华北地区水资源各分量的时空变化特征

地面实际蒸散发量及降水（Ｐ）是估算水资源各分量的两个重要物理量。本文利用１９５１￣１９９５年各年、月华北地区共２６个气象站的月降水（Ｐ）和月气温（Ｔ）观测资料,依据高浩一郎的陆央实际蒸散发经验公式,计算了华北地区地面蒸发（Ｅ）Ｔ 可利用的降水,即降水减蒸发（Ｐ－Ｅ）等水资源有关的主要物理量,从大气可提供的水部分初步分析了华北地区水的时间和区域变化特征。文中还用其它方法对地面实际蒸发量的估算结果,讨     

80年代以来华北地区气候和水量变化的分析研究

选用华北地区１９８０￣１９９６年９个水文站点的月流量资料,同时选取该区域４２个气象站的月降水、气温和山高桥公式计算的蒸发资料,利用ＥＯＦ对华北地区缺测的月流量进行插值并对该地区气候变化和水资源的关系进行了分析研究。结果表明,基于ＥＯＦ的插值方法能较好获得月流量缺测值。暖干少水,冷湿多水是８０年代以来华北地区月气候变化的主导类型。冬春暖（冷）则夏湿（干）多（少）水是８０年代以来华北地区年气候变化的主     

冬夏月平均及不同指数环流的E—P通量

利用欧洲中心１９８０年和１９８２年北半球７层客观分析资料，分析了冬季（１２月）和夏季（７月）月平均及逐日环流的Ｅ－Ｐ部面特征，研究了北半球不同环流形势下流动对基本气流作用的异同。     

热带对流活动与长江中下游和华北地区夏季旱涝的关系

利用ＯＬＰ资料,结合ＮＣＥＰ／ＮＣＡＲ再分析资料,研究了长江中下游、华北地区旱、涝年热带对流活动特征,着重讨论了ＩＴＣＺ位置、季节内低频振荡与两地区旱、涝气候异常的联系,结果发现：１月赤道太平洋上对流活动的异常与夏季两地区旱涝有密切的关系,冬季赤道太平洋对流活动东强西弱（东弱西强）,则对应夏季长江中下游地区易偏涝（旱）,华北地区锡偏旱（涝）;ＩＴＣＺ的位置异常偏南（北）时,夏季长江中下游地区易偏涝     

1998年中国科学院大气物理研究所气候与环境预测研究中心汛期暴雨短期数值预测

对１９９８年夏季汛期（６～８月）天气过程进行了分析;在６～８月期间用ＩＡＰ－ＥＴＡ暴雨数值预报模式进行了每天的２４小时的降水实时预报;首次采用从Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ网上获取的ＮＣＥＰ资料,作为初值。预报的结果表明,ＥＴＡ坐标有限区域模式对暴雨预报有较好的参考价值;ＮＣＥＰ资料是有用的,尤其是在高原和广大海洋资料稀少地区。     

大气遥相关与湖北省温度及降水异常的关系

利用已定义的遥相关强度指数公式,分别计算了１９５１－１９９５年北半球５００ｈＰａ夏季和冬季（１２、１、２月）的遥相关强度指数,同时计算了湖北省１０个代表站温度距平、降水距平百分率与各遥相关型的相关系数。结果表明,对湖北省温度有影响的遥相关型主要有１２月的ＥＵＰ指数、７月的ＮＡＥＷ指数;对湖北省降水有影响的遥相关型主要有冬季的ＰＮＡ、ＥＵＰ指数等。     

TEMPERATURE-MEASURING RADIO-ACOUSTIC SOUNDING SYSTEM(RASS)

ＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥ－ＭＥＡＳＵＲＩＮＧＲＡＤＩＯ－ＡＣＯＵＳＴＩＣＳＯＵＮＤＩＮＧＳＹＳＴＥＭ（ＲＡＳＳ）￥ＬｉＪｉａｎｇｕｏ（李建国），ＷａｎｇＰｉｎｇ（王坪）ａｎｄＭｅｎｇＺｈａｏｌｉｎ（孟昭林）ＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥ－ＭＥＡＳＵＲＩＮＧＲＡ...     

