中国气候变化研究中不同时间尺度资料的应用与研究

Temperature and precipitation are two main variables in climate changes.Spatial-temporal resolutions of temperature and precipitation,and recent studies on climate variability in China are summarized and discussed in this review.Recent 100-year datasets are used to reveal quasi-20-year and quasi-70-year oscillations in eastern China,as well as precipitation pattern shift in China.An oscillation with the timescale of 70-80 years is introduced in eastern China.derived from 500-year and 1000-year proxy and observation records.Finally,it is noted that more research achievements on climate change in China depend upon developing or reconstructing long term series,studying in regularity and mechanism,as well as upon prediction and service etc.     

中国气候变化研究中不同时间尺度资料的应用与研究

温度和降水是反映气候变化的两个主要变量。因此,针对这两个变量序列的时空分辨率和已揭示的气候变率,以及需要进一步研究的方向作了初步的归纳与讨论。用近一个世纪的温度、降水资料揭示,中国东部地区存在着准20 a和准70 a的振荡以及中国降水气候型的漂移;用近五百年和近千年的代用序列并结合器测资料,揭示了我国东部地区存在着70～80 a的振荡。文章最后指出,我国气候变化研究在资料开发、规律与机理研究、预测与服务等方面有待进一步提高。     

Interdecadal Variability of East Asian Summer Monsoon Precipitation over 220 Years （1777-1997）

In this study, long-term (1777–1997) precipitation data for Seoul, Korea, wetness indices from eastern China, and modern observations are used to identify the interdecadal variability in East Asian summer monsoon precipitation over the last 220 years. In the East Asian monsoon region, two long-term timescales of dry–wet transitions for the interdecadal variability and quasi-40-and quasi-60-year timescales are dominant in the 220-year precipitation data of Seoul, as well as in the wetness indices over China....     

Climate Change in China from 1880 to 1998 and its Impact on the Environmental Condition

The global mean surface air temperature (SAT) or the Northern Hemisphere mean SAT has increased since the late nineteenth century, but the mean precipitation around the world has not formed a definite tendency to increase. A lot of studies showed that different climate and environmental changes during the past 100 years over various regions in the world were experienced. The climate change in China over the past 100 years and its impact on China's environmental conditions needs to be investigated in more detail.Data sets of surface air temperature and atmospheric precipitation over China since 1880 up to the present are now available. In this paper, a drought index has been formulated corresponding to both the temperature and precipitation. Based on three series of temperature, precipitation, and drought index, interdecadal changes in all 7 regions of China and temperature differences among individual regions are analyzed. Some interesting facts are revealed using the wavelet transform method. In Northeast China, the aridification trend has become more serious since 1970s. Drought index in North China has also reached a high value during 1990s, which seems similar to that period 1920s–1940s. In NorthwestChina, the highest temperature appeared over the period 1930s–1940s. Along the Yangtze River valley in central eastern China and Southwest China, interdecadal high temperature occurred from 1920s to 1940s and in 1990s, but the drought climate mainly appeared from 1920s to early 1940s. In South China, temperature remained at a high value over the period 1910s–1940s,but the smaller-scale variation of drought index was remarkable from 1880 to 1998. Consequently, the quasi-20-year oscillation (smaller-scale variation) and the quasi-70-year oscillation (secular variation) obviously exist in temperature and precipitation series in different regions over China.Climate change and intensified human activity in China have induced certain environmental evolutions, such as the frequency change of dust-storm event in northern China, no-flow in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the runoff variation in Northwest China. On the other hand, frequent floods along the Yangtze River and high frequency of drought disaster have resulted in tremendous economic losses in the last decade in China. The primary reason for these happenings may be attributed to the evolution of the monsoon system in East Asian.     

Observed,reconstructed, and simulated decadal variability of summer precipitation over eastern China

Based on observations made during recent decades, reconstructed precipitation for the period A.D. 1736–2000, dry–wet index data for A.D. 500–2000, and a 1000-yr control simulation using the Community Earth System Model with fixed pre-industrial external forcing, the decadal variability of summer precipitation over eastern China is studied. Power spectrum analysis shows that the dominant cycles for the decadal variation of summer precipitation are: 22–24 and quasi-70 yr over the North China Plain; 32–36, 44–48, and quasi-70 yr in the Jiang–Huai area; and 32–36 and 44–48 yr in the Jiang–Nan area. Bandpass decomposition from observation, reconstruction, and simulation reveals that the variability of summer precipitation over the North China Plain, Jiang–Huai area, and Jiang–Nan area, at scales of 20–35, 35–50, and 50–80 yr, is not consistent across the entire millennium. We also find that the warm (cold) phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation generally corresponds to dry (wet) conditions over the North China Plain, but wet (dry) conditions in the Jiang–Nan area, from A.D. 1800, when the PDO became strengthened. However, such a correspondence does not exist throughout the entire last millennium. Data–model comparison suggests that these decadal oscillations and their temporal evolution over eastern China, including the decadal shifts in the spatial pattern of the precipitation anomaly observed in the late 1970s, early 1990s, and early 2000s, might result from internal variability of the climate system.     

