半透明云风矢量高度算法中云下背景辐射的估计

半透明云风矢量高度指定是卫星风矢量算法的重要部分,需要来自半透明云体的辐射和云下背景辐射两个变量。云下背景辐射发生在云层下面,未被卫星直接观测到,为了在半透明云风矢量高度指定算法中更精确地获得云下背景辐射,使用风矢量附近无云区的红外/水汽散点图,估计云下背景辐射。分析表明:在追踪区域里存在无云区的情况下,追踪区的最高红外亮温可代表红外通道的背景辐射;而水汽通道的背景辐射,却在红外亮温高值区段内水汽亮温相对较低区段。追踪区内找不到无云区时应扩大搜索范围,找到无云区后可估计云下背景辐射。在半透明云风矢量高度指定算法中使用云下背景辐射估计的改进算法前后,计算FY-2气象卫星进行风矢量,并将结果与欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）分析场进行对比表明,在半透明风矢量高度指定算法中使用云下背景辐射估计,FY-2气象卫星风矢量误差明显降低。     

卫星遥感海面风技术现状及应用进展

在常规观测资料稀少的洋面上,利用卫星遥感海面风对数值预报模式初始场的构建、海上天气预报精度的提高等具有重要意义。对目前国内外在轨的卫星遥感海面风的各种微波传感器及产品特性做了较全面的评述,并对比了主被动方式遥感海面风产品的异同。结合近年来卫星海面风反演技术的提高,总结了卫星遥感海面风产品在数值天气预报同化、台风强度及路径预报改善和气候研究等方面的贡献,同时展望了卫星遥感海面风技术及其资料在实际应用中的限制和有待进一步研究的内容。     

中国数值天气预报的自主创新发展

数值天气预报是天气预报业务和防灾、减灾的核心科技。中国数值天气预报研究和业务应用一直受到高度重视,在理论、方法和数值模式研究方面取得了有广泛国际影响的研究成果。在回顾新中国数值天气预报自主创新研究成果的基础上,重点对GRAPES（Global Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System）半隐式半拉格朗日格点模式与物理过程的研发和业务应用的状况以及所取得的重要科学进展进行了综述。近年来,通过自主研发建立了中国数值天气预报业务体系—GRAPES体系。首次以自主技术实现了从区域3—10 km到全球25—50 km分辨率的确定性预报和集合预报系统,并在模式动力框架、四维变分同化和卫星资料同化技术等方面有所突破,建立了大气化学数值天气预报、台风数值预报和海浪预报等系统。自主研发的数值天气预报体系的建立是长期坚持既定科学技术方向以及研究和业务紧密结合、经验不断积累的结果,是中国自主发展数值天气预报技术的重要起点。      

加强学术交流 促进学科发展——第十三届全国热带气旋科学讨论会在浙江岱山召开

4月1 0～1 4日,中国气象学会第2 5届台风委员会和天气与极地气象学委员会在浙江岱山联合主办了第十三届全国热带气旋科学讨论会。来自全国有关省(市)气象部门、军队及院校从事台风业务预报和从事台风或相关学科理论研究的近1 2 0名专家汇聚一堂,交流了近两年来在台风研究和业务领域取得的成果。从会议交流中可以看出,目前我国的台风研究工作十分活跃,各项研究进展迅速、成果喜人。雷达及云迹风、TRMM、AMSU、QuikSCAT等卫星非常规资料的应用发展迅速;台风数值模式有了较大发展,特别是台风数值预报的初始场形成技术的进展,可望进一步提…     

水物质对云雨区卫星微波观测模拟影响

受云和降水影响卫星资料在数值天气预报中的同化应用对于进一步改善数值预报效果具有重要作用, 这部分工作的开展要求快速辐射传输模式中能够较好地考虑各种水物质的辐射效应。使用美国卫星资料同化联合中心新近开发的快速辐射传输模式CRTM, 通过中尺度数值模式WRF的预报输出提供水物质输入, 分析水物质辐射效应对云雨区卫星微波观测模拟计算的影响。在WRF模式预报水物质的分布和天气系统配置合理并符合云物理基本特征的前提下, 水物质辐射效应的考虑极大改善了卫星观测模拟的效果。结合卫星各通道探测特性, 进一步分析各种水物质粒子对NOAA-16 AMSU A/B各通道卫星亮温模拟的影响和物理机理, 定量统计各类水物质对各卫星观测通道亮温计算偏差和偏差贡献的权重大小。分析结果表明:快速辐射传输模式中, 考虑水物质辐射效应为数值天气预报中云雨区卫星资料的同化应用提供了必需的基础条件。     