TOGA—COARE强化期（IOP）西太平洋海域的辐射特征

该利用ＴＯＧＡ－ＣＯＡＲＥ强化观测期（ＩＯＰ）所获得的辐射观测资料（１９９２年１１月１０日－１９９３年２月１８日），对考察点（２°１５′Ｓ，１５８°００′）的辐射分量进行了分析，其中包括总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射、海表长波辐射、大气逆辐射、海表反射辐射春反照率、净辐射及有效辐射。     

南海海平面高度年循环的特征

根据 ＴＯＰＥＸ／ ＰＯＳＥＩＤＯＮ－ＥＲＳ高度计提供的海平面高度异常资料和并行海洋气候模式（ＰＯＣＭ）模拟海平面高度资料，分析了南海海平面高度年循环特征。结果表明：ｌ月，３月和５月海平面高度的异常值分别与７月，９月，１１月的异常值相反。ｌ月（７月），深水海区与吕宋海峡的海平面高度为负（正）异常，在大部分陆架区和南海的西和南部，海平面高度为正（负）异常。在３月（９月），除海平面高度异常的量级已减少，且较小的ＳＳＨ正异常（负异常）出现在南海的中部以外，海平面高度异常的分布型与 １月（７月）类似； ＳＳＨ的年循环的最大振幅出现在吕宋岛的西北海域；风的季节变化是南海ＳＳＨ季节变化的主要原因。     

TOGA-COARE IOP时期大尺度流场的分析

根据ＴＯＧＡ－ＣＯＡＲＥＩＯＰ时期（１９９２年１１月—１９９３年２月）包含加密观测的四维同化的高空格点资料,分析了这一时期热带太平洋风场的大尺度特征,发现５００ｈＰａ以下,在中东太平洋频繁出现大范围稳定的强西风,高层出现明显的东风;低层强西风高频出现区或爆发区逐月向东传播,在观测结束时,西风到达了中东太平洋地区;相应的正常冬季东亚－西太平洋局地哈得莱环流被破坏,热带太平洋的沃克（Ｗａｌｋｅｒ）环流明显地向东太平洋地区移动。所有这些环流的异常特征表明,ＴＯＧＡ－ＣＯＡＲＥＩＯＰ时期正处于一次ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件的发展时期。     

Model Projections of Precipitation Minus Evaporation in China

Changes in precipitation minus evaporation (P -E) are analyzed to investigate the possible impacts of climate change on water resource conditions in China. Simulations of SRES A1B and 20C3M scenarios from the WCRP CMIP3 GCMs are employed in the study. Time slice analysis shows that there would be more annual mean P -E across China in 2040-2055 and 2080-2099, compared to 1980-1999, with the largest percentage change over Northwest China and the Bohai Rim area. Precipitation and evaporation would also increase over entire China during these two periods. Annual mean P -E, precipitation, and evaporation averaged over the whole China and its eight sub-areas all yield generally upward trends during the 21st century. This indicates that on annual mean scale, the global warming related precipitation dominates the hydroclimate conditions in China. On seasonal mean scale, although precipitation is projected to increase over China, P -E exhibits both decreasing and increasing trends over certain regions of China. This suggests that the variation of global warming related evaporation dominates hydroclimate conditions over some parts of China, especially in northern China. Therefore, in hydroclimate condition projections, considering both evaporation and precipitation changes should be more reasonable than considering only precipitation.     

华北地区水文循环特征

本文利用陆-气系统水量平衡原理，将气候自然变化与人类活动影响二者结合起来研究了近40年来华北地区丰、枯水期间的水文循环特征。计算结果表明，在五十年代丰水期降雨量大于蒸发量，降水、蒸发、径流三者之间基本上平衡。六十年代以后，降雨量小于蒸发量，且随着降雨量减少和地表水、地下水开采量的增加，P—E的负值不断增加。同时，在枯水期，华北上空水汽流出量大于流入量，大气中所亏损的水汽由地下水埋深下降引起的陆面过量蒸发补偿。     

Salinity changes in the World Ocean since 1950 in relation to changing surface freshwater fluxes

Global hydrographic and air–sea freshwater flux datasets are used to investigate ocean salinity changes over 1950–2010 in relation to surface freshwater flux. On multi-decadal timescales, surface salinity increases (decreases) in evaporation (precipitation) dominated regions, the Atlantic–Pacific salinity contrast increases, and the upper thermocline salinity maximum increases while the salinity minimum of intermediate waters decreases. Potential trends in E–P are examined for 1950–2010 (using two reanalyses) and 1979–2010 (using four reanalyses and two blended products). Large differences in the 1950–2010 E–P trend patterns are evident in several regions, particularly the North Atlantic. For 1979–2010 some coherency in the spatial change patterns is evident but there is still a large spread in trend magnitude and sign between the six E–P products. However, a robust pattern of increased E–P in the southern hemisphere subtropical gyres is seen in all products. There is also some evidence in the tropical Pacific for a link between the spatial change patterns of salinity and E–P associated with ENSO. The water cycle amplification rate over specific regions is subsequently inferred from the observed 3-D salinity change field using a salt conservation equation in variable isopycnal volumes, implicitly accounting for the migration of isopycnal surfaces. Inferred global changes of E–P over 1950–2010 amount to an increase of 1 ± 0.6 % in net evaporation across the subtropics and an increase of 4.2 ± 2 % in net precipitation across subpolar latitudes. Amplification rates are approximately doubled over 1979–2010, consistent with accelerated broad-scale warming but also coincident with much improved salinity sampling over the latter period.     

