VARIATION OF THE EAST ASIAN SUBTROPICAL WESTERLY JET AND ASSOCIATED QUANTIFIED OBJECTIVE INDEXES TROPICAL CYCLONES OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN SUMMER: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS FOR ACTIVE AND INACTIVE YEARS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

In order to understand the role of East Asian subtropical westerly jet (EASWJ) in forecasting summer precipitation in East China, interseasonal pentad characteristics of the EASWJ and their relation to summer precipitation in East China are analyzed with the daily reanalysis data provided by National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP, USA) and daily precipitation data from 714 Chinese meteorological stations during the period 1960–2009. In addition, the daily evolution of the EASWJ and objective quantification of the EASWJ are investigated for the Meiyu season over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley. It is found that the EASWJ and summer precipitation bands in East China move simultaneously. Especially, the stationary state and northward shift of the EASWJ are closely associated with the beginning, ending and stabilization of the annually first raining season in South China and Meiyu over these reaches. Analysis on the characteristics of the EASWJ in typical (atypical) Meiyu years over these reaches shows that the EASWJ swings steadily around its climatological position in meridional orientation (with large amplitude). Numerical experiments on an example in 2005 shows that indexes proposed in this study can depict the EASWJ well and should be valuable for application in the operation.     

INFLUENCES OF LOW-FREQUENCY MOISTURE TRANSPORTATION ON LOW FREQUENCY PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES IN THE ANNUALLY FIRST RAINY SEASON OF SOUTH CHINA IN 2010

85-station daily precipitation data from 1961-2010 provided by the National Meteorological Information Center and the NCEP/NCAR 2010 daily reanalysis data are used to investigate the low-frequency variability on the precipitation of the first rain season and its relationships with moisture transport in South China,and channels of low-frequency water vapor transport and sources of low-frequency precipitation are revealed.The annually first raining season precipitation in 2010 is mainly controlled by 10-20 d and 30-60 d oscillation.The rainfall is more(interrupted) when the two low-frequency components are in the same peak(valley) phase,and the rainfall is less when they are superposed in the inverse phase.The 10-20 d low-frequency component of the moisture transport is more active than the 30-60 d.The10-20 d water vapor sources lie in the South India Ocean near 30° S,the area between Sumatra and Kalimantan Island(the southwest source),and the equatorial middle Pacific region(the southeast source),and there are corresponding southwest and southeast moisture transport channels.By using the characteristics of 10-20 d water vapor transport anomalous circulation,the corresponding low-frequency precipitation can be predicted 6 d ahead.     

夏季东亚副热带西风急流不同尺度波的特征分析

利用1960—2015年NCEP全球再分析日平均资料和中国国家气象站20时的日降水量资料,分析在超长波、长波和天气尺度波的不同尺度纬向风场中,夏季东亚副热带西风急流的空间分布和活动特征,初步研究了不同尺度波的东亚副热带西风急流与典型梅雨异常年降水的关系,通过分析东亚副热带急流的周期性变化,进一步探讨本研究工作的实际应用价值。研究表明,超长波是东亚副热带西风急流扰动的主要成分,与急流位置的演变具有较高的一致性,对于梅雨期间的雨带位置和强度变化均有较好的指示意义;长波、天气尺度波是叠加在超长波上的次低频和中间尺度扰动,后者与梅雨强度的变化有一定对应关系。东亚副热带西风急流与其超长波的位置变化具有明显的单、双周振荡特征,在实际预报业务中可以充分利用超长波的周期性和较高预报技巧,为中期天气分析和预报提供更有价值的参考信息。      

松花江流域初夏降水分布型的环流特征及差异

利用1961-2017年松花江流域31个气象站初夏降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用多种统计方法,讨论了松花江流域初夏降水时空分布及影响环流特征。结果表明：松花江流域初夏降水具有全流域一致型、西北-东南反位相型和东北-西南反位相型3个主要分布模态。影响3个分布型的主要环流特征分别为贝加尔湖以东低值系统-鄂霍茨克海阻塞高压（西南低-东北高）、乌拉尔山脊-西西伯利亚槽-外兴安岭脊（两脊一槽型）、渤海/华北低值系统及其东北部高压,东部局地高压或阻塞形势对松花江流域初夏降水的3个模态起到非常重要的作用。东亚-太平洋型和极地-欧亚型是对第一模态降水分布起重要作用的遥相关型。     

SIMULATION OF SUMMER MONSOON CLIMATE OVER EASTERN CHINA USING A REGIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL

In this paper, we evaluate the characteristics of the surface air temperature and the precipitation of summer monsoon, using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Regional Spectral Model (RSM) for 20 years (1984-2003). The RSM model was designated over the eastern China with a horizontal grid spacing of approximately 30 km. The model is driven by the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and runs from May 21 to September 1 for each of the 20 years. The distribution and variation patterns of the 20-year summer mean surface air temperature and precipitation are reproduced by the RSM and the differences between the simulation and observation are small. However, the model overestimates the interannual variability of summer precipitation in eastern China. The correlation coefficients of the 20-year averaging summer precipitation over the whole region and the sub-domains are above 0.8. The simulated probability distributions of daily maximum and minimum temperatures are similar to the observations. Days of different precipitation intensities in the simulations are generally consistent with the observations: the simulated days of light rain, moderate rain, heavy rain and torrential rain closely resemble the observations, but the simulated maximum centers of the distribution are north of the observed ones.     

