集合经验模态分解下中国新疆降水变化趋势的区域特征

降水是中国西北干旱区水资源的重要组成部分,利用合理方法有效认识降水的区域变化规律对指导农业发展尤为重要。基于新疆16个国际交换站1961-2012年降水距平时间序列,利用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)方法,分析了新疆降水变化趋势的多尺度特征,并对其空间差异进行了初步探讨。近50多年来,新疆降水量整体上呈现出非线性的显著增多趋势,且其变化存在明显的年际尺度(3年和6年准周期)和年代际尺度(10年和31年准周期);各周期分量方差贡献率显示年际变化在新疆降水变化中占据主导地位,重构的降水年际变化趋势能精细刻画原始降水序列在研究时期内的波动状况;降水年代际变化揭示了新疆降水在1985年前后气候模态有了显著转换,由原来降水以负相位为主的气候模态转向正相位显著的气候模态;此外,降水变化趋势和转折时间均具有明显的区域差异。EEMD方法有助于加深人们对新疆降水多尺度变化特征的认识,是一种适用于非线性、非平稳信号分析的有效方法。     

雅安地区降雨时空变化特征研究

根据雅安地区有代表性的8个台站,1951~2016年历年逐月累计降水资料分析:(1)雅安地区中部累计降雨值较为偏大,存在三个高值中心,一是泥巴山以北龙苍沟附近,二是石棉县以西草科乡附近,三是位于天全县境内思经附近;(2)60年来雅安地区累计降水主要以减少趋势为主,并且峰值逐渐降低;汉源县整体略微有所增加,但在1990年以后累计降雨量峰值不断下降,整体呈减少趋势;(3)雅安地区累计降水以交替变化为主,三个地区都出现了准15~20年的年际变化,震荡明显并在不断从低频转为高频,震荡周期不断缩短,雨城区、荥经、天全在20世纪80年代末期以前出现了准5年左右周期,宝兴和石棉地区则在20世纪80年代末期以后表现为准5年周期。      

近50年新疆气温和降水量变化及其与NAO指数的交叉小波谱分析

利用1961—2008年的逐日降水和气温资料,采用线性趋势、小波功率谱和交叉小波谱等方法分析了新疆降水和气温的变化,以及与北大西洋涛动(NAO)变化之间的关系。结果表明,近50年新疆存在降水增多和气温上升的趋势,有暖湿化现象,这与西北地区由暖干趋于暖湿的结论相一致。同时,新疆平均年降水量与NAO存在准2年和准6年周期,夏季降水量与NAO存在准3年和准5年周期,冬季降水量与NAO存在准3年周期。新疆年均气温与NAO存在准3年周期,夏季气温与NAO存在准3年周期,冬季气温与NAO存在准3年和准8年周期。新疆全年、冬季和夏季的降水与NAO的周期中,通过显著性检验的高值正相关大多集中在20世纪80年代;而气温与NAO的周期中,通过显著性检验的高值正相关也大多集中在80年代。     

Climate Change in China from 1880 to 1998 and its Impact on the Environmental Condition

The global mean surface air temperature (SAT) or the Northern Hemisphere mean SAT has increased since the late nineteenth century, but the mean precipitation around the world has not formed a definite tendency to increase. A lot of studies showed that different climate and environmental changes during the past 100 years over various regions in the world were experienced. The climate change in China over the past 100 years and its impact on China's environmental conditions needs to be investigated in more detail.Data sets of surface air temperature and atmospheric precipitation over China since 1880 up to the present are now available. In this paper, a drought index has been formulated corresponding to both the temperature and precipitation. Based on three series of temperature, precipitation, and drought index, interdecadal changes in all 7 regions of China and temperature differences among individual regions are analyzed. Some interesting facts are revealed using the wavelet transform method. In Northeast China, the aridification trend has become more serious since 1970s. Drought index in North China has also reached a high value during 1990s, which seems similar to that period 1920s–1940s. In NorthwestChina, the highest temperature appeared over the period 1930s–1940s. Along the Yangtze River valley in central eastern China and Southwest China, interdecadal high temperature occurred from 1920s to 1940s and in 1990s, but the drought climate mainly appeared from 1920s to early 1940s. In South China, temperature remained at a high value over the period 1910s–1940s,but the smaller-scale variation of drought index was remarkable from 1880 to 1998. Consequently, the quasi-20-year oscillation (smaller-scale variation) and the quasi-70-year oscillation (secular variation) obviously exist in temperature and precipitation series in different regions over China.Climate change and intensified human activity in China have induced certain environmental evolutions, such as the frequency change of dust-storm event in northern China, no-flow in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the runoff variation in Northwest China. On the other hand, frequent floods along the Yangtze River and high frequency of drought disaster have resulted in tremendous economic losses in the last decade in China. The primary reason for these happenings may be attributed to the evolution of the monsoon system in East Asian.     

