松嫩平原作物光温生产潜力对气温变化的响应

根据松嫩平原1951～2005年36个气象站的历史资料,分析了44 a温度的年际变化特征,采用机制法,计算了松嫩平原农作物的光温生产潜力.在MAPGIS、SAS的支持下,探讨了农作物生产潜力的时空变化规律,分析了气温变化对作物光温生产潜力的影响,建立了气温因子与作物生产潜力之间的回归模型.     

陕西省综合气候生产潜力的研究(续完)

3.2 综合光温生产潜力由于不同作物的生长期不同,受热量限制的程度也不同,再加上作物种植的比例不同,综合光温生产潜力取决于种植比例和生长期(决定了作物的光热利用),并以二者之中影响较大的为主。如同一地区玉米种植比例较小麦种植比例大得多,总的光温生产潜力很大程度上就取决于玉米的光温生产潜     

塑料大棚内土壤的热特性

在我国塑料大棚农业已经相当普及.对于棚内特有的光、温条件的研究也在逐步深入,但对热量的研究,以往多注意地上的空气温度,而较少重视土壤热量变化对作物的影响.实践证明,土温影响作物根系的生长活动、生理生化过程,摄取水分和养分的速率,土壤中微生物的活性,有机物转化等.为有效地控制温室环境,使其适应作物生理的需要,有必要从研究棚内土壤热特性入手,找到其土壤热量平衡的特点.     

气候变化及其对农作物生产潜力的影响

利用国家气象中心整编的1951—1990年全国160站年、月平均气温和总降水量,的资料序列,计算和分析了我国近40年的气候变化,讨论了我国气候变化的区域性和季节性差异;计算了各站的年作物光温生产潜力,探讨了气象变化对农业生产的影响。     

气候变化对农业生产的影响及其适应

基于国内有关研究,综述了气候变化对我国农业气候资源和农作物种植结构影响的观测事实,分析了气候变化中农业气象灾害时间变化趋势,评述了未来气候变化对农作物生产的可能影响和适应策略.得出:(1)中国大陆(西南地区除外)光温生产潜力呈明显增长趋势,其中北方增幅大干南方,气候变化对不同地区的不同作物的生产潜力影响不同.(2)气温...     

邹城市主要农作物的光温生产潜力

农业生态区域法是基于在实际耕作条件下 ,作物和水的管理达到最佳时 ,获得农作物最高产量的计算方法 ,即农作物光温生产潜力取决于温度、辐射和生长季长度。应用该方法计算了邹城市主要农作物冬小麦和夏玉米的光温生产潜力 ,分别为 12 349kg·hm-2 和 16 779kg·hm-2 ,与目前的实际产量相比 ,冬小麦和夏玉米的增产潜力分别为 6 84 9kg·hm-2 和 92 79kg·hm2 。提出了农业生产中进一步提高作物产量的主要途径。     

广西农业气候资源生产力分析与评价——(Ⅰ)广西农业气候生产潜力计算方法的探讨

本文用非线性拟合逐阶乘形式建立广西农业气候生产潜力模式,分别依据能量平衡和物质代谢原理算出光能生产潜力、温度及水分对作物生长发育和产量形成的影响,进行相应的温度、水分的订正,算出光温生产潜力气候生产潜力,此外考虑气候年际变化和灾害引起减产的修正,最后得出了广西农业气候生产潜力的计算模式。     

农作物气候适宜度实时判定系统

以旬、月、季、作物生育期为单位时段,根据农作物生长发育所需要的气象条件,把单位时段内气候因子的数量变化,通过模糊数学中隶属函数的方法,转化成对作物生长发育的适宜程度,计算各时段内的温度、降水、日照及光温水综合因子对作物生育影响的适宜度,计算结果以表格和图形的方式输出。经过业务试应用,效果良好,所计算的不同作物不同时段的温度适宜度、降水适宜度、日照适宜度、光温水综合适宜度符合实际情况,为定量判定气象条件对农作物影响提供了依据。     

水稻核雄性不育系培矮64S的育性指标分析

培矮64S是我国目前两系法杂交稻生产中应用最广泛的实用不育系。利用培矮64S在南京、武汉、长沙、贵阳、三亚等地的多年分期播种资料及其相应的温度和日长资料，分析了水稻光（温）敏核不育系培矮64S的不育性和可繁性，并采用光温分级法和育性量化模型法，分析了培矮64S的育性转换光温指标。表明两种方法的计算结果具有较好的一致性。     

黔西南气候资源与农业生产

简要阐述了黔西南光、温、水等气候资源的特点、分布规律以及与农业生产的关系,结果表明:黔西南丰富的光资源具有太阳辐射充足,日照时数长,光合潜力大的特点,对作物产量和品质的提高有利;良好的温度条件和水资源对种植业和林果业的发展有相当大的潜力。并针对黔西南州的气候特点提出了相应的农业生产方向。     

