概率密度匹配法对中国区域卫星降水资料的改进

为考察概率密度匹配法 (PDF方法) 对中国区域卫星反演降水产品系统误差订正的适用性,基于逐日和逐时我国地面观测降水量资料,引入PDF方法,分别对逐日0.25°×0.25°水平分辨率和逐时0.1°×0.1°水平分辨率的CMORPH (Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique) 卫星降水产品的系统误差进行订正。在分析CMORPH卫星降水产品误差特征的基础上,根据两种资料不同的时空分辨率和误差特点,调整概率密度匹配时选取样本的时间和空间范围,设计相应的订正方案。评估结果表明: PDF方法订正后, 两种分辨率卫星降水资料在中国区域系统误差均显著减小,达到了理想的订正效果。在我国站点稀疏的西部地区,订正后的CMORPH卫星降水产品仍保持卫星观测的降水空间分布,降水量也明显接近于地面观测降水量。可见,PDF方法是中国区域卫星反演降水产品系统误差订正的一种有效方法。     

基于时空结构指标的中国融合降水资料质量评估

引入空间、时间技巧评分以及结构函数3种指标,通过对比中国国家气象信息中心研制的逐日融合降水资料和美国国家海洋大气局(NOAA)气候预测中心卫星反演降水资料(CMORPH)、热带测雨卫星反演降水资料(TRMM)在中国区域的适用性和误差分布,着重考察融合降水资料的质量。结果表明,中国区域平均的融合降水资料时空精度远高于CMORPH和TRMM卫星降水资料,且融合资料和卫星资料在夏季的质量优于冬季;在中国东南区域的模拟精度普遍好于西部地区,融合降水质量最高的两个区域为江淮和华南,较差的区域则在青藏高原和西北地区。融合后降水资料比融合前CMORPH卫星降水在空间及时间技巧评分均有较大提高,其提高幅度冬季大于夏季。通过计算结构函数,发现在中国江淮、华南、华北和东北等地区,随着网格区域内任意两点距离的增大,融合产品与观测降水的结构函数曲线始终十分接近。在西北、青藏高原等区域,融合产品与观测降水的结构函数则偏离较大。西南地区地形复杂,卫星资料无法精确反映实际降水情况,高密度观测资料尤为重要。江淮、华南、华北地区的融合降水结构函数曲线增长率大于东北,也从侧面反映江淮、华南、华北地区降水分布的非均一性比东北强,降水可能受中小尺度天气系统影响较大。     

卫星资料在登陆热带气旋降水研究中的应用

本文全面、系统地归纳总结了国内外利用卫星资料对登陆热带气旋降水的研究工作，指出利用卫星资料对登陆热带气旋降水估计及预报研究所存在的不足，并对未来研究进行了展望。     

云南初夏雨量与前期热带OLR的联系

利用热带海区１９７９—１９８８年１０年卫星观测的ＯＬＲ资料,结合同期１０年的云南降水资料,重点分析了南海和孟加拉湾海区的ＯＬＲ变化对后期云南降水的影响,发现南海、孟加拉湾海区的前期ＯＬＲ值高低与云南初夏少雨、多雨有密切的联系。     

地面站点观测降水资料与CMORPH卫星反演降水产品融合的试验效果评估

选取2008年9月—2010年2月的中国2 400个国家级地面观测站降水资料和美国NOAA研发的CMORPH卫星反演降水产品,利用最优插值方法开展了两类降水资料的融合试验,并对试验效果进行评估。结果表明,利用OI方法形成的融合降水产品和地面观测降水分布特征基本一致,能反映西部台站稀疏地区的降水特征以及陆地与海洋之间降水系统的空间连续性。此外,该融合产品保留了高分辨率的卫星观测信息,在台站稀疏地区,一些通过地面观测无法反映出来的中尺度对流系统在融合产品中得到体现。交叉检验结果显示,融合结果和地面观测降水量、台站密度高度相关。样本网格分析结果显示,融合结果和地面降水的逐日时间序列具有较强的一致性。总的来说,OI方法在降水资料融合研究中具有较好的应用效果。      