1981—2020年沈阳地区春玉米生长季水热资源时空特征

利用沈阳地区7个气象站点逐日气象数据以及春玉米生育期数据, 对1980—2020年春玉米播种期、苗期、拔节期、抽雄期、成熟期和全育期的生长度日(GDD)、高温度日(HDD)、降水量及其气候倾斜率的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明: 春玉米全育期生长度日呈上升趋势, 各生育期生长度日空间分布差异不太显著, 总体上呈由北向南递增趋势, 高值主要分布在浑南区和苏家屯区, 低值分布在康平县和法库县。春玉米全育期高温度日呈递增趋势, 除康平县在成熟期高温度日呈减少趋势, 其他各地生育期高温度日均呈增加趋势, 空间上由西北向东南不断递增。沈阳地区在近40 a春玉米全生育期均呈降低趋势, 空间上由东南向西北呈递减趋势, 在苗期各地降水均呈增加趋势, 其他时期均以减少趋势为主。沈阳地区春玉米全育期热量资源呈增加趋势, 但降水量呈减少趋势, 此种趋势增大了该地区极端高温和气象干旱风险。     

Analysis of agro-climatic parameters and their influence on maize production in South Africa

This study analyzed the variability of the agro-climatic parameters that impact maize production across different seasons in South Africa. To achieve this, four agro-climatic variables (precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, minimum, and maximum temperatures) were considered for the period spanning 1986–2015, covering the North West, Free State, Mpumalanga, and KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) provinces. Results illustrate that there is a negative trend in precipitation for North West and Free State provinces and positive trend in maximum temperature for all the provinces over the study period. Furthermore, the results showed that among other agro-climatic parameters, minimum temperature had the most influence on maize production in North West, potential evapotranspiration (combination of the agro-climatic parameters), minimum and maximum temperature influenced maize production in KZN while maximum temperature influenced maize production in Mpumalanga and Free State. In general, the agro-climatic parameters were found to contribute 7.79, 21.85, 32.52, and 44.39% to variation in maize production during the study period in North West, Free State, Mpumalanga, and KZN, respectively. The variation in maize production among the provinces under investigation could most likely attribute to the variation in the size of the cultivated land among other factors including soil type and land tenure system. There were also difference in yield per hectare between the provinces; KZN and Mpumalanga being located in the humid subtropical areas of South Africa had the highest yield per hectare 5.61 and 4.99 tons, respectively, while Free State and North West which are in the semi-arid region had the lowest yield per hectare 3.86 and 3.03 tons, respectively. Understanding the nature and interaction of the dominant agro-climatic parameters discussed in the present study as well as their impact on maize production will help farmers and agricultural policy makers to understand how climate change exerts its influence on maize production within the study area so as to better adapt to the major climate element that either increases or decreases maize production in their respective provinces.     

