东南亚地区未来气候变化的区域气候模式预估

在联合区域气候降尺度试验CORDEX(Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment)的框架下,使用全球气候模式MPI-ESM-MR（简称MPI）的模拟结果,驱动区域气候模式RegCM4(Regional Climate Mode version 4),开展了在中等温室气体排放路径RCP4.5下的东南亚区域21世纪气候变化预估试验。试验中模式的水平分辨率为25 km×25 km,积分时间为1981～2099年。模式对东南亚区域当代（1986～2005年）气候的模拟结果表明：MPI与RegCM4对这一区域年平均气温、降水的空间分布特征均具有较好的模拟能力;相比于全球模式,高分辨率的RegCM4提供了空间分布上更为精细的气候信息,但其模拟的气温存在系统性冷偏差,对降水的模拟则普遍偏多。对未来气候变化的预估显示,MPI与RegCM4预估的未来气温均一致表现为增加,至21世纪末期（2081～2099年）,预估的区域年平均气温升高幅度分别为1.8°C和1.7°C。二者对降水的预估则存在较大差异,MPI预估的年平均降水有不同程度增加,而Reg...     

RegCM4对华北区域21世纪气候变化预估研究

利用国家气候中心完成的RegCM4区域气候模式在RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种排放路径下的气候变化动力降尺度试验结果,在检验模式对基准期(1986—2005年)气温和降水模拟能力基础上,进行华北区域21世纪气候变化预估分析。结果表明:RegCM4对华北区域基准期气温和降水的模拟能力较好。未来21世纪,两种情景下华北区域气温、降水、持续干期(consecutive dry days, CDD)和强降水量(R95p)变化逐渐增大,但变化幅度在高排放的RCP8.5情景下更为显著,其中近期(2021—2035年)、中期(2046—2065年)、远期(2080—2098年)RCP8.5情景下年平均气温分别升高1.77、3.44、5.82℃,年平均降水分别增加8.1%、14%、19.3%,CDD分别减少3、3、12 d, R95p分别增加30.8%、41.9%、69.8%。空间上,未来21世纪华北区域内年、冬季、夏季平均气温将一致升高,夏季升温幅度最大;年、冬季、夏季平均降水整体以增加为主,冬季降水增加幅度最大;CDD以减少为主,但近期和中期在山西和京津冀有所增加,而R95p以增加为主,表明21世纪华北区域干旱事件逐渐减少、极端降水事件不断增加。     

中国干湿变化的高分辨率区域气候模式预估

本文使用三个全球气候模式驱动下的高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM4的试验数据,首先评估了RegCM4对参考时段（1986～2005年）中国干燥度指数（AI）的模拟能力,而后根据典型浓度路径中等排放（RCP4.5）情景下RegCM4试验对中国未来干湿变化进行了预估研究。结果表明,RegCM4能够合理模拟中国区域AI的空间分布。两种潜在蒸散发计算方法得到的参考时段AI在空间分布和数值上存在一定差异,尤其是在中国西部高海拔地区和北方地区。在三个全球气候模式驱动场作用下的RegCM4预估试验中,21世纪中期（2046～2065年）和末期（2081～2098年）中国区域平均AI较参考时段分别减小2%～4%和2%～5%,其中西北中部变湿,其他地区均变干。不同地区未来干湿变化的主要影响因素存在差异,西北中部降水变化为主导因素,其他地区主要受控于升温所引起的潜在蒸散发变化。     