全球农作物对大气CO2及其倍增的吸收量估算

根据农作物产量资料（ＦＡＯ１９９２年），计算出中国和全球各种作物对ＣＯ２的吸收总量分别为５．５×１０８ｔ／ａＣ和２８．９×１０８ｔ／ａＣ。同时以不同ＣＯ２浓度下小麦、玉米、大豆等全生育期光合速率实验数据直接计算的Ｃ吸收量为对照，与相应的中国产量资料计算结果比较，两者相差２．６％。从而进一步依据作物对ＣＯ２倍增反应诊断实验结果，推算出大气ＣＯ２浓度比目前倍增（７００ｐｐｍ）条件下，中国和全球农作物吸收ＣＯ２总量将增长２１％－２６％，分别为６．６×１０８ｔ／ａ—６．９×１０８ｔ／ａ和３４．１×１０８ｔ／ａ—３６．２×１０８ｔ／ａＣ。研究还表明，单位面积作物年吸Ｃ量全球（３．２ｔ／（ｈｍ２·８））比中国（４．２ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ））低２５．４％，而且Ｃ４作物普遍高于同类Ｃ３作物。     

SENSITIVITY OF THE RUSSIAN AGRICULTURE TO CHANGES IN CLIMATE, CO2 AND TROPOSPHERIC OZONE CONCENTRATIONS AND SOIL FERTILITY

Russian agriculture sensitivity to changes in climate, soil and atmosphere chemistry were analyzed. Calculated data are presented on crop productivity of grain crops and grasses (C₃) under arid and humid scenarios of climate taking account of one-, two-, three and four-factor natural environment impacts. All four factors under studies (climatic parameters, CO₂ and tropospheric ozone concentrations, soil degradation extent) greatly impact agriculture productivity. The effect of interaction between all considered factors on agroecosystem productivity is studied. It is established that a simple additive scheme for explaining the complex effect of some factors can be much violated. In this case, not only variations in the mean crop yield levels but also variations in the degree of crop stability have been assessed in some regions, that may be more important for determining the social-economic consequences. It turned out that the recurrence of critically very low yields in steppe regions may increase two fold as a result of global warming.     

Impacts of a Ghg-Induced Climate Change on Crop Yields: Effects of Acceleration in Maturation, Moisture Stress and Optimal Temperature

The present study involves using the Canadian Climate Centre (CCC) climate change scenario to evaluate the impacts of a CO₂-induced climate change on agriculture in Québec and vicinity. Climate change using the CCC General Circulation Model (GCM) data are fed into a crop model (FAO) so as to gauge the changes in agroclimatic factors such as growing season length and growing degree days, and subsequently potential yield changes for a variety of cereal (C₃ and C₄), leguminous, oleaginous, vegetable and special crops, for twelve major agricultural regions in southern Québec. Our results show that depending upon the agricultural zone and crop type, yields may increase (ex. corn and sorghum by 20%) or decrease (ex. wheat and soybean by 20 to 30%). Also, these crop yield changes appear to be related to acceleration in maturation rates, mainly to change in moisture stress and to shifts in optimal thermal growth conditions. These possible shifts in agricultural production potentials would solicit the formulation of appropriate adaptation strategies.     

Estimating climate change effects on net primary production of rangelands in the United States

The potential effects of climate change on net primary productivity (NPP) of U.S. rangelands were evaluated using estimated climate regimes from the A1B, A2 and B2 global change scenarios imposed on the biogeochemical cycling model, Biome-BGC from 2001 to 2100. Temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure deficit, day length, solar radiation, CO₂ enrichment and nitrogen deposition were evaluated as drivers of NPP. Across all three scenarios, rangeland NPP increased by 0.26 % year^?1 (7 kg C ha^?1 year^?1) but increases were not apparent until after 2030 and significant regional variation in NPP was revealed. The Desert Southwest and Southwest assessment regions exhibited declines in NPP of about 7 % by 2100, while the Northern and Southern Great Plains, Interior West and Eastern Prairies all experienced increases over 25 %. Grasslands dominated by warm season (C4 photosynthetic pathway) species showed the greatest response to temperature while cool season (C3 photosynthetic pathway) dominated regions responded most strongly to CO₂ enrichment. Modeled NPP responses compared favorably with experimental results from CO₂ manipulation experiments and to NPP estimates from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Collectively, these results indicate significant and asymmetric changes in NPP for U.S. rangelands may be expected.     

山东省主要粮食作物气候生产潜力时空变化特征

根据山东省1961-2008年的气象资料,利用逐级订正法计算了山东省冬小麦和夏玉米等主要粮食作物的气候生产潜力,并进一步采用经验正交函数分解方法,探讨了其时空变化特征.结果表明:山东省冬小麦及夏玉米的气候生产潜力存在有明显的年际波动和空间差异,其中冬小麦优、劣年景气候生产潜力相差3～9倍,夏玉米相对较小,为2～3倍;全省冬小麦、夏玉米气候生产潜力的高值区位于水热条件匹配较好的鲁南地区,低值区在半岛东部沿海地区;冬小麦、夏玉米气候生产潜力与实际单产的年际变化基本一致,山东省粮食产量,特别是夏玉米产量的年际波动受作物生长期间气候条件影响较大;全省冬小麦、夏玉米气候生产潜力在空间上具有较好的一致性,区域互补性较差.     