基于均一化资料的广州近百年气温变化特征研究

利用RHtest软件结合台站元数据对广州1908—2019年平均气温进行非均一性检验和订正,结果显示在1912、1928、1942、1988、1995、2004和2010年有7个显著的非均一间断点,订正后升温速率为1.39℃/(100 a),较订正前显著增加,具有准50 a和准3 a的显著周期。运用DB16正交小波分析其多时间尺度变化特征,结果显示方差贡献最大的是趋势分量,其次是准3 a和准6 a周期分量。趋势分量从20世纪40年代开始呈现持续的升温趋势;20世纪80年代中期至20世纪末的快速增暖是准50 a和准20 a周期分量的上升期叠加于趋势分量的结果;1998—2014年增暖停滞特征是准50 a、准20 a和准10 a这3个年代际周期分量的降温位相叠加在趋势分量上引起的。     

近50年来湛江、韶关气候变化的小波分析

利用MHAT小波函数分析了湛江和韶关两地近50年平均气温和年降水量多时间尺度的演变特征,并对其气候突变进行了初步分析。结果表明,湛江气温变化包含了16年、4年和2年的振荡周期,其降水具有11年、4年的周期变化特征;而韶关的温度序列只具有5年、3年的高频振荡周期,降水变化则包含了11年、7年、4.5年的周期振荡。经气候突变的分析检验,湛江、韶关的气温及降水在不同时间尺度下具有不同的突变点。     

Review on the Data Application and Climate Variability in China for Various Timescales

 Temperature and precipitation are two main variables in climate changes. Spatial-temporal resolutions of temperature and precipitation, and recent studies on climate variability in China are summarized and discussed in this review. Recent 100-year datasets are used to reveal quasi-20-year and quasi-70-year oscillations in eastern China, as well as precipitation pattern shift in China. An oscillation with the timescale of 70-80 years is introduced in eastern China, derived from 500-year and 1000-year proxy and observation records. Finally, it is noted that more research achievements on climate change in China depend upon developing or reconstructing long-term series, studying in regularity and mechanism, as well as upon prediction and service etc.     

中国气候变化研究中不同时间尺度资料的应用与研究

Temperature and precipitation are two main variables in climate changes.Spatial-temporal resolutions of temperature and precipitation,and recent studies on climate variability in China are summarized and discussed in this review.Recent 100-year datasets are used to reveal quasi-20-year and quasi-70-year oscillations in eastern China,as well as precipitation pattern shift in China.An oscillation with the timescale of 70-80 years is introduced in eastern China.derived from 500-year and 1000-year proxy and observation records.Finally,it is noted that more research achievements on climate change in China depend upon developing or reconstructing long term series,studying in regularity and mechanism,as well as upon prediction and service etc.     

哈萨克斯坦北部伊希姆河径流对气候变化和人类活动的响应

基于1933-2016年哈萨克斯坦北部伊希姆河彼得罗巴甫洛斯克水文站流量观测数据以及流域内格点气象数据，利用线性趋势法、Mann-Kendall检验、相关普查法和累积量斜率变化率比较法等方法，探讨了气候变化背景下伊希姆河流量变化及其主要驱动因子。结果显示:（1）伊希姆河流域近84年来气温和降水呈上升趋势，且在20世纪70年代后增加趋势更为明显。（2）伊希姆河流量年内分布不均，年际流量变化总体呈下降趋势，但趋势不明显。（3）伊希姆河流量受流域内降水和气温共同影响，其中降水与流量相关性最大，且降水的变化对流量补给具有滞后性，6-9月气温对同时期流量影响较大。（4）T1时段（1969-1996年）和T2时段（1997-2016年）与T时段（1933-1968年）相比，气候变化对流量减少的贡献率分别为16.09%和44.83%，而人类活动对流量减少的贡献率为83.91%和55.17%。流域内水资源的开发及利用、人口数量和土地利用方式的变化等人类活动因素在很大程度上影响了伊希姆河流量。     