近50年来湛江、韶关气候变化的小波分析

利用MHAT小波函数分析了湛江和韶关两地近50年平均气温和年降水量多时间尺度的演变特征,并对其气候突变进行了初步分析。结果表明,湛江气温变化包含了16年、4年和2年的振荡周期,其降水具有11年、4年的周期变化特征;而韶关的温度序列只具有5年、3年的高频振荡周期,降水变化则包含了11年、7年、4.5年的周期振荡。经气候突变的分析检验,湛江、韶关的气温及降水在不同时间尺度下具有不同的突变点。     

Climatic regime shift and decadal anomalous events in China

Climatic time series from historical documents and instrumental records from China showed temporal and regional patterns in the last two to three centuries, including two multidecadal oscillations at quasi-20-year and quasi-70-year timescales revealed by signal analysis from wavelet transform. Climatic anomalous events on the decadal timescale were identified based on the two oscillations when their positive (or negative) phases coincide with each other to amplify amplitude. The coldest event occurred in the decade of 1965–1975 in eastern China, while the periods of 1920–1930, 1940–1950, and 1988–2000 appeared to be warmer in most parts of China. For the precipitation series in northern China, the dry anomalous event was found in the late 1920s, while the wet anomalous event occurred in the 1950s. A severe drought in 1927–1929 in northern China coincided with the anomalous warm and dry decade, caused large-scale famine in nine provinces over northern China. Climatic anomalous events with a warm-dry or cold-wet association in the physical climate system would potentially cause severe negative impacts on natural ecosystem in the key vulnerable region over northern China. The spatial pattern of summer rainfall anomalies in the eastern China monsoon region showed an opposite variations in phase between the Yellow River Valley (North China) and the mid-low Yangtze River Valley as well as accompanied the shift of the northernmost monsoon boundary. Climatic regime shifts for different time points in the last 200 years were identified. In North China, transitions from dry to wet periods occurred around 1800, 1875, and 1940 while the transitions from wet to dry periods appeared around 1840, 1910, and the late 1970s. The reversal transition in these time points can also be found in the lower Yangtze River. Climatic regime shifts in China were linked to the interaction of mid- and low latitude atmospheric circulations (the westerly flow and the monsoon flow) when they cross the Tibetan Plateau in East Asia.     

近50年新疆气温和降水量变化及其与NAO指数的交叉小波谱分析

利用1961—2008年的逐日降水和气温资料,采用线性趋势、小波功率谱和交叉小波谱等方法分析了新疆降水和气温的变化,以及与北大西洋涛动(NAO)变化之间的关系。结果表明,近50年新疆存在降水增多和气温上升的趋势,有暖湿化现象,这与西北地区由暖干趋于暖湿的结论相一致。同时,新疆平均年降水量与NAO存在准2年和准6年周期,夏季降水量与NAO存在准3年和准5年周期,冬季降水量与NAO存在准3年周期。新疆年均气温与NAO存在准3年周期,夏季气温与NAO存在准3年周期,冬季气温与NAO存在准3年和准8年周期。新疆全年、冬季和夏季的降水与NAO的周期中,通过显著性检验的高值正相关大多集中在20世纪80年代;而气温与NAO的周期中,通过显著性检验的高值正相关也大多集中在80年代。     

华北地区降水多时间尺度演变特征

 华北地区的水资源短缺及相关的生态环境恶化是中国亟待解决的问题之一。降水是水资源最重要的因素,根据华北地区25个测站的长期年降水量资料和15个测站历史旱涝资料,利用Mann-Kendall检验、功率谱和小波变换等方法进行的分析研究表明,华北地区的降水存在明显的准2 a振荡和准19 a周期变化特征,降水在1914和1964年发生了两次突变。历史旱涝等级时间序列有明显的4～5 a ENSO模的振荡、准10 a变化、准20 a变化和50～80 a世纪尺度特征。     