暴雨中尺度环境场特征及积云对流的反馈作用

本文利用一套具有中尺度分辨率的观测资料,对发生在1983年6月下旬的一次长江流域梅雨暴雨过程进行了诊断研究,并比较了该过程的对流降水活跃期和非活跃期的中尺度环境场特征。结果表明,两个时期的动量场存在明显差异,而水热场差异不大,Q₁和Q₂以及涡度收支也存在明显差异。在降水活跃期（暴雨集中期）,积云对流对能量和涡度的垂直输送有着重要作用;在水热收支中,起主要作用的是垂直输送项,潜热加热基本上为抬升冷却所平衡,水汽的垂直输送是积云对流的主要水汽源;在涡度收支中,低层散度项和扭转项制造正涡度,并通过积云对流向上输送,无论在低层或高层积累的正涡度都被平流非线性过程所耗损。      

上海地区地面太阳紫外辐射的观测和分析

通过对上海地区2001～2003年地面太阳总辐射和紫外辐射观测资料的分析表明：（1）上海地区太阳辐射和紫外辐射年总量分别为4487．1MJ／m^2和149．6MJ/m^2。（2）紫外辐射的季节变化特征十分明显，夏半年（4-9月）各月极大紫外辐射强度远大于冬半年（10月～次年3月），7月份最强，12月份最弱。（3）不同天气条件下，紫外辐射日变化显示出明显的差异，晴天强且稳定，多云天气波动较大，阴天则次之。（4）紫外辐射占总辐射的比例（η）也显示冬半年低，夏半年高的分布特征。（5）影响上海地区到达地面紫外辐射的主要因子有：太阳高度角的大小大致决定了到达地面紫外辐射的强弱，两者具有相近的年变化趋势；云、雨等天气类型是影响紫外辐射的重要因子；大气能见度对紫外辐射也有比较明显的影响。     

Mid-chain ketocarboxylic acids in the remote marine atmosphere: Distribution patterns and possible formation mechanisms

In remote marine aerosol samples collected from the North Pacific ocean, Enewetak Atoll, American Samoa, and New Zealand, series of mid-chain ketocarboxylic acids in the range of C₆-C₁₈ were detected. All the positional isomers, except for the 2-oxo and 3-oxo species, were detected for major ketoacid families (e.g. C₉, C₁₁ and C₁₃). Higher ketoacid concentrations (up to 19 ng/m³) were obtained in the northern North Pacific aerosol samples, which generally showed an odd carbon-numbered predominance with 5-oxoundecanoic acid being the major species. By contrast, lower concentrations were obtained in the lower-latitude or subtropical aerosol samples, where even carbon-numbered ketoacids were relatively abundant.The distribution patterns of the odd carbon-numbered ketoacids could not be explained by the primary emissions from source materials including terrestrial higher plants, soil particles, and ocean surfaces. We consider that the isomeric ketocarboxylic acids are produced in the atmosphere by the photochemical oxidation of semi-volatile monocarboxylic acids, which are counterparts of the oxidative degradation of unsaturated fatty acids emitted from seawater surfaces. Atmospheric production of the ketoacids is seemingly enhanced in the northern North Pacific, probably due to an enhanced primary productivity.     

CO2浓度倍增对中国主要作物影响的试验研究

根据自行设计的ＯＴＣ－１型开顶式气室及连续３年试验资料，在评述该套设备性能的基础上，分析了ＣＯ２浓度倍增对４种作物生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明：ＣＯ２浓度倍增，作物发育进程加快，株高增加，经济产量和生物产量增长明显，且Ｃ３作物的增长幅度大于Ｃ４作物；冬小麦、棉花品质呈良性变化，玉米品质可能有所下降，大豆品质变化不明显。上述初步结果尚待进一步研究     

The water impacts of climate change mitigation measures

A variety of proposed activities to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions will impact on scarce water resources, which are coming under increasing pressure in many countries due to population growth and shifting weather patterns. However, the integrated analysis of water and carbon impacts has been given limited attention in greenhouse mitigation planning. In this Australian case study, we analyse a suite of 74 mitigation measures ranked as highest priority by one influential analysis, and we find that they have highly variable consequences for water quantity. We find: (1) The largest impacts result from land-based sequestration, which has the potential to intercept large quantities of water and reduce catchment yields, estimated to exceed 100 Mm³/MtCO₂-e of carbon mitigated (100,000 l per tonne CO₂-e). (2) Moderate impacts result from some renewable power options, including solar thermal power with a water cost estimated at nearly 4 Mm³/MtCO₂-e. However, the water impacts of solar thermal power facilities could be reduced by designing them to use existing power-related water supplies or to use air or salt-water cooling. (3) Wind power, biogas, solar photovoltaics, energy efficiency and operational improvements to existing power sources can reduce water demand through offsetting the water used to cool thermal power generation, with minor savings estimated at 2 Mm³/MtCO₂-e and amounting to nearly 100 Mm³ of water saved in Australia per annum in 2020. This integrated analysis significantly changes the attractiveness of some mitigation options, compared to the case where water impacts are not considered.