天山新疆段植被物候特征及其气候响应

基于MODIS的MCD12Q2数据,采用趋势分析和相关性分析方法,结合遥感降水和气温数据产品,探求了天山新疆段2001—2014年植被物候的时空变化及其影响因素的相对作用。天山新疆段植被物候始期呈明显的垂直地带性分布特征,集中于3月10日至5月15日,全区14年平均值为3月20日;植被物候末期具有纬度地带性分布特征,集中于10月1日至10月25日。天山新疆段植被物候始期在山区呈不显著推迟趋势,绿洲和平原呈不显著提前趋势;植被物候末期主要呈不显著提前趋势;降水量和气温是影响天山植被物候期的重要因素。物候始期受当年春季气温的影响最为显著,也受到前一年冬季降水量的影响,其与降水量呈正相关,与气温呈负相关。夏季和秋季降水量是天山新疆段植被物候末期的主要影响因素。     

广宗县气候变化及其农业种植结构调整对策

通过对河北省广宗县 1972～ 2 0 0 2年逐年温度、降水、日照资料的分析 ,总结出了其气候变化特点 :2 0世纪70年代气温比较稳定 ,降水呈减少、日照呈增加趋势 ;80年代 ,气温变化比较平稳 ,降水呈增多趋势 ,日照呈减少趋势 ;90年代以来 ,气温升高 ,降水减少 ,日照增加的趋势很明显。分析广宗县现有农业种植结构现状和存在的问题 ,提出充分利用气候资源 ,发展节水农业、改良土壤、防风固沙、发展特色农业等调整对策。     

中国气候变化研究中不同时间尺度资料的应用与研究

温度和降水是反映气候变化的两个主要变量。因此,针对这两个变量序列的时空分辨率和已揭示的气候变率,以及需要进一步研究的方向作了初步的归纳与讨论。用近一个世纪的温度、降水资料揭示,中国东部地区存在着准20 a和准70 a的振荡以及中国降水气候型的漂移;用近五百年和近千年的代用序列并结合器测资料,揭示了我国东部地区存在着70～80 a的振荡。文章最后指出,我国气候变化研究在资料开发、规律与机理研究、预测与服务等方面有待进一步提高。     

1921～2010年天津气温和降水量序列的多尺度分析

基于集成经验模态分解(EEMD)方法,对1921~2010年天津年平均气温和降水量序列进行了多尺度分析。并结合功率谱对年平均气温和年降水量及其本征模态函数(IMF)分量进行周期分析。结果表明:天津年平均气温的变化主要是由第1、第2本征模态分量和趋势项构成,即准5 a和2~3 a的振荡与"先降后升"的长期趋势变化起主要作用。而第4、第5本征模态分量则反映出天津近90年来气温年代际尺度的冷暖变化,它们对1920年代至1940年代的暖期以及1950年代至1970年代的冷期有重要贡献。降水量的变化主要由第1、第2本征模态分量构成,即4.5 a、准9 a和2~3 a的振荡起主要作用。与气温序列相比,降水序列中年代际尺度的变化和长期趋势的贡献明显要小得多,但也反映了1980年代以后降水减少的趋势。     

广西近百年气温和降水序列的多时间尺度分析

对广西近百年平均气温及降水量变化进行了多时间尺度的层次结构研究,并与Nino3区的海温距平进行奇异交叉谱分析。结果表明：平均气温有较强上升趋势并伴有明显的准两年周期振荡;降水则呈下降趋势,主要周期为32 a左右及准两年振荡。1884至1910年代初,广西处于干冷期;1910年代初至1930年前后,处于湿冷期;1930年前后至1950年代后期,处于湿暖期;1950年代后期至1990年代前期,处于干暖期。ENSO事件3~7 a的周期对广西平均气温及降水影响显著,赤道太平洋海温变化对广西气温的影响主要表现在年代际变化上,对降水的影响主要体现在年际变化上。     

Trends and periodicity of daily temperature and precipitation extremes during 1960–2013 in Hunan Province,central south China

