一种改进的飞机自然结冰潜势算法研究

飞机结冰严重危害飞行安全,随着国产大飞机计划的推进以及自然结冰试飞试验的开展,飞机结冰研究越来越引起了民航和气象等诸多部门的重视。本文介绍了一个改进的飞机自然结冰潜势算法,该算法直接基于大气温湿层结给出结冰潜势,可以识别多种天气条件下(包括冻雨)的飞机结冰可能,具有命中率高、虚警率低、应用简便、实用性强的特点。用26个飞机结冰试飞(飞行)报告对该算法进行了检验和评估,发现该算法能较好地估测多种天气条件下飞机在飞行中实际遭遇结冰的情况,且能给出结冰的区域和大致高度。同时,在安庆的一次飞机自然结冰外场试验中对该方法进行了应用,发现结合地面观测、探空秒数据和卫星资料等,该结冰潜势诊断方法可以准确诊断结冰层的高度和随时间的变化,与飞机实际空中探测具有较高的符合度。     

直升飞机自然积冰试验方案设计与实例应用

针对直升机自然积冰试飞，结合直升机飞行特性，分析了不同气象条件下试验飞行路线确定原则。利用模式预报和实况监测产品，设计了直升机积冰试验飞行方案，并在2018年3月新疆乌鲁木齐外场试验中进行了应用和检验。结果表明，直升机自然积冰试验飞行方案的确定原则需要充分考虑直升机的飞行特性。在层状云中进行自然积冰试飞，根据积冰区相对云区位置，考虑从云底或云顶进入积冰区的原则。建立了飞机积冰飞行方案设计流程。利用积冰潜势预报系统提前72 h开展概率预报，利用云降水显式预报系统提前24 h开展云条件预报，利用卫星雷达探空等观测资料提前3 h开展积冰条件监测预警。预报和监测结果显示，计划试验当天云的宏微观条件较为理想，符合飞机积冰形成的条件。针对此云层设计了采取云底进入探测区和云底退出的规避方式，在云中采用多次往返爬升和平飞寻找过冷水区以完成积冰探测。实际飞行也采用了云底入云并云中探测到了积冰和过冷水，是一次比较成功的飞机积冰航线设计和应用实例。     

我国干旱地区一次直升机自然结冰试飞天气个例分析

2018年3月17日、27日,国产某型直升机在新疆五家渠地区成功完成2架次自然结冰试飞。利用NCEP/NCAR的1°×1°再分析资料、机测液态水含量资料结合常规气象资料,对2次结冰天气过程的天气环流形势、动力热力特征、液态水含量进行分析。结果表明:17日在高空冷涡、地面冷锋前的环流形势下,试飞高度层位于冷暖平流交汇处,温度为0～-4℃,比湿值为3～3.5 g/kg,处于强水汽辐合中心,并伴有弱上升运动,Ic积冰指数为20～30,云中液态水含量波动较大,飞机挂架上形成0.5 cm厚度的凇冰。27日在高空槽前和地面冷锋后的环流形势下,试飞高度层在弱冷平流中心附近,温度为0～-2℃,比湿值接近4.5 g/kg,处于弱水汽辐合中心边缘,伴有弱上升运动,Ic积冰指数为30～40,云中液态水含量稳定,飞机挂架上形成1～2 cm厚度的明冰。在气象保障中运用探空、云图、雷达、微波辐射计等资料有效预报了积冰区域及高度。     

一种飞机空中积冰潜势诊断指数与检验评估

飞机积冰是影响飞行安全的重要危险天气,准确的积冰诊断对民航运行与安全具有重大意义,特别是对国产大飞机适航取证具有重要作用。本文参考改进的CIP(Current Icing Potential)指数,使用垂直速度和云中液态水含量对积冰潜势诊断指数进行优化得到SCIP(Simplified Current Icing Potential)指数,该指数直接基于大气层结资料给出较为准确地飞机积冰潜势,具有命中率高、实用性强的特点。用2021年2月28日至12月31日民航航空器报告对原CIP指数和SCIP指数进行对比验证评估,发现相比于原CIP指数,SCIP指数具有更优异的ROC曲线(Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve)和TSS评分(True Skill Score)。但是对于不同程度的积冰,原CIP指数和SCIP指数均表现出较一致诊断效果,表明SCIP指数对诊断飞机积冰潜势具有重要作用,但无法判断积冰强度。根据2020年3月16日陕西区域飞机结冰个例验证表明增加垂直速度和云中液态水含量的影响对飞机积冰的描述更加细致,对提升积冰潜势诊断效果具有重要意义...     