华北地区降水多时间尺度演变特征

华北地区的水资源短缺及相关的生态环境恶化是中国亟待解决的问题之一。降水是水资源最重要的因素,根据华北地区25个测站的长期年降水量资料和15个测站历史旱涝资料,利用Mann-Kendall检验、功率谱和小波变换等方法进行的分析研究表明,华北地区的降水存在明显的准2 a振荡和准19 a周期变化特征,降水在1914和1964年发生了两次突变。历史旱涝等级时间序列有明显的4～5 a ENSO模的振荡、准10 a变化、准20 a变化和50～80 a世纪尺度特征。     

Assessing non-linear variation of temperature and precipitation for different growth periods of maize and their impacts on phenology in the Midwest of Jilin Province,China

In the past two decades, the regional climate in China has undergone significant change, resulting in crop yield reduction and complete failure. The goal of this study is to detect the variation of temperature and precipitation for different growth periods of maize and assess their impact on phenology. The daily meteorological data in the Midwest of Jilin Province during 1960–2014 were used in the study. The ensemble empirical mode decomposition method was adopted to analyze the non-linear trend and fluctuation in temperature and precipitation, and the sensitivity of the length of the maize growth period to temperature and precipitation was analyzed by the wavelet cross-transformation method. The results show that the trends of temperature and precipitation change are non-linear for different growth periods of maize, and the average temperature in the sowing-jointing stage was different from that in the other growth stages, showing a slight decrease trend, while the variation amplitude of maximum temperature is smaller than that of the minimum temperature. This indicates that the temperature difference between day and night shows a gradually decreasing trend. Precipitation in the growth period also showed a decreasing non-linear trend, while the inter-annual variability with period of quasi-3-year and quasi-6-year dominated the variation of temperature and precipitation. The whole growth period was shortened by 10.7 days, and the sowing date was advanced by approximately 11 days. We also found that there was a significant resonance period among temperature, precipitation, and phenology. Overall, a negative correlation between phenology and temperature is evident, while a positive correlation with precipitation is exhibited. The results illustrate that the climate suitability for maize has reduced over the past decades.     

CSIRO Mk3.6.0模式及其驱动下RegCM4.4模式对中国气候变化的预估

使用区域气候模式RegCM4.4,对全球模式CSIRO-Mk3.6.0在RCP4.5情景下的气候变化试验结果（1950-2100年）在东亚地区进行25 km动力降尺度试验,比较了CSIRO-Mk3.6.0和RegCM4.4预估中国地区的21世纪气候变化。结果表明,两个模式预估未来中国地区气温持续升高,升温幅度具有区域性特征,RegCM4.4预估区域平均升温幅度低于CSIRO-Mk3.6.0,但二者年际波动基本一致。两个模式预估未来降水在中国西部以持续增加为主,东部则表现出较大的不一致性,预估区域平均年降水量变化不大,呈现冬季明显增加,夏季微弱减少的特点。此外,为了解区域气候模式对中国降水预估的不确定性,对本研究和以往RegCM3使用相同分辨率模拟得到的未来降水预估进行了对比,两个区域模式预估中国西部大部分地区未来降水一致性增加,东部存在明显不一致（冬季中、高纬除外）。     

东北初夏和盛夏降水时空变化及大气环流因子新特征分析

基于东北区域1961—2019年245站逐日降水资料,利用经验正交函数方法（EOF）、累计距平方法、滑动t检验、小波分析和相关分析等分析了东北地区初夏（6月）和盛夏（7—8月）降水的时空特征。结果表明：东北盛夏降水主要集中于东北东南部地区,初夏北部和东北部降水量也较多。东北初夏和盛夏降水EOF第一和第四模态分别表现为全区一致和自北向南负—正—负（正—负—正）的变化特征。初夏降水在1972年和1995年左右发生了共两次突变。盛夏降水分别在1966年、1983年和1998年左右发生了共3次突变。东北初夏降水在20世纪80—90年代存在显著的准6 a振荡周期,90年代后期开始准3 a周期较为显著;盛夏降水存在12 a左右的主振荡周期,且20世纪90年代之后3—4 a左右的年际尺度振荡周期显著。通过分时段探讨与降水相关的环流场特征,发现了东北初夏降水受东北冷涡的影响增强,盛夏降水由主要受西太平洋副热带高压影响转为受中纬西风带系统影响为主的新特征。     

Testing the influence of western Pacific subtropical high...