基于贝叶斯融合方法的高分辨率地面-卫星-雷达三源降水融合试验

为了探讨一种适用于区域性的地面、雷达、卫星等多源降水资料融合的方法,一种曾用于高分辨雷达、卫星土壤湿度产品反演的贝叶斯融合(Bayesian Merging)方法被尝试应用于江淮地区1 h-0.05°×0.05°经纬度高分辨率的雷达估测降水、卫星反演降水与地面站点观测降水3种资料的融合。在应用该方法时,通过2009年8月样本统计分别估计卫星和雷达反演降水的误差关系,通过曲线拟合建立误差方程,并以卫星资料作为背景场,但在融合时将雷达估测降水作为新的观测信息与地面观测降水同时引入。融合试验检验结果表明:贝叶斯融合方法能够有效实现雷达、地面、卫星3种不同来源资料的融合,该方法生成的多源融合产品的精度均优于任何单一来源的降水产品。     

南京对流降水和闪电的TRMM资料分析

用热带降雨测量卫星的测雨雷达2A25产品、微波成像仪1B11产品和闪电成像仪观测资料分析了2007—2008年南京及周边地区五个对流降水云系的降水结构、微波亮温和闪电特性。结果表明,当对流降水云系处于发展阶段时,对流降水是降水量的主要贡献者;而当对流降水云系处于成熟或者逐渐消亡阶段时,对流降水就逐渐向层云降水转变,此时降水量主要由层云降水产生。两种类型降水在降水强度、雨顶高度存在显著区别。微波亮温与近地面2 km处的降水强度呈负相关,基本能反映出近地面的降水强度,尤其是在对流系统的成熟和消散阶段。37.0 GHz亮温最能指示近地表的降水强度。近地面2 km处的降水强度均随闪电次数的增加而增强。     

基于光学厚度和有效半径的白天降水云识别方案

基于卫星资料观测和反演降水是当前监测全球尺度降水的主要方式,而其中一大难题就是如何将降水云与非降水云在像素尺度进行有效分离,这也是准确反演地表降水量的基本前提.为建立一套适用于常见星载可见光/红外探测仪器的降水云识别方法,本文利用热带测雨卫星( TRMM)可见光/红外辐射计(VIRS)和测雨雷达(PR)的融合观测资料,...     

登陆华南热带气旋过程降水分析

首先利用1990～1999年台风年鉴上的过程降水分布图进行分析,总结归纳出登陆华南地区的热带气旋过程明显降水(≥50mm)相对于热带气旋登陆后路径分布有五种类型,并研究了降水分布型与热带气旋活动特征之间的关系;另外,利用卫星观测的向外长波辐射(OLR)资料,将热带气旋作为一个整体来研究探讨它在海洋和陆地上的降水分布和演变特征,弥补了以往对热带气旋降水的研究只局限于陆地降水的不足.本工作试图为过程降水分布的动力释用预报提供一定的指标.     

湛江市区热带气旋降水的若干统计事实

湛江市区热带气旋降水的总量较大，年际变化和气候特征显著，随热带气旋影响天数的多少而有较大差异，但热带气旋中心附近最大风速的大小相关性较差。本文对此进行了比较详细的统计分析。1使用资料和统计规定资料：1964～1993年湛江市气象观测站雨量观测资料，国家气象局出版的《热带气旋年鉴》，南海舰队气象区台分析的天气圈和卫星云图。规定：编入《热带气旋年鉴》的热带气旋的降水为热带气旋降水；凡在《热带气旋年鉴》刊列湛江市区有热带气旋降水，即作为该次热带气旋对湛江市区有影响。2统计事实（1）热带气旋降水的总量较大，年际变…     

用TRMM资料研究1998年长江流域暴雨

热带测雨卫星ＴＲＭＭ资料于１９９８年６月起向公众用户开放。本文使用了１９９８年７月２０日世界时２１：４０分的ＴＲＭＭ资料对长江流域暴雨作了初步研究。ＴＲＭＭ导出的降水产品亦与雨量计，地面雷达观测以及数值模拟结果进行了比较。由此得出，ＴＲＭＭ资料非常适合于暴雨监测研究。此外，它们还有其他广泛得用途。     