云南省大气中水资源分布特征初探

利用1961—2004年云南124个气象站逐月降水 (P) 和气温 (t) 观测资料, 依据高桥浩一郎的陆面实际蒸散发经验公式 (以下简称高桥公式), 计算了云南地面蒸发 (E) 和可利用降水 (P-E) 等与水资源有关的主要物理量, 从大气可提供的水资源部分, 分析了云南水资源各分量的时空演变特征及其显著周期, 并对云南水资源进行了初步的区划。结果表明:云南大气中水资源各分量区域分布差异显著, 南多北少, 南部梯度大, 北部梯度小; 云南水资源各分量P, E及P-E季节变化明显, 夏季各量最大, 多年平均分别为548 mm, 236 mm, 313 mm, 各占全年的55%, 45%及67%, 冬季各量最小, 所占全年的比例也最小, 分别为5%, 7%, 2%;云南P, E及P-E存在明显的月际、年际及年代际变化特征, 各分量最大值出现在7月, 最小值出现在1月或12月, 通过功率谱周期分析发现, 年降水量和可利用降水量存在显著的2.6年周期, 年蒸发量存在显著的2.9年周期; 云南省初步可划分为水资源丰富区、缺少区及一般区3个区, 它们的区域平均P-E, E及P都存在明显差异。     

三峡地区气候特征

利用三峡地区15站有完整历史记录的历年逐月降水、温度和蒸发资料,采用统计分析方法对三峡地区气候特征进行分析研究。分析结果表明,三峡地区降水期(4～10月)、夏季(6～8月)和逐月的降水具有相似的空间变化特点：作为一级近似可以将三峡地区降水作为一个整体,作为二级近似,可以将三峡地区分成东、西两区;三峡地区夏季和逐月的降水具有相似的时间变化特点：降水不符合正态分布特征,但变化相对比较稳定;三峡地区降水期的降水基本符合正态分布。三峡地区降水期、夏季以及逐月的平均温度具有相似的时空变化特点。三峡地区各站的温度变化在各时段都具有很好的一致性,基本符合正态分布的特点。三峡地区各站各时段蒸发的变化具有相似的特点。     

局地蒸发和外部水汽输送对松花江流域夏季降水的贡献

本文基于Brubaker二元模型,采用JRA-55再分析资料定量研究了局地蒸发和外部水汽输送对松花江流域夏季气候态降水及其年际变率的相对贡献,并探讨了相应的物理机制。气候平均而言,外部水汽输送是松花江流域初夏（5～6月）和盛夏（7～8月）降水的最主要水汽源。受西风带影响,初夏自西边界进入松花江流域的水汽贡献占主导,外部水汽输送对当地降水的贡献为78.9%,源自蒸发的水汽贡献为21.1%。较之初夏,由于盛夏来自南边界的水汽输送加倍,外部水汽输送贡献增加,外部水汽输送和蒸发对降水贡献分别为86%和14%。JRA-55再分析资料可以合理再现观测降水演变,1961～2016年JRA-55再分析资料降水与观测在初夏与盛夏的相关系数分别可以达到0.73和0.83。研究发现,初夏,由于西南季风异常导致的南边界进入的水汽输送异常是松花江流域降水年际变率的主要原因,自西边界、北边界进入的水汽输送与降水呈现显著负相关,初夏局地蒸发的贡献不显著,该水汽输送异常对应的环流型易发生在El Ni?o衰减年初夏。盛夏来自南边界的水汽输送起主导作用,局地蒸发贡献与降水变化显著负相关,海温强迫作用对该环流异常的强迫并不显著,中高纬度大气内部变率影响占主导。由于盛夏降水与地表温度在盛夏期间显著负相关,盛夏时期降水偏少时,温度偏高,蒸发偏强,进而蒸发水汽对降水贡献增加。     

8月中国低纬高原水汽输送过程及其与降水量极端异常的联系

利用1979—2010年ERA-Interim再分析资料、全球降水气候中心(Global Precipitation Climate Center,GPCC)的降水量资料和站点降水观测资料,通过引入水汽贡献率和水汽通过率,构建描述降水量对水汽源地蒸发量的敏感性指数等方法,揭示了8月流入低纬高原水汽的输送过程的气候特征,及其与8月低纬高原降水量极端异常的联系。结果表明:(1)8月流入低纬高原水汽的重要源地是中南半岛北部和华南一带的陆地区域,以及北部湾和孟加拉湾北部西南至东北的狭长海面。(2)8月流入低纬高原水汽的主要输送通道有两条:孟加拉湾上空狭长的西南季风;经17°N附近偏东季风在南海西北部110°E附近发生转向后的东南季风。那加丘陵和中南半岛北部的纵向岭谷明显阻挡了两支水汽输送通道。(3)8月流入低纬高原水汽主要受大气环流影响,受水汽源地蒸发量的直接影响有限。当流入低纬高原水汽异常偏多(少)时,使得可降水量偏多(少),最终导致降水量偏多(少)。     

