1998年试验期间华南暴雨的系统配置和环流特点

在１９９８年华南暴雨试验和南海季风试验资料的基础上，分析和得出了这期 间六次暴雨的大尺度、天气尺度和中尺度系统特征和物理量的变化规律，发现 在华南暴雨期间不同程度地建立反哈得莱环流，并给出了华南ＭＣＣ的系统配置。     

1998年华南暴雨试验期暴雨过程概述

利用常规的高空和地面观测资料及 Ｔ１０６ 格点场，对 １９９８ 年５～６ 月华南暴雨试验期间的 ７ 次暴雨过程进行了初步分析。结果表明，７ 次暴雨过程对广东的影响较福建强烈，７ 次暴雨过程均与冷空气南下有关，属于锋面降水系统。     

1998年华南暴雨试验暴雨过程概述

利用常规的高宽和地面观测资料及Ｔ１０６格点场，对１９９８年５－６月华南暴雨试验期间的７次暴雨过程进行了初步分析，结果表明，７次暴雨过程对的影响较辐建强烈，７次暴雨过程均与冷空的了南下有关，属于锋面降水系统。     

上海98.7.23大暴雨环境场及多普勒雷达资料的分析

应用天气图,卫星云图,探空资料,并重点应用多为勒雷达资料综合分析了１９９８年７月２３日上海大暴雨过程,指出在有利的大尺度环境条件下ＭＣＣ下风方诱生出ＭＣＳ,导致上海产生大暴雨,多普勒雷达基本反射率,径向风场及垂直风廓线资料在暴雨发生前数小时就监测到中尺度切变,中尺度涡旋等触发机制的发生,发展,它们与强降水回波的发展,加强,移动和合并息息相关。     

长江上游暴雨对1998年长江洪峰影响的分析

通过对１９９８ 年长江上游四川境内暴雨、雨量水文资料、卫星云图等分析,归纳出了１９９８ 年长江上游暴雨的基本特点,认识到长江上游暴雨、高原天气系统与四川云团的活动对１９９８ 年长江洪峰的形成有直接影响。     

1999年7月2日恩施全州性暴雨分析

利用ＧＭＳ红外云图、雷达回波资料及逐时自记雨量资料对１９９８年７月２日恩施全州性暴雨从云团演变、回波及雨团活动诸方面进行了分析,揭示了山区暴雨的某些中尺度特征,讨论了恩施特定的地形条件对暴雨天气的发生及时空分布的重要作用。     

桂西一次强降水过程的物理量演变特征分析

利用Ｔ１０６数值预报产品物理量分析场资料, 对１９９８ 年７ 月２３～２５ 日百色地区持续性的暴雨天气过程进行分析, 揭示了暴雨发生前后影响系统及物理量场的分布与演变特征、影响系统和各种物理量的相互配置与暴雨的关系, 指出能量锋的出现与暴雨落区的形成关系特别密切。     

汉中市汛期暴雨与旱涝关系

根据汉中市１９５１～１９９８ 年逐日降水资料, 计算汛期（６～９ 月）暴雨日数、相当暴雨日数及旱涝级别与汛期总降水量的关系, 得出： 汛期暴雨量对汛期降水量具有决定性作用, 在某种意义上讲, 汛期旱涝预测主要是汛期暴雨的预测     

桂西一次强降水过程的物理量演变特征分析

利用Ｔ１０６数据预报产品物理量分析场资料,对１９９８年７月２３－２５日百色地区持续性的暴雨天气过程进行分析,揭示了暴雨发生前后影响系统及物理量场的分布与演变特征,影响系统和各种物理量的相互配置与暴雨的关系,指出能量锋的出现与暴雨落区的形成关系特别密切。     

区域性热带气旋暴雨短期预报系统在MICAPS系统上的移植

利用ＭＩＣＡＰＳ系统上的实时报文资料,以物理量场诊断为动力相似的主要依据,综合热带气旋移动路径及登陆范围来订正,以人机结合方式完成梧州及贺州地区的热带气旋暴雨２４ｈ落区预报工具在ＭＩＣＡＰＳ系统上的移植,直观形象地显示预报结果,该肛具利用１９７９～１９８０年７～９月,１９９５年７～９月３ａ的热带气旋实例进行试报,１９９７～１９９８年７～９月试运行,均取得较好的预报效果,目前已可以在后汛期台风季节吕     