云南降水正态分布特征的初探

利用适合性检验方法，对云南省125个测站1961年一2000年40a逐月降水资料是否符合正态分布进行了检验，并对云南降水正态分布做了区划。研究结果表明，云南在雨季(5—10月)通过显著性检验的测站数明显少于干季(11一次年4月)通过显著性检验的测站数，其中8月份仅4站次通过显著性检验，而12月份高达97站次，占全省总站次的77．6％；即云南雨季降水多符合正态分布，而在于季多符合非正态分布，8月份几乎全省符合正态分布，而12月份大部份测站都不符合正态分布。云南降水量的正态统计分布一方面具有一定的区域性特征，另一方面又具有较强的局地性，不同的月份同一测站降水量的正态性不同。因此，在做有关降水量的分析预报时，很有必要考虑其正态性的统计分布特征。     

四川区域融合降水产品的质量评估

本文利用四川省156个国家地面气象观测自动站2018年逐小时降水资料,从降水产品与观测值的对比、降水产品误差空间特征、降水产品误差月变化、不同降水量级的误差特征等方面,对国家气象信息中心研制的中国区域1h、0.05° × 0.05°分辨率的地面-卫星-雷达三源融合实时降水产品和地面-卫星二源融合快速降水产品在四川区域的适用性进行对比评估。研究结果表明,两套融合降水产品能较好的反映四川区域年内小时降水的时空变化特征,与站点观测降水相比,两套融合降水产品均存在一定程度的低估,且随着降水量级的增大,均方根误差值也相应增大。两套融合降水产品相比,融合了雷达资料的三源融合降水产品各项指标均优于二源融合降水产品,数据质量更高。      

南海夏季风降水的区域差异及其突变特征

使用1950~1997年NCAR/NCEP再分析逐日降水资料,采用聚类和相关分析相结合的方法对南海夏季风降水进行了区域划分,分析了南海夏季风降水爆发前后南海降水的突变特征。结果表明:南海 105~120°E,0~20°N区域可划分为 SCS1区、SCS2区、SCS3区和SCS4区4个小区域,每个区域的降水有其各自不同的变化特征。前三个区域的降水变化不显著,不能反映南海夏季风降水爆发的突然性,变化最显著的是SCS4区,它最好地刻画了南海夏季风降水的变化特征,因此,我们选取它作为今后工作中南海夏季风降水的研究范围。突变检验表明,5月17日,南海SCS4区降水发生明显的突变,与5月15日相比,SCS4区降水场形势发生明显变化,其区域平均降水突增超过6 mm/day,标志着南海夏季风降水的爆发。     

Precipitation climatically features over the Huai River Basin,China

The temporal and spatial characteristics of precipitation in the HRB (Huai River Basin) were studied using the observation data of monthly precipitation provided by the National Climate Center from 1961–2016 and the NCEP/NCAR global monthly reanalysis data. The results showed that: (1) The precipitation was mainly concentrated in summer, accounting for 52% of the total annual precipitation; there was more precipitation in the south, less in the north, and more in the coastal areas, less in the inland in summer; (2) The precipitation showed obvious decadal variations, especially in summer; the range of variation of most regions is above 140 mm; and significant decadal abrupt changes of precipitation from “abnormally less” to “abnormally more” appeared around 1979.     

Analyses of intraseasonal oscillation characteristics of flood-causing rainstorms in Xijiang River valley during the annually first raining season in the past years

Based on the daily precipitation data of nine stations representing the Xijiang River valley and the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (USA) reanalysis data, this study uses the wavelet analysis and band-pass filter methods to investigate the atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation characteristics of flood-causing rainstorms in the valley during the annually first raining seasons in 1968, 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2005. Results show that the daily precipitation in the valley exhibits significant quasi-biweekly (10 to 20 days) oscillations. The flood-causing rainstorms in the valley were mainly associated with the confluence of low-frequency warm and humid airflow in the lower latitudes and cold and dry airflow in the higher latitudes. The low-frequency vortexes were propagating or in control when this type of rainstorms took place over the valley, being favorable for the convergence of moisture at lower levels and thus vital to the formation of the rainstorms.     