半透明云风矢量高度算法中代表运动像元的使用

半透明云风矢量高度指定是卫星风矢量算法的重要部分,需要使用来自半透明云体的辐射和云下背景辐射两个变量。为了更精确地获得来自半透明云体的辐射,采用像元对追踪相关系数的贡献和红外亮温两个变量进行统计分析,将追踪图像块中的像元分为3个部分:小贡献像元、暖区段大贡献像元和冷区段大贡献像元;对暖区段、冷区段内大贡献像元的特征进行考察表明,冷区段的大贡献像元更能代表追踪图像块运动,称为代表运动像元。选择代表运动像元参与计算来自半透明云体的辐射,对半透明云风矢量高度指定算法进行改进,在该算法中分别使用和不使用代表运动像元,计算FY-2气象卫星风矢量,将结果与欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）分析场进行对比表明,在半透明云高度指定算法中使用代表运动像元,FY-2气象卫星风矢量误差明显降低。     

数值预报及实况资料数值化系统研究和应用

1 引言 数值预报和实况资料是天气预报工作中的重要依据,做好数值预报释用工作对于提高预报准确率非常重要.在日常天气预报工作中常用的数值预报有"欧洲数值预报"、"t639"、"德国降水"及"日本降水"等.本系统重点研究欧洲数值预报系统和地面实况资料读取显示以及在数据处理过程中重要算法研究,而且阐述了系统的结构设计、界面设计程序代码编写方法,并对实际工作中的系统应用进行说明.     

数值预报中卫星资料同化效果实验研究

目前,卫星资料在数值天气预报中的同化应用显著改善了数值预报效果,尤其是在全球数值预报中更为明显.而在区域数值预报中,卫星资料同化应用的影响还需要开展进一步的研究与分析.采用基于GRAPES-3DVar 同化系统和中尺度数值模式WRF 构造的区域数值预报流程,引入NOAA16 卫星资料分别对T213 和T511不同背景场...     

天气预报的业务技术进展

该文总结回顾了中央气象台近年来的天气预报业务技术进展。天气预报质量的历史演变显示了预报业务水平的提高, 这种业务能力的提高既反映了预报技术的发展, 也带来了天气预报业务的变化。对业务天气预报中各种预报技术应用进展的分析表明:数值预报在天气预报业务能力提高中发挥着重要的基础性作用; 同时, 基于对不同尺度天气影响系统发展演变过程深入认识的基础上, 天气学的预报方法依然是预报业务中的重要技术方法; 动力诊断预报已成为灾害性天气预报中的重要手段之一, 数值预报产品的解释应用是实现气象要素精细定量预报的技术途径。     

GRAPES_GFS全球中期预报系统的研发和业务化

该文回顾了中国气象局全球中期数值天气预报系统GRAPES_GFS的研发历程,重点介绍了近年来在GRAPES_GFS研发过程中的重要进展,概要阐述了这些进展对GRAPES_GFS业务:化的贡献。动力框架方面的改进主要包括位温垂直平流的算法、极区滤波方案、标量平流方案、垂直速度衰减（damping）算法、提高模式分辨率等,改善了模式框架的稳定性、计算精度以及质量守恒性。物理过程方面的改进主要包括RRTMG辐射方案、CoLM陆面过程方案、积云对流、边界层过程、双参数云物理方案,以及物理过程的调用计算等,全面提升了模式物理过程的预报能力。全球三维变分同化方面,研发了模式空间三维变分（3DVar）系统、资料质量控制和偏差订正技术、卫星资料同化方面的相关技术等。同时,对目前GRAPES_GFS2.0的预报能力进行了评估,总体来说,该系统各项预报指标全面超越GRAPES_GFS1.0,与T639相比等压面要素预报在对流层也有明显优势,降水、2 m温度等预报也优势明显。     