Calibration of TRMM rainfall climatology over Saudi Arabia during 1998–2009

The short-term rainfall climatology regime over Saudi Arabia is obtained from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data for the period 1998–2009. The TRMM rainfall amounts are calibrated with respect to the rain-gauge data recorded at 29 stations across the country. Day-to-day rainfall comparisons show that the TRMM rainfall trends are very similar to the observed data trends, even if a general overestimation in the satellite products must be highlighted. Besides, especially during the wet season, some of the TRMM algorithm runs tend to underestimate the retrieved rainfalls. The TRMM rainfall data also closely follow the observed annual cycle on a monthly scale. The correlation coefficient for rainfall between the TRMM and the rain-gauge data is about 0.90, with a 99% level of significance on the monthly scale.The spatio-temporal distributions of rainfall over Saudi Arabia are analyzed. Besides the four conventional seasons, this analysis consider the wet (November–April) and dry (June–September) seasons, based on the rainfall amounts recorded. Spring is the highest and winter is the second highest rainfall-occurring season, resulting in large amounts of rainfall during the wet season over most of the country. Regional variations in the rainfall climatology over Saudi Arabia are studied through defining four regions. The false alarm ratio, probability of detection, threat score, and skill score are calculated to evaluate the TRMM performance. The country's average annual rainfall measured by the TRMM is 89.42 mm, whereas the observed data is 82.29 mm. Thus, the rainfall in Saudi Arabia is suggested as being the TRMM value multiplied by 0.93 plus 0.04. After this calibration, the TRMM-measured rainfall is almost 100% of the observed data, thereby confirming that TRMM data may be used in a variety of water-related applications in Saudi Arabia.     

TRMM/PR资料在中尺度模式MM5中的应用(英)

将中尺度非静力模式MM5中的积云参数化Grell方案作了改进,使它含有降水云的云水,即雨水含量,并用该模式对1998年6月29日08时-30日08时(北京时)和1998年7月1日08时-2日08时(北京时)发生在淮河流域的两次特大暴雨进行数值模拟研究,同时通过采用R-qr关系将TRMM/PR(Tropical Rainfall MeasuringMission/Precipition Radar)得到的降水强度资料R计算出比含水量qr,然后用q'v=qv+qr取代原模式中的比湿qv。结果表明将TRMM/PR资料加入模式后,由于PR雷达具有较高的空间分辨率,能够很好地反映中小尺度系统的空间结构,能够使湿度值接近实际,缩短了中尺度系统的发展时间,使得模拟出来的降雨强度、雨量中心位置以及雨带形状更接近实况。     

OBSERVATION RESEARCH FOR THE MEASURING RAINFALL CAPACITY OF TRMM/TMI-85.5G BASED ON PRECIPITATION DATA DURING THE HEAVY RAIN EXPERIMENT IN SOUTHERN CHINA

The capacity of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Satellite for measuring rainfall was examined by using TMI-85.5 GHz microwave image data and precipitation data during a heavy rainfall experiment in southern China. From comparisons with the distribution of rain amount in an hour with BB T of 85.5 GHz microwave, it is clear that the center of heavy rain corresponds with an area of low BB T value. The location and shape of BB T distribution is similar to that of precipitation, and the larger the rainfall rates, the lower the BB T . A statistic analysis shows that the correlation coefficients between BB T and rain rates is negative and significant. Especially, when the rain rate is over 7 mm/h, the correlation degree between BB T and rain rates is more significant. The results shows that TRMM/TMI-85.5 G has great ability to measure convective heavy rain.     

TRMM卫星及其数据产品应用

简要介绍了热带降水测量(TRMM--Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)卫星所携带的观测仪器及其主要产品。概述了TRMM卫星资料产品在热带降水测量、提高预报准确率、暴雨研究、资料同化、反演热带海面温度、热带气旋观测等领域的应用。     

用华南暴雨试验雨量资料对TRMM/TMI-85.5GHz测雨能力的考察

利用华南暴雨试验期间稠密的雨量资料对热带测雨卫星（TRMM）微波成像仪（TMI）频率为85．5GHz（波长0．35cm）的测雨能力进行了考察。通过TMI－85．5GHz亮温分布和一小时雨量分布的对比发现，对流性降水的强雨量中心与TMI－85．5GHz亮温的低值区有很的对应关系，雨带分布和低亮温分布的位置及形状都很相似，雨强的大小和亮温的关系也相当密切：雨强越大，亮温值越低。亮温数值和雨强（指每小时雨量，下同）的相关统计进一步表明：雨强的大小与亮温呈明显的负相关，特别是当雨强达到或超达7mm/h时的相关程度非常显著，从而确认了TMI－85．5GHz的微波遥感对对流性强降水有较好的测雨能力。     