一种基于人影飞机结冰观测记录判断云中过冷水的方法

对2003-2009年、2012-2018年共计14 a的人工影响天气飞机结冰个例进行统计分析,研究飞机结冰高度与0℃层、-20℃的关系、结冰所在区域与高空涡、高空槽两类降水天气系统的位置关系,验证了利用飞机结冰和0℃层可以判定云中存在过冷水的方法,为人工增雨冷云催化作业区选择提供了技术参考。     

飞机积冰气象条件研究进展

飞机积冰的直接影响气象因子包括大气温度、云中过冷水含量、过冷水滴大小。飞机积冰气象条件的研究对于飞行安全保障、飞机适航验证、人工影响天气等方面具有重要意义。近年来在飞机积冰气象条件研究方面取得了很大进展,文章对飞机积冰气象条件的外场观测、天气系统、监测识别、预报方法、气候分布等方面进展进行了简要综述,并对有关问题进行了讨论。飞机探测结果表明,过冷水时空分布具有明显不均匀性,国外以大量飞机积冰观测试验为基础统计分析了积冰环境,并制定了用于飞机积冰适航验证的一系列标准。产生飞机积冰的主要天气系统是锋面、高空槽线和切变线,冻雨往往产生强积冰。综合多源遥感数据各自的优势信息,建立飞机积冰区域识别技术是主要趋势。具有对云水显式预报能力的中尺度模式为预报飞机积冰提供了更好的工具。同时将多种监测数据、模式数据相融合的实时积冰潜势系统是新的发展方向。     

民机阵风载荷测量试飞颠簸潜势诊断技术研究

为确保民机阵风载荷测量试飞的质量和效率,规避风险,保障安全,解决“找风难”问题,从飞行员飞机颠簸报告入手,利用欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的ERA5全球大气再分析资料,基于10个预报效果较为理想的颠簸指数,通过加权集成算法给出了高空急流背景下的颠簸潜势综合指数。综合指数中单一指数的权重是通过发生颠簸的预报准确率PODY、未发生颠簸的预报准确率PODN、总体预报准确率PODA及TSS评分及中度以上颠簸所占面积fMOG五项评价指标共同确定的。同时评估了颠簸潜势综合指数性能对单一指数数量的敏感性以及对参与建模样本量的敏感性。结果表明:Dutton指数因预报得分φ达1.043,是这10个单一指数中总体预报效果最好的,Brown指数、L-P指数次之。由Dutton指数、Brown指数、L-P指数、TI1指数及风相关指数加权集成的综合指数,较好地集成了各单一指数的优点,各项指标均较为优秀,PODA达90%,TSS达0.80,fMOG达9.2%,预报得分φ达1.225,总体效果最好。随着单一指数数量的增加,综合指数的诊断效果先增大后减小,当单一指数增加到5个的时候,效果最优。随着参与建模的飞机颠簸样本量增加,综合指数性能逐步提升。该综合指数能较好地解决民机阵风载荷测量试飞潜在颠簸区域寻找的问题。      

民机试飞气象服务的挑战与实践

最近几年,国产客机的发展取得了显著进展,与此同时也对国内的民机试飞气象服务提出了新的要求。试飞气象服务对于气象服务机构是一个全新的挑战。试飞气象服务保障在试飞安全和试飞效率两个重要方面起到关键性作用。根据民机适航标准,对气象环境条件有具体要求的试验科目包括:自然结冰、大侧风、高温高湿、高寒、高原、噪声试验等。适航标准对气象条件有着非常苛刻的要求,试飞气象服务需要完成的工作包括:对适航标准中相关气象条件的解读,试飞气象的气候分布特征分析,从中期到临近的预报服务,明确的精细化预报结论等。这些工作将为决策提供支持,而及时准确可靠的试飞气象保障服务可以显著提高试飞取证效率和企业经济效益。     

安庆地区一次飞机积冰的气象条件分析

利用卫星、雷达、探空、飞机等观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,以及数值模拟结果,对2016年3月8—9日我国安庆地区的云系特征和飞机积冰气象条件进行了分析,并对比了几种积冰指数算法的计算结果。结果表明,此次飞机积冰发生在寒潮天气背景下,强冷空气造成锋面逆温。实测飞机积冰现象出现在对流降雨结束后的层积云层顶部,积冰高度对应高空锋区逆温层底部,云顶高度约为3.4 km,云顶温度为-10℃,无降水和雷达回波,云中主要为过冷水,丰沛时段飞机观测过冷水平均值为0.36 g·m~(-3),基本无冰相粒子。当云顶高度再度抬升,冰相粒子增多时,过冷水含量减少,不利于积冰现象发生。多种积冰指数对比分析表明,CIP初始积冰潜势算法较好体现了此次层积云飞机积冰特征。CPEFS模式模拟出了与实测比较一致的云宏微观结构。     

飞机积冰预报算法对比及其集成预报模型研究

以人工增雨作业获取的飞机积冰实例资料为基础,利用WRF模式对51次飞机积冰过程进行数值模拟,对比分析了常用七种积冰预报算法对积冰潜势区和强度的预报效果,进而采用评分权重集成法建立了飞机积冰强度集成预报模型,并检验了其预报效果。结果表明:(1)假霜点温度经验法对2002年4月4日积冰个例的预报效果与实况一致,而其他积冰算法预报效果均与实况相差较大;(2)对51次飞机积冰预报效果进行统计检验发现,假霜点温度经验法的预报效果最好,积冰强度预报准确率为72.55%,其次是RAOB法,IC指数法和I积冰指数法次之,改进的IC指数法预报准确率最差,只有19.61%;(3)对比不同积冰算法建立的集成预报模型的预报效果发现,选用IC指数法、假霜点温度经验法、RAOB法进行集成预报时,预报准确率最高,且漏报率、偏弱率及偏强率均能控制在10%以内,比单一预报算法中的最高预报准确率提高了8%,且漏报率降低了4%,偏强率降低了8%。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on