A Study on Height Reassignment for the AMV Products of the FY-2C Satellite

A method for using height reassignment to improve the quality of satellite-derived atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) is presented. The rationale underlying height reassignment is explored, and the technical details are studied by applying three height reassignment schemes that use NCEP reanalysis winds. The quality of the AMVs is generally improved following reassignment, although the magnitude of the improvement differs according to the scheme applied. Scheme 3 provides the best quality and stability, followed by Scheme 1 and Scheme 2. The negative biases in the zonal components of the AMVs decrease from [-5,-4] m s-1to <-1 m s-1following reassignment. The meridional components also improve. The AMVs derived from the infrared and water vapor channels improve by 58.7% and 25%, respectively. The feasibility of using Scheme 3 in the operational derivation of AMVs is studied by incorporating the forecast wind field predicted by a T511 medium-range numerical weather prediction (NWP) system. Incorporating the 120-h forecast reduces the negative biases in zonal winds and positive biases in meridional winds retrieved from the water vapor channel, improving the overall quality of the AMVs by 26.7%. Extending the validity period of the forecast field linearly reduces the improvement in retrieved AMVs, but the magnitude of this reduction is small. Incorporating the 120-h forecast field still results in a 13% improvement, although it may eliminate a larger number of AMVs of good quality.     

Comparison of Kalpana-1 atmospheric motion vectors with other observations

The operational derivation of atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) using infrared (10.5–12.5 μm) and water vapor (6.3–7.1 μm) channels of successive geostationary satellite images started in the 1980s. Subsequently, AMVs have become an important component for operational numerical weather prediction throughout the globe for the last decade or so. In India, at the Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, the operational derivation of AMVs (infrared winds and water vapor winds) from the Indian geostationary satellite Kalpana-1 has been initiated a few years back. Recently, an L-band radar lower atmosphere wind profiler (LAWP) has been installed at the National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki located at (13.58°N, 79.28°E) for continuous high-resolution wind measurements in the lower atmosphere. In this study, a comparison of Kalpana-1 AMVs with wind measurements from LAWP and radiosonde has been carried out for a period of one and a half years. The performances of Kalpana-1 AMVs are also assessed by a separate comparison of Meteosat-7 AMVs, derived at the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, with wind measurements from LAWP and radiosonde. Both sets of comparison show that AMVs from Kalpana-1 and Meteosat-7 are comparable over the Indian Ocean region.     

Characteristics of Fengyun-4A Satellite Atmospheric Motion Vectors and Their Impacts on Data Assimilation

The high observation efficiency, scanning speed and observation frequency of the Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) satellite indicates the progress of Chinese geostationary meteorological satellites. The characteristics of FY-4A atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) derived from the high-level water vapor (WV-High) channel, mid-level water vapor (WV-Mid) channel, and infrared (IR) channel of FY-4A are analyzed, and their corresponding observation errors estimated. Then, the impacts of single-channel and multi-channel FY-4A AMVs on RMAPS-ST (the Rapid-refresh Multi-scale Analysis and Prediction System—Short Term) are evaluated based on one-month data assimilation cycling and forecasting experiments. Results show that the observation errors of FY-4A AMVs from the three channels have an explicit vertical structure. Results from the cycling experiments indicate that the assimilation of AMVs from WV-High produces more apparent improvement of the wind in the upper layer, while a more positive effect in the lower layer is achieved by the assimilation of AMVs from IR. Furthermore, the assimilation of AMVs from IR is more skillful for medium and moderate precipitation than from other channels owing to the good quality of data in the lower layer in the AMVs from IR. Assimilation of FY-4A AMVs from the three channels could combine the advantages of assimilation from each individual channel to improve the wind in the upper, middle and lower layers simultaneously.     

A quantitative analysis of KALPANA-1 derived water vapor winds and its impact on NWP model

The coverage of satellite derived winds over the Indian region including Indian Ocean has improved by the operation of India’s first dedicated satellite for meteorology, KALPANA-1 since 12 September 2002. Atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) are being derived at the India Meteorological Department (IMD), New Delhi on a routine operational basis. The AMV is recognized as an important source of information for numerical weather prediction (NWP) and is particularly suited for tracking the low and middle level clouds mainly because of the good contrast in albedo between target and background, whereas the upper level moisture pattern can be better tracked by water vapor winds (WVW) using water vapor (WV) channel (5.7–7.1 μm). The WVWs proved to be a very useful wind product for predicting the future track position of cyclones, well marked low pressure areas or heavy rainfall warnings in advance and so, often these types of weather systems are steered by the upper level winds. In the present study, the quantitative as well as qualitative analyses of KALPANA-1 WVW have been carried out. The primary change introduced is making use of first guess (FG) forecast fields obtained from National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and Global Forecast System (GFS), at a resolution of 1° × 1° with T-382/L64 instead of forecasts of operational limited area model (LAM) of IMD. The overall results showed a consistent improvement after using improved FG wind fields from NCEP instead of LAM with a significantly increasing number of good qualities of KALPANA-1 derived WVWs. The quantitative error analysis has also been carried out for the validation of WVWs using collocated radiosonde observations for the period from May 2008 to December 2009 and the available mid-upper level winds derived from METEOSAT-7 data for the period from October to December 2008. The analysis shows that after modification, the RMSE and bias of KALPANA-1 WVWs have reduced considerably. Further, to assess the impact of these winds, a high resolution mesoscale model WRF 3DVAR system is used in the present study for the analysis of tropical cyclone ‘Sidr’. The results show that the wind assimilation experiments (analysis at 200 hPa) using upper level KALPANA-1 WVW have great potential for improving the NWP analysis. The impact of additional wind data in the model is found to be positive and beneficial.     