星载降水测量雷达降水产品研究进展

利用星载技术获得的降水信息与其他常规观测手段得到的信息相比,具有更广的空间覆盖性。星载产品的研究对降水微观信息的认识、数值预报的改进和水文农业的发展都有十分重要的意义。本文对美国宇航局NASA和日本宇航局JAXA联合开发的气象卫星降水产品,即第1部TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)卫星的降水雷达(PR))和GPM(Global Precipitation Measurement)卫星的双频降水雷达(DPR)的降水产品,从评估验证、统计分析和个例分析的角度分类阐述了目前对TRMM和GPM降水产品的相关研究工作,最后提出了目前星载降水产品存在的一些问题、星载仪器的局限性以及对未来星载降水产品发展的展望。     

Evaluating the performance of remote sensing precipitation products CMORPH,PERSIANN, and TMPA,in the arid region of northwest China

The arid region of northwest China is a large area with complex topography. Hydrological research is limited by scarcity and uneven distribution of rain gauges. Satellite precipitation products provide wide coverage and high spatial–temporal resolutions, but the accuracy needs to be evaluated before application. In this paper, the reliability of four satellite precipitation products (CMORPH [Climate Prediction Center’s morphing technique], PERSIANN [Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks], TRMM [Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission] 3B42, and TRMM 3B43) were evaluated through comparison with ground data or reported values on daily, monthly, and annual scales from 2003 to 2010. Indices including frequency bias index, probability of detection, and false alarm ratio were used to evaluate recorded precipitation occurrences; relative mean bias, the correlation coefficient, and the Nash coefficient were used to assess precipitation amount. Satellite precipitation products were more accurate in the warm than in the cold season, and performed better in northern Xinjiang than in other regions during the cold season. CMORPH and PERSIANN tended to overestimate precipitation. TRMM 3B42 and TRMM 3B43 performed best because the former most accurately detected precipitation occurrences on a daily scale, and both produced accurate space–time distribution of precipitation and the best consistency with rain gauge observations. Only a few monthly precipitation values for TRMM 3B42 and TRMM 3B43, and annual precipitation values for TRMM 3B42 were with satisfactory precision. TRMM3B42 and TRMM 3B43 are therefore recommended, but correction will be needed before application. Factors including elevation, relative relief, longitude, and latitude had significant effects on the performance of satellite precipitation products, and these factors may be helpful in correcting satellite precipitation.     

Calibration of TRMM rainfall climatology over Saudi Arabia during 1998–2009

The short-term rainfall climatology regime over Saudi Arabia is obtained from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data for the period 1998–2009. The TRMM rainfall amounts are calibrated with respect to the rain-gauge data recorded at 29 stations across the country. Day-to-day rainfall comparisons show that the TRMM rainfall trends are very similar to the observed data trends, even if a general overestimation in the satellite products must be highlighted. Besides, especially during the wet season, some of the TRMM algorithm runs tend to underestimate the retrieved rainfalls. The TRMM rainfall data also closely follow the observed annual cycle on a monthly scale. The correlation coefficient for rainfall between the TRMM and the rain-gauge data is about 0.90, with a 99% level of significance on the monthly scale.The spatio-temporal distributions of rainfall over Saudi Arabia are analyzed. Besides the four conventional seasons, this analysis consider the wet (November–April) and dry (June–September) seasons, based on the rainfall amounts recorded. Spring is the highest and winter is the second highest rainfall-occurring season, resulting in large amounts of rainfall during the wet season over most of the country. Regional variations in the rainfall climatology over Saudi Arabia are studied through defining four regions. The false alarm ratio, probability of detection, threat score, and skill score are calculated to evaluate the TRMM performance. The country's average annual rainfall measured by the TRMM is 89.42 mm, whereas the observed data is 82.29 mm. Thus, the rainfall in Saudi Arabia is suggested as being the TRMM value multiplied by 0.93 plus 0.04. After this calibration, the TRMM-measured rainfall is almost 100% of the observed data, thereby confirming that TRMM data may be used in a variety of water-related applications in Saudi Arabia.     