中国区域逐日融合降水数据集与国际降水产品的对比评估

中国国家气象信息中心基于2400多个国家级台站观测日降水量和CMORPH卫星反演降水产品,采用概率密度匹配和最优插值相结合的两步数据融合方法,研制了中国区域1998年以来的0.25°×0.25°分辨率的逐日融合降水产品(CMPA_Daily)。通过该数据集与广泛应用于中国天气气候领域的两种国际上降水融合产品TRMM 3B42(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, 3B42)和GPCP(Global Precipitation Climatology Project, 1 degree daily)的对比评估,考察CMPA_Daily产品的质量,评价其能否合理体现中国降水的天气气候特征。首先利用2008—2010年5—9月独立检验数据定量对比了CMPA_Daily、TRMM 3B42和GPCP 三种降水产品的误差,结果表明,在误差的时间变化和空间分布上,CMPA_Daily均具有最高的相关系数和最小的平均偏差及均方根误差,TRMM 3B42其次,GPCP的误差相对较大。CMPA_Daily只低估了大暴雨,TRMM 3B42低估了大雨以上量级的降水,而GPCP低估了除小雨以外的所有降水。CMPA_Daily产品因融入了更多的站点观测信息,不论在中国东部沿海,还是中西部地形复杂区,其精度均优于TRMM 3B42和GPCP产品,即使在站点稀疏的青藏高原地区,CMPA_Daily降水量也更加接近站点观测,呈现明显的高相关。CMPA_Daily与独立检验数据的高相关在地形起伏时效果也较稳定,TRMM和GPCP的相关系数则随着地形变化幅度陡变而非常明显地降低。进一步通过对比分析各降水产品1998—2012年的气候平均降水特征表明,3种资料对中国区域气候平均降水量、降水强度、频率分布以及年际变化的总体描述基本一致,因有效融入了更多的中国站点观测信息,不论降水空间分布还是降水量,CMPA_Daily与地面观测均最为接近,在中国的中东部大部分地区对降水的估计精度明显更高,而在站点分布较稀疏的青藏高原地区,CMPA_Daily的降水分布型与TRMM、GPCP卫星融合资料类似,较地面站点插值产品更能体现出合理的降水分布。对中国强降水事件监测对比表明,CMPA_Daily产品可以更加准确地描述降水的强度变化,细致刻画降水空间分布,在把握降水小尺度特征上具有明显的优势,体现出高分辨率、高精度降水产品的特点。     

The Structure and Rainfall Features of Tropical Cyclone Rammasun （2002）

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data [TRMM Microwave Imager/Precipitation Radar/Visible and Infrared Scanner (TMI/PR/VIRS)] and a numerical model are used to investigate the structure and rainfall features of Tropical Cyclone (TC) Rammasun (2002). Based on the analysisof TRMM data, which are diagnosed together with NCEP/AVN [Aviation (global model)] analysis data,some typical features of TC structure and rainfall are preliminary discovered. Since the limitations of TRMM data are considered for their time resolution and coverage, the world observed by TRMM at several moments cannot be taken as the representation of the whole period of the TC lifecycle, therefore the picture should be reproduced by a numerical model of high quality. To better understand the structure and rainfall features of TC Rammasun, a numerical simulation is carried out with mesoscale model MM5 in which the validations have been made with the data of TRMM and NCEP/AVN analysis.     

Assessing the performance of satellite-based precipitation products and its dependence on topography over Poyang Lake basin

Satellite-based precipitation products (SPPs) have greatly improved their applicability and are expected to offer an alternative to ground-based precipitation estimates in the present and the foreseeable future. There is a strong need for a quantitative evaluation of the usefulness and limitations of SPPs in operational meteorology and hydrology. This study compared two widely used high-resolution SPPs, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Precipitation Estimation from Remote Sensing Information using Artificial Neural Network (PERSIANN) in Poyang Lake basin which is located in the middle reach of the Yangtze River in China. The bias of rainfall amount and occurrence frequency under different rainfall intensities and the dependence of SPPs performance on elevation and slope were investigated using different statistical indices. The results revealed that (1) TRMM 3B42 usually underestimates the rainy days and overestimates the average rainfall as well as annual rainfall, while the PERSIANN data were markedly lower than rain gauge data; (2) the rainfall contribution rates were underestimated by TRMM 3B42 in the middle rainfall class but overestimated in the heavy rainfall class, while the opposite trend was observed for PERSIANN; (3) although the temporal distribution characteristics of monthly rainfall were correctly described by both SPPs, PERSIANN tended to suffer a systematic underestimation of rainfall in every month; and (4) the performances of both SPPs had clear dependence on elevation and slope, and their relationships can be fitted using quadratic equations.     

青藏高原地面Doppler雷达与TRMM星载雷达测云比较

利用 1998年青藏高原地面Doppler雷达资料和TRMMPR资料进行对比分析 ,分别从不同角度出发 ,分析了Doppler雷达和TRMMPR所测云区在回波结构和回波强度等方面的相同和差异之处 ,以及产生误差的必然和可能的原因     

一次强降水过程中尺度系统发生发展动力机制的诊断分析

利用1°×1°经纬度NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、地面1h观测降水资料和TRMM卫星产品资料,分析了2009年6月8~9日引发贵州南部的强降水天气过程的中尺度对流系统活动,并进一步研究了大气正压非平衡强迫、湿斜压热动力耦合强迫在强降水天气发生发展与维持过程中的作用。结果表明:8~9日贵州南部的强降水主要是由中尺度系统的发生发展引起的。南海季风不仅给贵州南部强降水区带来充足的水汽,同时也带来足够的能量。正压非平衡强迫在降水的开始阶段与降水落区有较好的对应关系,是强降水的启动机制。斜压热动力耦合强迫在降水的维持阶段,特别是当大气层结转为弱湿中性时,其分布和强度与中尺度对流系统和降水的强度与落区有较好的对应关系,可能是强降水的维持机制。