台风“艾利”降水的非对称结构分析

利用NASA提供的热带测雨卫星TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)的高分辨率资料分析了2004年台风“艾利”降水的结构特征,发现在不同发展阶段其特征存在着很大的不同。为了分析产生降水非对称的原因,又利用NCEP(the National Centers for Environmental Prediction) 再分析资料计算了垂直积分的水汽通量矢量。结果表明,本次过程由于伴随着双台风特有的环流形势,其北侧的偏东气流和南侧的西南气流对水汽输送的作用,在台风“艾利”发展的不同时期存在很大的不同,形成了这次台风过程特有的水汽来源特点。台风对流强降水区、水汽通量最大区和强上升运动区三者的分布在台风不同发展阶段存在着较大的差异,正是水汽通量和垂直运动的非均匀分布才造成这次台风降水的非对称分布。     

气候平均状况下亚洲夏季风的季节内演变过程

根据1979—1995年美国NOAA的向外长波辐射逐日资料,用功率谱分析和带通滤波方法,对气候平均状况下亚洲夏季风的季节内演变过程进行分析,归纳得到亚洲季风区各个子系统季节内变化的8个关键阶段。利用1979—1999年NCEP/NCAR的大气环流再分析资料及中国气象局降水资料CMAP,对每个关键阶段亚洲夏季风的环流和降水的时空演变特征进行分析,得到亚洲季风区环流和降水季节内变化的物理图像。研究表明,在不同的季节内演变阶段,亚洲夏季风各个子系统成员的环流系统的变化特征可以将亚洲夏季风系统的季节内演变过程较好地描述出来。     

DERF产品在江西汛期降水预测中的释用

利用T63月动力延伸预报DERF模式输出的北半球500hPa位势高度场资料和江西省83站逐月降水量实况资料,运用EOF迭代方法对江西省2005-2009年汛期4-6月逐月降水距平百分率进行解释应用预测试验.结果表明,预测模型对江西汛期降水趋势预测的评估效果比较好.月降水距平百分率的预测Ps评分总体平均为72%,平均距平...     

华北地区水资源多时间尺度分析

利用华北地区２６个站的１９５１￣１９９７年月降水量（Ｐ）和月平均气温（Ｔ）资料,用高浩一郎的蒸发计算公式计算了地面蒸发量（Ｅ）,并通过Ｍｏｒｌｅｔ小波变换法分析了华北地区的水资源各分量（Ｐ,Ｅ及可利用降水Ｐ－Ｅ）的时间－频率的多层次结构物突变特征。     

华南地区近40年降水的气候特征

利用１９５１－１９９４年华南地区１５个站的月降水量资料，探讨了这一地区近４０年来降水的气候特征。结果表明：（１）华南地区年降水量的变化存在一定的阶段性和周期性，５０年代和７０年代及９０年代前期降水相对偏多，６０年代和８０年代降水相对偏少。近４０年来降水量的变化趋势呈抛物线型，总的来持，前２０年少，后２０年略有增多。（２）降水变化具有明显的周期性振动，年和汛期降水的主周期为７－１１年，前汛斯和后汛期     

Impacts of the Zonal Position of the East Asian Westerly Jet Core on Precipitation Distribution During Meiyu of China

The east-west location change of the East Asian westerly jet （EAWJ） at 200 hPa during Meiyu and the associated spatial distribution variation of precipitation in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River （MLYR） are investigated by using the 40-yr NCEP/NCAR （National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research） pentad mean reanalysis data and daily precipitation observation data from 1958 to 1997. The results show that there are two areas over which the 200-hPa EAWJ center appears most frequently during the Meiyu period： one is the western Pacific （WP） and the other is the East Asian continent （EAC）. During the Meiyu period, the westerly jet over the EAC is weak, and the core of the westerly jet over the WP splits up with reduced intensity and disappears by the end of Meiyu. The changes in the location and intensity of the westerly jet are associated not only with the starting and ending dates of Meiyu, but also with the spatial distribution and intensity of precipitation in the MLYR. It is found that when the westerly jet core in the upper troposphere is located over the WP and is coupled with an 850-hPa southwesterly jet, heavy precipitation accompanied by strong convergence and plenty supply of water vapor, occurs in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. If the 200-hPa westerly jet core is located over the EAC, and without an 850-hPa southwesterly jet, only weak precipitation occurs in the MLYR. Therefore, the longitudinal location of the EAWJ core plays an important role in determining the upper- to lower-level circulation structure and the spatial distribution of heavy precipitation in the MLYR during the Meiyu period.     