广西TRMM降雨产品多时间尺度精度评估

集合不同观测降水数据优势,获取更为精细化降水产品,可以更好地再现区域降水时空异质性,这也使得多源降水数据精度评估、校正及融合应用成为当前研究热点。从降雨时空一致性、降雨量误差、日降雨事件探测能力方面对广西TRMM降雨产品进行了精度评估,并对比分析了TRMM对干旱的评估效果。结果表明:（1）广西TRMM降雨产品与气象站观测降雨存在显著的时空相关性,日尺度相关系数最低为0.5~0.6,月、年尺度相关系数则均在0.7以上;（2）广西TRMM降雨量总体略偏大,其相对偏差主要在0~10%;（3）TRMM产品在广西地区的日降雨事件探测能力优于全国平均水平,尤其在强降雨月份POD>0.75,但也存在降雨量较少的冬季月份准确率显著下降的现象。（4）TRMM降雨产品在广西干旱强度监测方面,能够揭示区域干旱的时空尺度效应和强度累积效应,具有比有限地面站点数据更精细化的空间异质性表达。相关成果有望促进区域多源降雨数据的校正及融合应用研究,为区域更有效的旱涝灾害评估、预报预警等提供科学支撑。      

TRMM月降水量产品在新疆地区的订正

利用1998-2013年TRMM月降水量产品与新疆同期的105个气象站地面观测降水量,运用逐步回归与BP神经网络方法,选取1998-2010年数据建立新疆地区的降水订正模型,并利用2011-2013年月降水量进行检验。结果表明:加入地形因子对TRMM月降水量产品订正效果明显,整体上两种模型对TRMM月降水量产品订正的相关系数从最初的0.66分别提高到0.75和0.80,相对误差由10.75%分别降低为4.88%和3.19%;月尺度上,TRMM月降水量产品相对误差为-5.68%~54.44%,经逐步回归模型订正后为-4.26%~32.57%,而BP神经网络模型订正后为-5.33%~24.48%,表明BP神经网络模型订正效果更好;从综合时间技巧评分S_T看,订正后TRMM月降水量产品在各月的效果均有不同程度提高,逐步回归模型订正后提高0.01~0.49,BP神经网络模型订正后提高0.03~0.70。因此,基于逐步回归模型与BP神经网络模型订正的TRMM降水量产品均能够准确、定量地再现降水分布,为TRMM降水量产品质量改进提供一种较实用的参考方法。     

Validation of satellite rainfall products over Greece

Six widely available satellite precipitation products were extensively validated and intercompared on monthly-to-seasonal timescales and various spatial scales, for the period 1998–2006, using a dense station network over Greece. Satellite products were divided into three groups according to their spatial resolution. The first group had high spatial (0.5°) resolution and consists only of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) products: the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) precipitation product (3A12) and the TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis products (3B42 and 3B43). The second group comprised products with medium spatial (1°) resolution. These products included the TRMM 3B42 and 3B43 estimates (remapped to 1° resolution) and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project one-degree daily (GPCP-1DD) analysis. The third group consisted of low spatial (2.5°) resolution products and included the 3B43 product (remapped to 2.5° resolution), the GPCP Satellite and Gauge (GPCP-SG) product, and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Prediction Center (NOAA-CPC) Merged Analysis (CMAP). Rain gauge data were first gridded and then compared with monthly and seasonal precipitation totals as well as with long-term averages of the six satellite products at different spatial resolutions (2.5°, 1°, and 0.5°). The results demonstrated the excellent performance of the 3B43 product over Greece in all three spatial scales. 3B42 from the first and second group and CMAP from the third exhibited a reasonable skill.     