RegCM4模式对雄安及周边区域气候变化的集合预估

基于CSIRO-Mk3-6-0、EC-EARTH、HadGEM2-ES和MPI-ESM-MR共4个全球气候模式,分别驱动区域气候模式RegCM4,所进行的RCP4.5（典型浓度路径）中等排放情景下25 km较高水平分辨率东亚区域21世纪气候变化模拟结果,针对雄安新区及周边区域,在对当代（1986~2005）气候进行检验的基础上,进行了该区域未来气候变化的多模拟集合预估,并给出了模拟间的差别。结果表明:RegCM4可以较好地模拟出分析区域当代平均气温和降水的分布及年内月循环变化特征;对与气温相关的极端气候事件指数,日最高气温最高值（TXx）和日最低气温最低值（TNn）,以及和降水相关的指数日最大降水量（RX1day）也有较好的模拟能力。雄安及周边区域未来平均气温、TXx和TNn将不断上升,高温热浪事件在增加的同时,低温事件将减少。未来分析区域平均降水量有所增加;而RX1day的增加更明显,且模拟间的一致性较好,不确定性相对较低,暴雨和洪涝事件的频率和强度均将增大。同时由于气温升高导致的潜在蒸发量相对于降水更大的增加,将使得区域水资源相对不足的现象加重。     

气候模式对东北三省降水模拟能力评估及预估

利用CMIP 5全球气候模式、RegCM 4区域气候模式数据集和中国东北三省162个气象站降水观测资料,评估了CMIP 5和RegCM 4模式对中国东北三省降水的模拟能力,并对RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5温室气体排放情景下东北三省未来降水的变化进行了预估。结果表明:CMIP 5和RegCM 4模式均能较好地模拟东北三省年及四季降水量的变化,可再现东北三省降水量由东南向西向北递减的空间分布形势,但模拟的降水中心偏北,模拟的降水强度偏强;两个模式对夏季降水的模拟优于冬季,对冬季降水的模拟存在较大偏差。总体而言,全球气候模式CMIP 5对东北三省降水的模拟结果较好。对东北三省降水量的预估表明,在RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5情景下,全球气候模式CMIP 5预估东北三省年和四季降水量均呈不同程度的增加,其中对冬季降水量预估的偏差百分率增幅最大。在RCP 8.5情景下,东北三省降水量增幅显著,预估未来东北三省降水增加量基本呈由南向北逐步递减的分布,降水偏差百分率基本呈由西南向东北递减的分布。在RCP 4.5情景下,东北三省降水量增幅较小,预估未来东北三省降水量总体呈由东南向西北递减的分布,降水偏差百分率基本呈由西向东递减的分布。     

CMIP5和RegCM4.0模式对西南区域未来降水的预估

利用CMIP5全球模式数据集和RegCM4.0区域气候模式进行连续积分获得的模拟数据,对西南区域未来在RCP2.6,RCP4.5和RCP8.5几种温室气体排放情景下年平均降雨、四季降水,极端降雨事件的特征及其相对历史基准期的变化进行预估。结果表明,不同RCP情景下西南区域降水都将呈持续上升趋势,3种情景下西南区域降水在2020—2050年变化特征差别较小,2050年后差别较大,RCP2.6情景下降水变化幅度最小,CMIP5和RegCM4.0模式模拟的西南区域降水变化的地理分布特征基本一致,降水的高值区都位于青藏高原东南部,横断山脉和四川中部,差异在于RegCM4.0模拟的西藏西部的降雨量级更小,而青藏高原东南部、四川中部和贵州的降雨高值区量级更大。未来近期2020—2060年和远期2061—2099年RCP4.5情景下暴雨天数显著减少的区域主要在西藏东南部(0.5~1 d),未来远期2061—2099年RCP4.5情景云南南部和贵州东部区域暴雨天数显著性增加,而RCP8.5情景下上述区域暴雨天数显著性减少。     

温室效应引起的中国区域气候变化的数值模拟Ⅰ:模式对中国气候模拟能力的检验

使用RegCM2区域气候模式单向嵌套澳大利亚CSIRO R21L9全球海-气耦合模式,进行了CO2加倍对中国区域气候变化影响的数值试验研究,分析了控制试验(1×CO2)即模式对中国当代气候的模拟情况.首先给出了全球模式控制试验在中国地区的结果,分析表明它对中国区域的地面气温和降水具有一定的模拟能力,其结果可以用来制作驱动区域气候模式的初始场和侧边界.对RegCM2 5 a时间长度控制试验积分结果的分析与检验表明,区域气候模式由于具有较高的分辨率和较完善的物理过程,它对中国区域地面气温和降水的模拟效果较全球模式有了较大提高,如它模拟的各月气温与实况的相关系数全年12个月的平均由全球模式的0.83提高到0.92,降水由0.48提高到0.65.     