用耦合模型模拟青弋江流域水文对气候变化的响应

用陆面模式SSiB与动态植被模型TRIFFID以及流域地形指数水文模型的耦合模型SSiB4T/TRIFFID模拟了长江下游的青弋江流域植被和水量平衡的动态过程,分析了气温和降水变化对流域径流和蒸发的影响。结果表明：（1）流域气温上升10C,径流减小6.7-9.7%;气温上升20C,径流减小11.7-17.4%;（2）降水增加5%,径流增加9.2-11.6%,降水减小5%,径流减小8.6-11.6%;（3）温度不变仅降水变化对流域蒸发影响很小,温度增加20C,流域总蒸发3-10月份增加8.0-10.7mm,其余月份增加5.4-7.1mm,1月和12月蒸发对温度增加最敏感;（4）气温上升20C,叶面积指数1月和12月增加,5-10月略有减小。降水和气温变化对青弋江流域径流影响明显且与植被类型有关,流域蒸发的变化主要受温度变化的控制。     

Study of tropical cyclogenesis using satellite data

Summary Satellite data are used to study the cloud development and water vapor supply during the genesis of Typhoon Nina (November 1987). Using satellite microwave and infrared data, the following physical parameters are retrieved and analyzed: water vapor path, surface wind, sea surface evaporation, precipitation, and cloud type.During the week prior to the genesis of Nina, several cloud clusters were observed in the region of the subsequent genesis (near 5° N, 170° E). Cloud type studies showed that several clusters had similar structures. By examining the sea surface evaporation and precipitation in the cloud clusters, we found that the precipitation exceeded evaporation by several times in the precipitating areas of the cluster that evolved into a tropical storm, indicating that local evaporation alone could not supply enough water vapor, and that horizontal transfer of water vapor from surrounding areas is required for the tropical cyclogenesis. Surface wind fields indicated that there was a constant increase of cyclonic wind in the area of the cloud cluster that finally led to the tropical storm, while no apparent increase of wind was found in the other cloud clusters. In addition, water vapor amount did not decrease for several days until the disturbance was upgraded to a tropical storm, while it was found to decrease after the mature stage for the other cloud clusters that did not evolve into tropical storms.From consideration of the water vapor balance, the cyclogenesis can be interpreted as a transition from an unbalanced cluster to a balanced cluster. Horizontal transfer of water vapor in a water vapor-unbalanced cloud cluster is not large enough to overcome the deficit caused by precipitation over evaporation. The shortage of water vapor in the unbalanced cluster results in a short-lived cloud cluster. When the sum of evaporation and horizontal transfer can provide enough water vapor supply to balance the removal by precipitation (balanced cluster), the precipitation does not dry up the atmosphere. This is the necessary condition for the cyclogenesis. The increase in horizontal transfer of water vapor is found in this study to be associated with the increase of the surface cyclonic wind.With 5 Figures     

Statistical downscaling of daily mean temperature, pan evaporation and precipitation for climate change scenarios in Haihe River, China

A statistical downscaling method (SDSM) was evaluated by simultaneously downscaling air temperature, evaporation, and precipitation in Haihe River basin, China. The data used for evaluation were large-scale atmospheric data encompassing daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the daily mean climate model results for scenarios A2 and B2 of the HadCM3 model. Selected as climate variables for downscaling were measured daily mean air temperature, pan evaporation, and precipitation data (1961–2000) from 11 weather stations in the Haihe River basin. The results obtained from SDSM showed that: (1) the pattern of change in and numerical values of the climate variables can be reasonably simulated, with the coefficients of determination between observed and downscaled mean temperature, pan evaporation, and precipitation being 99%, 93%, and 73%, respectively; (2) systematic errors existed in simulating extreme events, but the results were acceptable for practical applications; and (3) the mean air temperature would increase by about 0.7°C during 2011~2040; the total annual precipitation would decrease by about 7% in A2 scenario but increase by about 4% in B2 scenario; and there were no apparent changes in pan evaporation. It was concluded that in the next 30 years, climate would be warmer and drier, extreme events could be more intense, and autumn might be the most distinct season among all the changes.