趋势（0．065℃／10年），冬季变暖的趋势（0．849℃／10年）；年平均气温呈上升趋势（－0．171℃／10年）；年极端低温的上升趋势（0．569℃／10年）大于年极端高温的下降趋势（－0．095℃／10年）。可以70年代末为界将近40年塔里木塔区气候分为冷、暖两个阶段，前为冷期，后为暖期。     

近39年海南岛极端天气事件频率变化

利用1966--2004年海南岛大风、暴雨、雷暴、冰雹、高温、低温、霜冻、雾等极端天气事件的年发生日数资料，采用最小二乘法、Mann—KendaⅡ法及Modet小波等方法诊断分析其变化特征。结果指出：大风、雷暴和雾日呈显著减少趋势，并分别于1992年、1984／1985年、1983／1984年之交发生突变；高温、暴雨趋频及低温、冰雹、霜冻频数总体趋少变化不显著，其中，冰雹、霜冻基本处于少变的稳定态势。高温、雷暴存在阶段性中高频周期，其他极端天气则存在长期和阶段性中低频周期；冰雹日数的变化周期趋于变短，其余极端天气则有周期变长趋势。初步说明海南极端天气事件频率变化与气候变暖有一定的内在关系。     

云南严重低温霜冻灾害天气个例分析

1999年12月下旬特大霜冻灾害是云南1951年以来损失最大的一次自然灾害，受灾面积85万hm^2，直接经济损失55亿元。利用高空和地面气象资料，分析了严重低温霜冻灾害的天气成因，并与历史上的1973／1974、1975／1976年冬季云南两次严重霜冻灾害进行了比较。结果表明：特大霜冻灾害是在云南连续暖冬背景下发生的，对云南经济作物和热带作物的危害最大。高空冷平流与地面冷高压控制下长时间夜间晴空辐射冷却降温是此次重霜冻形成的主要原因，500hPa、700hPa偏北气流和干冷南支槽是主要影响天气系统。碧空无云、静风、湿度小、气温低、气压高、露点温度特低是此次重霜冻的主要气象要素变化特征。冻害以滇南热带作物种植区最为严重。关键词霜冻低温冷平流晴空辐射暖冬     

Forest ecosystems, disturbance, and climatic change in Washington State, USA

Climatic change is likely to affect Pacific Northwest (PNW) forests in several important ways. In this paper, we address the role of climate in four forest ecosystem processes and project the effects of future climatic change on these processes across Washington State. First, we relate Douglas-fir growth to climatic limitation and suggest that where Douglas-fir is currently water-limited, growth is likely to decline due to increased summer water deficit. Second, we use existing analyses of climatic controls on tree species biogeography to demonstrate that by the mid twenty-first century, climate will be less suitable for key species in some areas of Washington. Third, we examine the relationships between climate and the area burned by fire and project climatically driven regional and sub-regional increases in area burned. Fourth, we suggest that climatic change influences mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreaks by increasing host-tree vulnerability and by shifting the region of climate suitability upward in elevation. The increased rates of disturbance by fire and mountain pine beetle are likely to be more significant agents of changes in forests in the twenty-first century than species turnover or declines in productivity, suggesting that understanding future disturbance regimes is critical for successful adaptation to climate change.     

Modern climate-related changes in heat supply,moistening, and productivity of the agrosphere in Russia

Climate changes observed in recent decades are analyzed, and the respective climate-related tendencies of changes in heat supply, moistening, and productivity of the agrosphere that determine the natural resourse of potential Russia are determined. The grain crop yield trends are used additionally as climate change indicators. It is shown that climate changes observed in the last 30 years promote the increase in potential agriculture productivity in most of the Russian Federation, where not less than 85% of agricultural products are produced. At the same time, the increase in climate aridity is observed in several regions of Siberia and Chernozem Center, which results in a reduced productivity of agriculture.     

WRF模式对江苏如东地区风速预报的检验分析

探讨了WRF模式在风电场的风速或者功率预报中应用的可行性, 主要研究和评估了WRF模式对地处东亚季风区及海陆交界的江苏如东地区夏季和冬季风速的短期预报效能。研究发现WRF模式可以比较好地预报如东站冬季的风速, 24 h预报的风速时间序列和观测资料的相关系数可以达到0.61, 通过置信度99%的检验, 48 h和72 h的预报与观测风速相关系数分别为0.54和0.47, 也能通过置信度99%的检验;相对而言, 模式对夏季风速的预报则要差一些, 24 h的相关系数有0.59, 48 h和72 h的相关系数只有0.47和0.30, 但仍能通过置信度99%的检验。在量值上, 模式预报的风速比观测值都略偏大一些。而江苏南通市预报结果显示, 模式的预报效能要比如东稍高一些, 和如东类似, 模式对该地冬季的预报要好于对夏季风速的预报。从更大尺度范围的分析也表明, 模式对不同地区预报的准确度是不一样的, 对海面以及海陆交界的海岸预报精度要高一些, 在平坦的内陆地区预报也比较好, 但在山区预报效能则较差。总体说来, WRF能胜任风速短期预报, 值得进一步研究和应用。     

云南西双版纳地区闪电活动特征

应用2017—2018年云南省VLF/LF三维闪电定位数据和1987—2006年云南省人工雷暴日观测数据,运用数理统计、空间插值等方法分析"雷都"西双版纳闪电活动的时空分布特征,运用网格法将闪电定位数据转化为网格雷电活动日,研究人工观测雷暴日与闪电定位监测资料的相关性。结果表明:西双版纳地区雷电活动从3月就开始逐渐增多,峰值出现在7—8月。就闪电频次而言,云闪少于地闪、正闪少于负闪,正地闪明显多于云南省其他地区。11月闪电强度较大,但频次较少;7月闪电频次较多,但强度较小。云闪多发生在8 km以下,平均高度为4.914 km。地闪和云闪密度分布一致,北部高而南部和东西部低;云闪的强度明显高于地闪,但在空间分布上均是北部弱而南部和东西部强。人工观测雷暴日与网格雷电活动日的逐月分布特征较一致。研究还表明:西双版纳在云南省范围内是人工观测雷暴日最多区域,也是网格雷电活动日最多区域。     