RegCM4.4对中国夏季气候的回报和2014年预测

利用区域气候模式对全球气候模式季节预测产品进行动力降尺度,是获取未来高分辨率季节气候预测结果的重要途径。使用区域气候模式RegCM4.4单向嵌套国家气候中心气候系统模式BCC_CSM1.1(m)输出结果,进行东亚19912013年逐年3月1日—9月1日的气候回报试验及2014年3月1日9月1日的气候预测试验。分析模式对中国地区夏季（6-8月）地面气温和降水的回报结果表明:RegCM4.4对夏季气候态的回报优于驱动场模式BCC_CSM1.1(m),并能提供更详细可靠的局地信息;RegCM4.4回报和观测的多年平均气温、降水的空间距平相关系数（ACCs）分别为-0.04和0.01,空间距平符号一致率（PCs）分别为51.1%和50.6%,趋势异常综合评分（PS）分别为64.2和70.3,均方差误差（MSE）分别为1.09 ℃和0.30 mm/d。RegCM4.4对中国地区2014年夏季气候预测结果表明,模式对夏季气温、降水距平整体分布的预测较好,但在次区域尺度上预测结果和观测存在差别。本研究只进行了一个区域气候模式RegCM4.4嵌套一个全球模式BCC_CSM1.1(m)单样本回报和预测试验的动力降尺度试验研究,未来在改进驱动场模式和区域气候模式模拟预测性能、订正驱动场模式输出系统误差及提高运算能力的基础上,进行多模式多样本的集合试验研究,有助于提高精细化短期气候预测产品的质量。     

温室效应对我国东部地区气候影响的高分辨率数值试验

使用RegCM3区域气候模式,单向嵌套NASA/NCAR 的全球环流模式FvGCM的输出结果,对中国东部地区进行了在实际温室气体浓度下当代1961~1990年和在IPCC A2温室气体排放情景下21世纪末期2071~2100年各30年时间长度,水平分辨率为20 km的气候变化模拟试验。首先分析全球和区域模式对中国东部地区当代气候的模拟情况,结果表明全球模式对中国东部地区气温的总体分布型模拟较好,但存在冷偏差,区域模式在对这个冷偏差有所纠正的同时,提供了气温地理分布更详细的信息。全球模式模拟的年降水中心位于长江流域,与观测差别较大,区域模式对此同样也有改进,降水高值区主要位于区域南部,并表现出较强的地形强迫特征。区域模式的模拟结果还表明,至21世纪末期,在温室效应作用下,中国东部的气温将明显升高,年平均气温的升高值在2.7~4.0℃之间,其中北部升温大于南部,冬季升温大于夏季。冬季升温表现出明显的随纬度增加而增加的分布型。模拟区域内年平均降水将增加,增加值一般在10%以上,部分地区达到30%。降水增加在夏季较明显,区域内以普遍增加为主,冬季降水自山东半岛至湖南地区将减少,其他地区增加。此外,对夏季高温日数和冬季低温日数及年平均大雨日数的变化也进行了分析。     

用区域气候模式模拟人为硫酸盐气溶胶在气候变化中的作用

使用新版RegCM2区域气候模式，单向嵌套澳大利亚CSIROR21L9全球海-气耦合模式，在C02加倍情况下引人人为硫酸盐气溶胶直接气候效应，进行了其对中国气候变化影响的试验。结果表明，硫酸盐气溶胶的直接气候效应，对地面气温为降温作用，其中在冬半年和在南方更明显；对降水的影响为全国各月平均降水将以减少为主，年平均降水变化的基本特点为在中国东部以减少为主，西部以增加为主。但无论温度还是降水变化的数值都很小。     