In this study, the trends and periodicity in climate extremes are examined in Hunan Province over the period 1960–2013 on the basis of 27 extreme climate indices calculated from daily temperature and precipitation records at 89 meteorological stations. The results show that in the whole province, temperature extremes exhibit a warming trend with more than 50% stations being statistically significant for 7 out of 16 temperature indices, and the nighttime temperature increases faster than the daytime temperature at the annual scale. The changes in most extreme temperature indices show strongly coherent spatial patterns. Moreover, the change rates of almost all temperature indices in north Hunan are greater than those of other regions. However, the statistically significant changes in indices of extreme precipitation are observed at fewer stations than in extreme temperature indices, forming less spatially coherent patterns. Positive trends in indices of extreme precipitation show that the amount and intensity of extreme precipitation events are generally increasing in both annual and seasonal scales, whereas the significant downward trend in consecutive wet days indicates that the precipitation becomes more even over the study period. Analysis of changes in probability distributions of extreme indices for 1960–1986 and 1987–2013 also demonstrates a remarkable shift toward warmer condition and increasing tendency in the amount and intensity of extreme precipitation during the past decades. The variations in extreme climate indices exhibit inconstant frequencies in the wavelet power spectrum. Among the 16 temperature indices, 2 of them show significant 1-year periodic oscillation and 7 of them exhibit significant 4-year cycle during some certain periods. However, significant periodic oscillations can be found in all of the precipitation indices. Wet-day precipitation and three absolute precipitation indices show significant 1-year cycle and other seven provide significant power at the 4-year period, which are mainly found during 1970–1980 and after 1992.     

Contributions of individual variation in temperature, solar radiation and precipitation to crop yield in the North China Plain, 1961–2003

An understanding of the relative impacts of the changes in climate variables on crop yield can help develop effective adaptation strategies to cope with climate change. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the interannual variability and trends in temperature, solar radiation and precipitation during 1961–2003 on wheat and maize yields in a double cropping system at Beijing and Zhengzhou in the North China Plain (NCP), and to examine the relative contributions of each climate variable in isolation. 129 climate scenarios consisting of all the combinations of these climate variables were constructed. Each scenario contained 43 years of observed values of one variable, combined with values of the other two variables from each individual year repeated 43 times. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) was used to simulate crop yields using the ensemble of generated climate scenarios. The results showed that the warming trend during the study period did not have significant impact on wheat yield potential at both sites, and only had significant negative impact on maize yield potential at Beijing. This is in contrast with previous results on effect of warming. The decreasing trend in solar radiation had a much greater impact on simulated yields of both wheat and maize crops, causing a significant reduction in potential yield of wheat and maize at Beijing. Although decreasing trends in rainfed yield of both simulated wheat and maize were found, the substantial interannual variability of precipitation made the trends less prominent.     

我国西北地区气候变化与北极涛动的交叉小波分析

运用交叉小波方法分析了近56 a来我国西北地区气候变化与北极涛动指数（AOI）、欧亚纬向环流指数之间的联系,讨论了西北地区冬季气温和夏季降水变化与同期AOI之间的多时间尺度相关。结果表明,AOI、西北地区降水和气温变化都存在着不同尺度的周期振荡,西北地区降水与AOI之间存在准3 a尺度的显著共振周期,而AOI与西北地区气温变化的多时间尺度相关表现为准2a、3-5 a和8-11 a左右的显著相关振荡且以8-11 a共振周期的凝聚性最强;AO对西北地区气温变化的影响比对降水的影响更显著,与其年代际尺度的相互作用有关。当冬季北极涛动处于正相位时,欧亚纬向环流偏强,西北地区冬季气温偏高。夏季西北地区降水变化与前期北极涛动指数异常密切相关,这对于西北地区夏季降水变化预测具有重要的参考意义。     

临安市近50年降水量变化特征分析

利用临安1959—2008年50年降水资料,对临安降水量进行统计分析。结果表明:临安20世纪60年代和21世纪初期年降水量有明显减少趋势,20世纪80、90年代降水量增加趋势明显;临安降水量年内变化大,降水量月分配不均匀,全年降水量主要集中在汛期5—9月,降水最多的月份为6月;临安的降水有丰枯交替变化的规律,降水量出现了42年左右的变化周期。并对临安年、季、汛期进行线性趋势分析,分析表明:临安年、夏季和冬季降水量有增加趋势,其中夏季增加趋势最明显;春季、秋季和汛期降水量有减少趋势,其中秋季减少趋势最明显。