Climate change,migration and adaptation in Funafuti,Tuvalu

This paper shows the extent to which people in Funafuti – the main island of Tuvalu – are intending to migrate in response to climate change. It presents evidence collected from Funafuti to challenge the widely held assumption that climate change is, will, or should result in large-scale migration from Tuvalu. It shows that for most people climate change is not a reason for concern, let alone a reason to migrate, and that would-be migrants do not cite climate change as a reason to leave. People in Funafuti wish to remain living in Funafuti for reasons of lifestyle, culture and identity. Concerns about the impacts of climate change are not currently a significant driver of migration from Funafuti, and do not appear to be a significant influence on those who intend to migrate in the future.     

Local advection of momentum,heat, and moisture in micrometeorology

The local advection of momentum, heat and moisture in micrometeorology due to a horizontal inhomogeneity in surface conditions is numerically investigated by a higher-order turbulence closure model which includes equations for the mean quantities, turbulent fluxes, and the viscous dissipation rate. The application of the two-dimensional model in this paper deals with the simulation of the flow from an extensive smooth dry area to a grassy wet terrain. The mean wind speed, temperature, and humidity distributions in the resulting internal boundary layer downstream of the surface discontinuity are determined such that the energy and moisture balances at the Earth's surface are satisfied.Numerical calculations of the mean temperature and humidity profiles are compared with available observed ones. The results include the advective effects on turbulent flux distributions, surface energy balance, evaporation rate, and Bowen ratio. The sensitivity of the predicted mean profiles and turbulent flux distributions to the surface relative humidity, thermal stratification, and the roughness change is discussed.NRC-NAS Resident Research Associate at AFCRL.     

2009年天津城区空气负离子变化规律

空气负离子成为空气清洁度的重要评价指标。利用2009年天津城区空气负离子观测数据,研究天津城区空气负离子的时空变化规律。结果表明：天津城区空气负离子月变化浓度呈双峰型分布,主峰值出现在9月,次峰值出现在5月,7月份负离子浓度最低;四个季节中负离子的日变化特征存在明显差异;天津市和大连市两个沿海城市的负离子浓度范围相差不大,最低值均出现在7月份,但二者月变化规律趋势不同。     

Trends in Extremes of Surface Humidity, Temperature, and Summertime Heat Stress in China

l. IntroductionPrevious studies have shown climatological and seasonal surface temperature and humld-ity dlstributlons over China (Wang and Gaffen, 200l ) and evaluated trends in seasonal meansof several surface humidity variables, rainfall, temperatures, and apparent temPerature for thelast half century (Easterling et al., 2000, Zhai et al., 1999, Zhai and Eskridge, l997, Zhai andRen, l997, Wang and Gaffen, 200l). However, trends in local temperatures, and particularlytrends in extreme he…     

Wind-Driven, Double-Gyre, Ocean Circulation in a Reduced-Gravity, 2.5-Layer, Lattice Boltzmann Model

A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretization accuracy of the LB equation. The feature of the multiple equilibria solutions is found in the numerical experiments under different Reynolds numbers based on this LB scheme. With the Reynolds number increasing from 3000 to 4000, the solution of this model is destabilized from the anti-symmetric double-gyre solution to the subtropic gyre solution and then to the subpolar gyre solution. The transitions between these equilibria states are also found in some parameter ranges. The time-dependent variability of the circulation based on this LB simulation is also discussed for varying viscosity regimes. The flow of this model exhibits oscillations with different timescales varying from subannual to interannual. The corresponding statistical oscillation modes are obtained by spectral analysis. By analyzing the spatiotemporal structures of these modes, it is found that the subannual oscillation with a 9-month period originates from the barotropic Rossby basin mode, and the interarmual oscillations with periods ranging from 1.5 years to 4.6 years originate from the recirculation gyre modes, which include the barotropic and the baroclinic recirculation gyre modes.     

Population, uncertainty, and learning in climate change decision analysis

The prospect of learning about various uncertainties relevant to analyses of the climate change issue is important because it can affect estimates of the costs of both damages and mitigation, and it can influence the optimal timing of emissions reductions. Baseline scenarios representing future emissions in the absence of mitigation are one of the major sources of uncertainty. Here we investigate how fast we might realistically expect to learn about the outlook for long-term population growth, as one determinant of future baseline emissions. That is, we estimate how long it might take to substantially revise current estimates of the likelihood of various population size outcomes over the twenty-first century. We draw on recent work showing that, because population growth is path dependent, we can learn about the long term outlook by waiting to observe how population changes in the short term. We then explore the implications of uncertainty and of this learning potential for mitigation costs and for optimal emissions. Using a simple model, we show that uncertainty in population growth translates into an uncertainty in the optimal tax rate of about $200/tC by 2050 for a range of stabilization levels. When learning is taken into account, it allows for mitigation strategies to change in response to new information, leading to a slight reduction in the expected value of mitigation costs, and a substantial reduction in the likelihood of high cost outcomes. We also find that while learning can lead to large revisions over the next few decades in anticipated population growth, this potential does not imply large changes in near-term optimal emissions reductions. Results suggest that further work on the potential for learning about other determinants of emissions could have larger effects on expected mitigation costs.