Near future (2016-40) summer precipitation changes over China as projected by a regional climate model (RCM) under the RCP8.5 emissions scenario: Comparison between RCM downscaling and the driving GCM

Multi-decadal high resolution simulations over the CORDEX East Asia domain were performed with the regional climate model RegCM3 nested within the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model, Grid-point Version 2 (FGOALS-g2). Two sets of simulations were conducted at the resolution of 50 km, one for present day (1980–2005) and another for near-future climate (2015–40) under the Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. Results show that RegCM3 adds value with respect to FGOALS-g2 in simulating the spatial patterns of summer total and extreme precipitation over China for present day climate. The major deficiency is that RegCM3 underestimates both total and extreme precipitation over the Yangtze River valley. The potential changes in total and extreme precipitation over China in summer under the RCP8.5 scenario were analyzed. Both RegCM3 and FGOALS-g2 results show that total and extreme precipitation tend to increase over northeastern China and the Tibetan Plateau, but tend to decrease over southeastern China. In both RegCM3 and FGOALS-g2, the change in extreme precipitation is weaker than that for total precipitation. RegCM3 projects much stronger amplitude of total and extreme precipitation changes and provides more regional-scale features than FGOALS-g2. A large uncertainty is found over the Yangtze River valley, where RegCM3 and FGOALS-g2 project opposite signs in terms of precipitation changes. The projected change of vertically integrated water vapor flux convergence generally follows the changes in total and extreme precipitation in both RegCM3 and FGOALS-g2, while the amplitude of change is stronger in RegCM3. Results suggest that the spatial pattern of projected precipitation changes may be more affected by the changes in water vapor flux convergence, rather than moisture content itself.     

Future Changes of Drought and Flood Events in China under a Global Warming Scenario

This study investigates the impact of global warming on drought/flood patterns in China at the end of the 21st century based on the simulations of 22 global climate models and a regional climate model(RegCM3) under the SRES(Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) A1B scenario.The standardized precipitation index(SPI),which has well performance in monitoring the drought/flood characteristics(in terms of their intensity,duration,and spatial extent) in China,is used in this study.The projected results of 22 coupled models and the RegCM3 simulation are consistent.These models project a decrease in the frequency of droughts in most parts of northern China and a slight increase in the frequency in some parts of southern China.Considering China as a whole,the spatial extents of droughts are projected to be significantly reduced.In contrast,future flood events over most parts of China are projected to occur more frequently with stronger intensity and longer duration than those prevalent currently.Additionally,the spatial extents of flood events are projected to significantly increase.     

A regional climate model downscaling projection of China future climate change

Climate changes over China from the present (1990–1999) to future (2046–2055) under the A1FI (fossil fuel intensive) and A1B (balanced) emission scenarios are projected using the Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3) nests with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate System Model (CCSM). For the present climate, RegCM3 downscaling corrects several major deficiencies in the driving CCSM, especially the wet and cold biases over the Sichuan Basin. As compared with CCSM, RegCM3 produces systematic higher spatial pattern correlation coefficients with observations for precipitation and surface air temperature except during winter. The projected future precipitation changes differ largely between CCSM and RegCM3, with strong regional and seasonal dependence. The RegCM3 downscaling produces larger regional precipitation trends (both decreases and increases) than the driving CCSM. Contrast to substantial trend differences projected by CCSM, RegCM3 produces similar precipitation spatial patterns under different scenarios except autumn. Surface air temperature is projected to consistently increase by both CCSM and RegCM3, with greater warming under A1FI than A1B. The result demonstrates that different scenarios can induce large uncertainties even with the same RCM-GCM nesting system. Largest temperature increases are projected in the Tibetan Plateau during winter and high-latitude areas in the northern China during summer under both scenarios. This indicates that high elevation and northern regions are more vulnerable to climate change. Notable discrepancies for precipitation and surface air temperature simulated by RegCM3 with the driving conditions of CCSM versus the model for interdisciplinary research on climate under the same A1B scenario further complicated the uncertainty issue. The geographic distributions for precipitation difference among various simulations are very similar between the present and future climate with very high spatial pattern correlation coefficients. The result suggests that the model present climate biases are systematically propagate into the future climate projections. The impacts of the model present biases on projected future trends are, however, highly nonlinear and regional specific, and thus cannot be simply removed by a linear method. A model with more realistic present climate simulations is anticipated to yield future climate projections with higher credibility.     