In this paper, two seasonal scale simulations were conducted for the abnormal climate event in China in the summer of 1998 using a regional climate model (RegCM3). One is the control run, the other is nudging run, which was performed for zonal and meridional wind components, temperature, and humidity data for the region east of 120° E in the model domain to ensure that the simulated activity of western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) in summer followed those of reanalysis data, while the interaction between the WPSH and the surrounding circulation systems was still maintained partially. Comparisons between the simulated regional circulation systems and the extension/withdrawal of the rain belt over eastern China as well as the activity of the WPSH were carried out. The results show that the relationship between the precipitation over eastern China and WPSH can be reproduced well in the nudging run. However, though the extension/withdrawal of the rain belt over eastern China is mainly dominated by that of WPSH, as pointed out by so many research works, the detailed precipitation scenario is not solely determined by the intensity and position of WPSH, and the precipitation discrepancy between simulation and observation is significant to some extent, which suggests that it is important to improve the precipitation physical process of the model in simulating the detailed precipitation scenario over eastern China.     

The Influences of NAO and the Hudson Bay sea-ice on the climate of eastern Canada

Sea-ice cover over the Hudson Bay (HB) exhibits large variability in the freeze-up season normally starting in November. Its influence on the climate over eastern Canada has been studied with the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) in three steps. First, a 30-year continuous simulation from 1970 to 1999 was performed as a control run to evaluate the simulated climate variability over eastern Canada, in particularly variability associated with the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO). Then, 50 additional 1 month experiments were performed with modified sea-surface conditions prescribed over the HB. These integrations allowed us to quantify the contribution of HB sea-ice anomalies versus large scale NAO atmospheric variability (as defined by prescribed lateral boundary conditions) in inducing climate variability over eastern Canada. Results show that the NAO is the dominant factor controlling climate variability over eastern Canada. The contribution of HB sea-ice anomalies is significant only in the immediate coastal region. Under the influence of different phases of NAO, HB sea-ice anomalies do co-vary with temperature and precipitation anomalies downstream of the HB over eastern Canada. The ultimate cause of this co-variability is NAO variability which forces variability in both HB sea-ice cover as well as temperature/precipitation over eastern Canada.     

北半球冬季110°—120°E垂直经向环流的年际变化及其与中国东部同期降水的关系

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析月平均风场资料和中国东部120个站的降水资料,分析了1951--2010年北半球冬季110°-120°E经向环流的气候特征,定义了北半球冬季110°-120°E低纬Hadley环流和中高纬气流强度指数,并分析了其强度的长期变化趋势以及对中国东部同期降水的影响。结果表明：（1）北半球冬季110°-120°E经向环流主要包括低纬Hadley环流和中高纬度从高层到低层较-致的偏北下沉气流。（2）北半球冬季110°-120°EHadley环流和中高纬气流强度有明显的年际和年代际变化,二者在长期变化趋势上表现-致,即在1990年以前呈约20a的振荡周期,且波动更大,而在1990年以后呈约10a的振荡周期,波动相对较小。（3）北半球冬季110°-120°E经向环流强度指数对中国东部同期降水的年际变率具有较高的解释率,二者在统计上呈显著的负相关关系。北半球冬季110°-120°EHadley环流强度和中国东部同期降水相关程度大值区集中在江南、华南及江淮地区,中高纬气流强度和中国东部同期降水相关程度大值区集中在西北、江淮及江南地区。（4）东亚地区冬季经向环流异常的显著差异主要表现在中高纬度反向的异常气流和中低纬度反向异常环流圈的变化。强（弱）经向风年,北半球中高纬度从高层到低层为异常的偏北（南）气流,中低纬度对流层存在顺时针（逆时针）方向闭合的异常经向环流,对应中国东部降水显著减少（增多）。     

MM5 Simulations of the China Regional Climate During the LGM.II: In uence of Change of Land Area, Vegetation, and Large-scale Circulation Background

Using a regional climate model MM5 nested to an atmospheric global climate model CCM3, a series of simulations and sensitivity experiments have been performed to investigate the relative LGM climate response to changes of land-sea distribution, vegetation, and large-scale circulation background over China.Model results show that compared with the present climate, the fluctuations of sea-land distribution in eastern Asia during the LGM result in the temperature decrease in winter and increase in summer. It has significant impact on the temperature and precipitation in the east coastal region of China. The impact on precipitation in the east coastal region of China is the most significant one, with 25%-50% decrease in the total precipitation change during the LGM. On the other hand, the changes in sea-land distribution have less influence on the climate of inland and western part of China. During the LGM, significant changes in vegetation result in temperature alternating with winter increase and summer decrease, but differences in the annual mean temperature are minor. During the LGM, the global climate, i.e., the large-scale circulation background has changed signi cantly. These changes have signi cant influences on temperature and precipitation over China. They result in considerable temperature decreases in this area, and direct the primary patterns and characteristics of temperature changes. Results display that, northeastern China has the greatest temperature decrease, and the temperature decrease in the Tibetan Plateau is larger than in the eastern part of China located at the same latitude. Moreover, the change of large-scale circulation background also controls the pattern of precipitation change. Results also show that, most of the changes in precipitation over western and northeastern parts of China are the consequences of changing large-scale circulation background, of which 50%-75% of precipitation changes over northern and eastern China are the results of changes in large-scale circulation background. Over China, the LGM climate responses to di erent mechanisms in order of strength from strong to weak are, the large-scale circulation pattern, sealand distribution, vegetation, CO2 concentration, and earth orbital parameters.     