气象资料加工产品——格点报的应用及未来发展

介绍了我国数值预报格点资料及其在日常天气预报业务中的应用。简要说明了格点报资料的使用价值和分发形式的优点。指出随着数值天气预报和计算机技术的发展,格点资料对于天气预报业务的客观化和自动化,将越来越表现出重要作用。     

强对流天气监测预报预警技术进展

强对流天气预报业务包括监测、分析、预报、预警和检验等方面。对流初生识别、对流系统强度识别和对流天气类型识别等监测技术取得新进展,综合多源资料的监测技术已应用于中国气象局中央气象台业务。对流系统的触发、发展和维持机制等获得了新认识,我国不同类型强对流天气及其环境条件统计气候特征、分析规范及相应业务产品等为业务预报提供了必要基础和技术支撑。光流法、多尺度追踪技术以及应用模糊逻辑方法的临近预报技术等有明显进展,融合短时预报技术得到广泛应用,对流可分辨高分辨率数值 (集合) 预报及其后处理产品预报试验取得了显著成效,基于数值 (集合) 预报应用模糊逻辑方法的分类强对流天气短期预报技术为业务预报提供了技术支撑。强对流天气综合监测和多尺度自适应临近预报技术、多尺度分析技术以及融合短时预报技术、发展并应用模糊逻辑等方法的、基于高分辨率数值 (集合) 模式的区分不同强度等级和极端性的分类强对流天气精细化 (概率) 预报技术等是未来发展的主要方向。     

FY-4A卫星云导风观测误差优化及同化效果影响研究

为了推进FY-4A卫星资料在数值模式中的实际应用,本研究选择云导风产品作为研究对象,首先统计了FY-4A高层水汽通道和红外通道云导风的观测误差,进一步基于WRFDA(Weather Research and Forecasting model Data Assimilation system)系统,利用默认观测误差和新观测误差进行了为期一个月的循环同化及预报试验,并分析了试验期间的台风预报效果。结果表明:相较于默认观测误差,FY-4A云导风产品的新观测误差垂直结构特征更加明显;采用本研究统计的FY-4A云导风观测误差,能够在默认观测误差的基础上改善风场的分析和预报效果;试验期间的两个台风个例分析表明,新观测误差也能够减小台风路径的预报误差。     

卫星云图,雷达数字化回波图在预报徐州暴雨中的应用

本文使用历史暴雨天气过程的卫星云图资料,进行数字处理,统计归纳,并结合雷达数字化资料和天气分析、数值预报产品、能量场分析,总结出一些以卫星资料为主,能使用于日常短期到短时预报暴雨的结论。     

Using satellite-derived Atmospheric Motion Vector (AMV) observations in the ensemble data assimilation system

The use of global Atmospheric Motion Vectors (AMV) satellite observations in the meteorological data assimilation system based on Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) algorithm is considered. The height assignment is the most crucial error source for AMV observations. To reduce its impact, the AMV height reassignment method is implemented; it is based on the consistency coefficient bet ween the observed and the background winds. The other way to improve the analysis quality is a more accurate specification of AMV observation errors. This necessitates the use of the nondiagonal observation-error covariance matrix R in the data assimilation scheme. The first results of these studies are presented. It is demonstrated that the use of AMV observations in the data assimilation system reduces the errors of forecasts computed from the initial data of this system.     

Development and Application of an Atmospheric-Hydrologic-Hydraulic Flood Forecasting Model Driven by TIGGE Ensemble Forecasts

A coupled atmospheric-hydrologic-hydraulic ensemble flood forecasting model,driven by The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) dat...