我国夏季降水及相关大气环流场未来变化的预估及不确定性分析

利用政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告(IPCCAR4)的15个耦合气候模式在不同排放情景下的模拟结果,对我国夏季降水及相关大气环流场的未来时空变化特征与模式之间的不确定性作了研究。结果表明,在全球变暖背景下,我国夏季降水表现出较强的局地特征。其中,我国东部和高原地区的降水在21世纪表现出明显的增加趋势,而且这种趋势随着变暖的加剧而增强,同时模式模拟结果之间的一致性也更好,表明这一结果的可信度较高。在全球变暖背景下,我国新疆南部地区表现为持续的降水减少趋势,而我国西南地区夏季降水的变化则呈现出先减少(21世纪初)后增加的特征,不同模式对降水这些局地特征的模拟也都表现出较好的一致性。其他地区夏季降水在21世纪的变化不大,同时模式模拟的一致性也较差。多模式模拟的我国未来百年夏季降水的这些变化特征在温室气体高、中、低不同排放情景下基本一致,A2情景预估结果变化最大,A1B次之,B1相对最小。东亚夏季大气环流场的预估结果显示,在全球变暖的背景下,大部分模式的模拟结果都表明,东亚夏季风环流有所增强,从而使得由低纬度大洋和南海地区向我国大陆的水汽输送增加,造成该地区大气含水量的增多,从而为我国东部地区夏季降水的增加提供有利条件。此外,随着全球变暖的加剧,西太平洋副热带高压持续增强,其变化对我国东部地区夏季降水的影响程度和范围也明显增大。这些环流场及其不确定性的分析结果进一步加强了我国夏季降水未来变化预估结果的可信度。     

Projection of Water Availability in the Miyun Watershed from an RCM Simulation

Based on a high-resolution regional climate model (RegCM3) simulation over East Asia, future climate changes over the Miyun Reservoir in the 21st century under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario are analyzed. The model simulation extends from 1951 to 2100 at a grid spacing of 25 km and is one-way nested within a global model of MIROC3.2_ hires (the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate). The focus of the analysis is on the Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, the main water supply for Beijing in northern China. The results show that RegCM3 reproduces the observed temperature well but it overestimates precipitation over the region. Significant warming in the 21st century is simulated in the annual mean, December-January-February (DJF) and June-July-August (JJA), although with differences concerning the spatial distribution and magnitude. Changes in precipitation for the annual mean, DJF, and JJA also show differences. A prevailing increase of precipitation in DJF and a decrease of it in JJA is projected over the region, while little change in the annual mean is projected. Changes of the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration to measure the potential water availability are also presented in the paper.     

QM和QDM方法对中国极端气候的高分辨率气候变化模拟的误差订正对比

采用分位数映射（Quantile Mapping, QM）和delta分位数映射（Quantile Delta Mapping, QDM）两种误差订正方法对区域气候模式RegCM4在中国区域内模拟的逐日气温和降水数据进行订正。模式数据是5种不同全球气候模式驱动下的区域模式气候变化模拟结果。计算订正前后的极端气候指数进行对比分析,包括日最高气温极大值（TXx）、日最低气温极小值（TNn）、连续干旱日数（CDD）和最大日降水量（RX1day）。结果表明,5组模拟结果和其集合平均（ensR）都显示气温指数的模拟效果高于降水指数,其中对TXx模拟最好,对CDD的模拟最差;经过订正后,针对不同模式的两种订正结果都能够有效地减小模式与观测的偏差并提高了空间相关系数,且两种方法的订正效果无明显差别。对RCP4.5情景下未来变化的分析中,QM在一定程度上改变了模式模拟的未来变化幅度和空间分布特征,QDM则能够有效地保留所有极端指数的气候变化信号。从全国平均来看,除CDD外,所有指数未来都呈现增加趋势,且QDM订正结果与订正前模式模拟的变化趋势更为接近。建议在气候变化模拟的误差订正中采用QDM方法。     