融合降水实况分析产品在四川地区的适用性评估

利用四川省地面自动站2018年6月—2019年5月的逐小时降水观测资料,在邻近插值和双线性插值对比分析的基础上,从晴雨准确率、降水时空特征、降水分量级检验等多个方面,对国家气象信息中心研制的融合降水实况分析产品在四川地区的适用性进行评估分析。评估结果表明:(1)邻近插值和双线性插值对评估结果影响小。(2)融合降水实况分析产品的完整性好,其平均晴雨准确率为92.6%,对探测降水有无存在较大可能。(3)融合降水实况分析产品的数据质量较高,能反映四川区域年内小时降水的时空变化特征,且随着降水量级的增大,误差相应增大,TS评分相应减小,说明在弱降水量级,融合降水实况分析产品与观测降水更接近。(4)非独立检验的效果好于独立检验,盆地的检验效果好于高原、山区等复杂地区,说明参与评估的站点分布、数据质量对评估结果存在一定影响。     

2018年7月四川盆地降水异常特征及成因分析

利用1961—2018年四川站点降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,应用统计和天气学诊断方法,分析了2018年7月四川盆地降水异常特征、大气环流特征、异常降水期间水汽、低值系统与冷暖空气活动等对降水的影响。结果表明：2018年7月四川暴雨频繁出现,较气候均值降水异常偏多,表现在降水日数长、降水量增加显著,降水增加的区域主要在盆地西部。同时,降水异常偏多还表现在日最大降水量和连续降水日数显著增加,大雨量级降水、暴雨及以上量级降水的降水量和降水日数显著增加。大气环流与气候态相比,2018年7月更强、更暖、更偏东的南亚高压和更偏西、偏北的副热带高压,有利于青藏高原及其以东高层大气辐散,使得降水天气系统维持,水汽源源不断地输送到盆地,使得降水发生。2018年7月较气候态有更充沛的水汽聚集,异常水汽输送源地为南海和西太平洋,水汽沿副热带高压南侧输送,该水汽输送带与副热带高压异常偏北、偏西以及热带气旋活动密切相关。大气可降水量和水汽通量大值出现时段与降水过程有较好的对应。2018年7月降水期间,盆地低值系统活动频繁,低层为暖湿气流输送,中层为(弱)冷空气活动,有利于触发盆地降水。     

云贵高原夏季不同等级极端日降水事件的气候特征

基于中国气象局国家气象信息中心整编的云贵高原地区81站的1960—2014年夏季（6—8月）日降水资料,利用百分位法得到不同等级的降水阈值来定义相应等级的日降水事件,并对1960—2014年（55 a）云贵高原夏季不同等级的极端日降水事件的气候特征进行分析。结果表明,云贵高原夏季不同等级日降水事件的降水阈值均呈南多北少的分布特征,高值区位于广西南部,最低值则位于云南西北。区域平均的99%、95%、90%和75%分位上的降水阈值分别为19.4 mm、15.5 mm、13.1 mm和9.6 mm。在上述4个等级中,75%分位日降水事件的累积降水量占夏季总降水量百分比最大,95%次之,99%分位占比最少。近55 a来,99%分位和95%分位的极端日降水事件的降水日数呈一定程度的增多趋势,90%分位和75%分位则以减少为主。4个等级的云贵高原区域平均极端日降水事件具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征。此外,云贵高原夏季累积降水量随大范围日降水量的变化曲线近似于左偏态分布,其中5.0~11.8 mm的日降水量带来的降水占全部累积降水的52.9%,对云贵高原夏季降水有重要贡献。      

台风Lekima(1909)登陆前后动热力结构变化对浙江极端降水的影响

利用NCEP FNL 1 °×1 °的全球再分析资料、FY-2F卫星相当黑体亮温TBB资料、中国自动站与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐时降水资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,重点分析了台风Lekima(2019)发展演变过程中的动热力结构变化和水汽分布特征与浙江极端强降水之间的关系。台风Lekima(2019)近海急剧加强为具有特殊双眼壁结构的超强台风,登陆前后环境水平风垂直切变维持较小值是主导台风高强度维持的重要原因。浙江上空维持着强盛的低层辐合和高层辐散场,高低层辐散风的高强度维持使得次级环流抽吸作用强,低层旋转风和辐散风对水汽、动量和热量的输送和分布起到显著的再分配作用,而中层的辐散风风向和风速变化对螺旋云带中的中尺度对流性降水具有重要的指示意义。登陆前后台风低层东北侧(超)低空急流和中层的辐合线是此次浙江台风暴雨的关键点,业务中需密切关注登陆前后台风东北侧的低空急流的影响区域及其变化。此外,700 hPa上非地转湿Q矢量散度场能较好指示未来1小时短时强降水的落区和强度变化,同时结合垂直速度场和低层水汽辐合场来综合判断台风降水落区的效果更佳。