1961~2018年华南全年和四季暴雨的时空特征分析北大核心CSCD

利用中国2400余个国家级气象台站观测数据插值得到的1961~2018年逐日网格降水资料,综合运用回归分析和Morlet小波变换等方法,分析了华南多年暴雨和区域性暴雨的时空变化特征,揭示了华南暴雨的变化规律。结果表明:1961~2018年,华南全年暴雨日数和暴雨雨量大值区域分布在广东、广西、福建沿海一带及海南省和广西北部,夏季暴雨日数和暴雨雨量最大,其次是春季。在广西北部至广西、湖南、广东三省交界处、广东南部、福建和海南省,全年暴雨日数、雨量和强度的增加趋势最显著,夏季的区域平均值增长速率最大,其次是秋季。华南区域性暴雨日数和过程数呈单峰型分布,一年中均可出现,最大值出现在6月。区域性暴雨日数和过程数多年平均值为28 d a^(-1)和16.5 a^(-1),上升速率分别为0.15 d a^(-1)和0.097 a^(-1),四季中夏季的上升速率最快,最慢的是秋季。平均单次过程持续日数和最大单次过程持续日数在冬季均以0.015 d a^(-1)的速率显著上升,在春季却呈现下降的趋势。华南暴雨和区域性暴雨各要素在全年和四季的波动变化中不同程度地表现出准3 a、准14 a和准18 a的周期变化,2000年后,全年暴雨和区域性暴雨各要素准18 a的长周期和准3 a的短周期振荡非常显著。     

奇异值分解和奇异交叉谱分析方法在华北夏季降水诊断中的应用

利用1965~2000年华北5省市及相邻省73个地面观测站逐月平均降水场及北半球500 hPa高度场、北太平洋海温场资料, 采用奇异值分解 (SVD)、奇异交叉谱 (SCSA) 分析方法, 将华北夏季降水场分别与1月北半球500 hPa高度场、冬季北太平洋海温场进行了诊断分析, 得出奇异向量分布型及相互作用的耦合周期信号。在对前4对奇异向量的分析中发现, 华北夏季降水全区域为正距平时与1月北半球500 hPa高度场PNA遥相关型关系非常密切。ENSO对华北夏季降水的影响确实存在, 但华北夏季降水全区域为正距平时与冬季北太平洋ENSO关系并不明显。同时还找出了华北降水与北半球500 hPa高度、北太平洋海温场相互作用的关键区。在华北各型降水与高度场、海温场关键区相互作用的耦合周期中, 前者以准2~7年振荡为主; 后者则周期较长, 最短周期仍为准2年振荡, 最长周期为准10~11年振荡。以上结论为进一步研究华北夏季降水短期气候预测方法, 提供了参考依据。     

Assessment of the Capability of ENSEMBLES Hindcasts in Predicting Spring Climate in China

Using the hindcasts provided by the Ensemble-Based Predictions of Climate Changes and Their Impacts(ENSEMBLES) project for the period of 1980–2005, the forecast capability of spring climate in China is assessed mainly from the aspects of precipitation, 2-m air temperature, and atmospheric circulations. The ENSEMBELS can reproduce the climatology and dominant empirical orthogonal function(EOF) modes of precipitation and 2-m air temperature, with some differences arising from different initialization months. The multi-model ensemble(MME) forecast of interannual variability is of good performance in some regions such as eastern China with February initialization.The spatial patterns of the MME interannual and inter-member spreads for precipitation and 2-m air temperature are consistent with those of the observed interannual spread, indicating that internal dynamic processes have major impacts on the interannual anomaly of spring climate in China. We have identified two coupled modes between intermember anomalies of the 850-hPa vorticity in spring and sea surface temperature(SST) both in spring and at a lead of 2 months, of which the first mode shows a significant impact on the spring climate in China, with an anomalous anticyclone located over Northwest Pacific and positive precipitation and southwesterly anomalies in eastern China.Our results also suggest that the SST at a lead of two months may be a predictor for the spring climate in eastern China. A better representation of the ocean–atmosphere interaction over the tropical Pacific, Northwest Pacific, and Indian Ocean can improve the forecast skill of the spring climate in eastern China.