6.25 km高分辨率降尺度数据对雄安新区及整个京津冀地区未来极端气候事件的预估

基于RCP4.5情景下6.25 km高分辨率统计降尺度数据,使用国际上通用的极端气候事件指数,分析雄安新区及整个京津冀地区未来极端气候事件的可能变化。首先对当代模拟结果进行评估,结果表明,集合平均模拟可以较好地再现大部分极端气候事件指数的分布,且对与气温有关的极端气候事件指数模拟效果较好。但也存在一定偏差,特别是对连续干旱日数(CDD)的模拟效果相对较差。集合平均的预估结果表明,未来在全球变暖背景下,雄安新区及整个京津冀地区均表现为极端暖事件增多,极端冷事件减少,连续干旱日数减少,极端强降水事件增多。具体来看,到21世纪末期,日最高气温最高值(TXx)和日最低气温最低值(TNn)在整个区域上都是增加的,大部分地区增加值分别超过2.4℃和3.2℃;夏季日数(SU)和热带夜数(TR)也都表现为增加,但两者的变化分布基本相反,其中SU在山区增加幅度较大,平原地区增加幅度较小,而TR在平原地区的增加值较山区更显著,两个指数未来增加值分别为20~40 d和5~40 d;霜冻日数(FD)和冰冻日数(ID)都表现为减少,减少值分别超过10 d和5 d;与降水有关的极端气候事件指数,CDD、降雨日数(R_1mm)和中雨日数(R_10mm)的变化均以减少为主,但数值较小,一般都在?10%~0之间;最大5 d降水量(R_X5day)、降水强度(SDII)和大雨日数(R_20mm)主要表现为增加,增加值一般在0~25%之间。从区域平均的变化来看,与气温有关的极端气候事件指数的变化趋势较为显著,与降水有关的极端气候事件指数变化趋势较小。两个区域对比来看,雄安新区模式间的不确定性更大,反映出模式对较小区域模拟的不足。     

Comparison of regional climate model and statistical downscaling simulations of different winter precipitation change scenarios over Romania

Summary Regional climate model and statistical downscaling procedures are used to generate winter precipitation changes over Romania for the period 2071–2100 (compared to 1961–1990), under the IPCC A2 and B2 emission scenarios. For this purpose, the ICTP regional climate model RegCM is nested within the Hadley Centre global atmospheric model HadAM3H. The statistical downscaling method is based on the use of canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to construct climate change scenarios for winter precipitation over Romania from two predictors, sea level pressure and specific humidity (either used individually or together). A technique to select the most skillful model separately for each station is proposed to optimise the statistical downscaling signal. Climate fields from the A2 and B2 scenario simulations with the HadAM3H and RegCM models are used as input to the statistical downscaling model. First, the capability of the climate models to reproduce the observed link between winter precipitation over Romania and atmospheric circulation at the European scale is analysed, showing that the RegCM is more accurate than HadAM3H in the simulation of Romanian precipitation variability and its connection with large-scale circulations. Both models overestimate winter precipitation in the eastern regions of Romania due to an overestimation of the intensity and frequency of cyclonic systems over Europe. Climate changes derived directly from the RegCM and HadAM3H show an increase of precipitation during the 2071–2100 period compared to 1961–1990, especially over northwest and northeast Romania. Similar climate change patterns are obtained through the statistical downscaling method when the technique of optimum model selected separately for each station is used. This adds confidence to the simulated climate change signal over this region. The uncertainty of results is higher for the eastern and southeastern regions of Romania due to the lower HadAM3H and RegCM performance in simulating winter precipitation variability there as well as the reduced skill of the statistical downscaling model.