华南地区几种降水产品的对比分析

对华南地区3种比较常用的降水产品（CMAP、GPCP、TRMM）进行了比较和分析。结果表明,在华南地区,这3种降水产品测出的降雨量在空间上具有一致的大尺度分布特征,在时间演变上具有一致的演变趋势,都能很好地反映雨带的季节性迁移特征和华南汛期的降雨特征;但是在不同的具体区域,三者的细节特征差异还是比较显著的,相比较而言,GPCP和TRMM具有更为一致的空间分布特征;在地形复杂的区域,TRMM具有更良好的表现能力。     

中国区域逐日融合降水数据集与国际降水产品的对比评估

中国国家气象信息中心基于2400多个国家级台站观测日降水量和CMORPH卫星反演降水产品,采用概率密度匹配和最优插值相结合的两步数据融合方法,研制了中国区域1998年以来的0.25°×0.25°分辨率的逐日融合降水产品(CMPA_Daily)。通过该数据集与广泛应用于中国天气气候领域的两种国际上降水融合产品TRMM 3B42(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, 3B42)和GPCP(Global Precipitation Climatology Project, 1 degree daily)的对比评估,考察CMPA_Daily产品的质量,评价其能否合理体现中国降水的天气气候特征。首先利用2008—2010年5—9月独立检验数据定量对比了CMPA_Daily、TRMM 3B42和GPCP 三种降水产品的误差,结果表明,在误差的时间变化和空间分布上,CMPA_Daily均具有最高的相关系数和最小的平均偏差及均方根误差,TRMM 3B42其次,GPCP的误差相对较大。CMPA_Daily只低估了大暴雨,TRMM 3B42低估了大雨以上量级的降水,而GPCP低估了除小雨以外的所有降水。CMPA_Daily产品因融入了更多的站点观测信息,不论在中国东部沿海,还是中西部地形复杂区,其精度均优于TRMM 3B42和GPCP产品,即使在站点稀疏的青藏高原地区,CMPA_Daily降水量也更加接近站点观测,呈现明显的高相关。CMPA_Daily与独立检验数据的高相关在地形起伏时效果也较稳定,TRMM和GPCP的相关系数则随着地形变化幅度陡变而非常明显地降低。进一步通过对比分析各降水产品1998—2012年的气候平均降水特征表明,3种资料对中国区域气候平均降水量、降水强度、频率分布以及年际变化的总体描述基本一致,因有效融入了更多的中国站点观测信息,不论降水空间分布还是降水量,CMPA_Daily与地面观测均最为接近,在中国的中东部大部分地区对降水的估计精度明显更高,而在站点分布较稀疏的青藏高原地区,CMPA_Daily的降水分布型与TRMM、GPCP卫星融合资料类似,较地面站点插值产品更能体现出合理的降水分布。对中国强降水事件监测对比表明,CMPA_Daily产品可以更加准确地描述降水的强度变化,细致刻画降水空间分布,在把握降水小尺度特征上具有明显的优势,体现出高分辨率、高精度降水产品的特点。     

A Possible Cause for Different Diurnal Variations of Warm Season Rainfall as Shown in Station Observations and TRMM 3B42 Data over the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

In this study,records from a 3-yr intensified observational experiment at eight stations along the hillside of Seqilashan over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau were analyzed and combined with records at 28 routine observation stations in the Chinese National Meteorological Station Network to investigate the influences of station location on the different diurnal rainfall variations between station records and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data products.The results indicate that the diurnal variation of warm season rainfall is closely related to location of stations.The prevailing nocturnal rainfall peak in observations at routine stations can be largely attributed to the relatively lower location of the stations,which are mostly situated in valleys.The records at Seqilashan stations on hillsides revealed an evident diurnal afternoon peak of warm season rainfall,similar to that indicated by TRMM data.The different diurnal phases between valley and hillside stations are closely related to the orographically induced regional circulations caused by the complex topography over the Tibetan Plateau.The results of this study indicate that the prevailing nocturnal rainfall associated with the relatively lower location of routine observation stations can partially explain the diurnal rainfall variations between observation station records and TRMM data.