日本短期数值预报、绍兴MOS预报、预报员综合预报的检验分析

通过对日本短期数值产品、ＭＯＳ和预报员对２００１年绍兴市降水和温度预报效果的检验、对比和分析，从中得到一些启示，对做好短期天气预报工作有一定的参考作用。     

日本细网格模式物理量预报产品在宜晶市初夏降水预报中的应用

针对宜昌市初夏短期降水预报的需要，在分析结降水前日本细网格模式物理量预报场分布特征的基础上，选取关键区及相关指标，配其它预报工具，建立地初夏降水预报方法。     

数值预报产品在短期降水分级预报中的应用

和１９９４、９５年７－８月Ｔ６３数值预报产品，结合日本ＦＳＦＥ０２、０３资料，研制出东营市各站汛期短期降水分级ＭＯＳ预报系统。     

卡尔曼滤波方法预报因子的选择

利用ECMWF格点资料，设计了5种不同的预报因子选择方案，运用卡尔曼滤波方法制作1999年11月－2000年2月逐日14时温度预报，通过考察准确率，均方差，平均绝对误差，确定了最优因子选择方案。     

高分辨率有限区务数值预报模式及降水预报试验

该文介绍了国家气象中心在原业务有限区模式基础上开发的一个新的高分辨率有限区模式，该模式除分辨率提高外，其主要改进表现在：１．增加了地面土壤过程，地面辐射过程，地面摩擦及边界层垂直湍流输送；２．积云对流参数化方案改用质量通量方案取代了原来的Ｋｕｏ方案。文章还对模式的准业务运行结果作了较全面地评述。     

气候集成预报的初步探讨

将气候集成预报的ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏｓ模拟方法应用到带有门限的海气耦合随机动力模式中。利用相空间概念确定报误差,对不同相变量初值随机扰动的概率密度分布函数以及ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ模拟的集成样本数进行了最佳选择试验。     

FY-2C云迹风资料同化应用对台风预报的影响试验研究

针对0505号台风“海棠”, 采用WRF区域中尺度模式进行控制试验和两个同化试验, 利用WRF-3DVAR同化系统同化FY-2C红外和水汽两个通道云迹风反演产品, 同化分云迹风经质量控制和未经质量控制两组同化试验。通过三组试验分析云迹风资料对降水和风场等的预报结果的影响, 并进行24小时降水量分级Ts评分检验以及风场点对点检验。结果表明: 同化经质量控制云迹风资料可以提高降水落区和强度预报的准确度, 不同等级的Ts评分较其它试验都有较明显改进; 风场预报模拟也有所改善。增加两例台风, 使用与“海棠” 相似的处理方法进行模拟试验, 并对模拟结果24小时降水分析与检验, 得到与“海棠”类似结论。因此, 经过合理性选择的云迹风资料的加入, 有利于补充初始场中可能未包含的中尺度信息, 从而提高试验中对于降水、风场等的模拟效果, 提高WRF模式的模拟预报能力。     

一个诊断非平坦地形上边界层风的数值模式

根据半地转大气边界层模式，由大尺度数值模式并考虑了下垫面地形及粗糙度的水平非均匀性及大尺度气压场的时空变化，给出了一个诊断边界层风的数值模式。对低纬度运用塔层风模式进行诊断。诊断结果与实测资料比较，风向风速均达到了一定的精确度。     

高精度高空风预报技术探讨

针对航天气象保障中高分辨率高空风的预报需求，利用欧洲数值预报、GRAPESGFS、导航探空数据，通过WRF模式直接输出、高空风模式产品融合、动力统计订正等方法实现了20 km以下逐250 m的高空风短期预报，并选择2019年11月—2020年3月进行试验，结果表明：U风预报好于V风；5～14 km高空风预报效果好于其它层次；在模式产品融合基础上进行的动力统计订正，预报效果最好，对于同层U、V风，4 m/s偏差内预报准确率为77.4%,6 m/s偏差内预报准确率为93.2%。     

A Composite Approach of Radar Echo Extrapolation Based on TREC Vectors in Combination with Model-Predicted Winds

Extending the lead time of precipitation nowcasts is vital to improvements in heavy rainfall warning, flood mitigation, and water resource management. Because the TREC vector (tracking radar echo by correlation) represents only the instantaneous trend of precipitation echo motion, the approach using derived echo motion vectors to extrapolate radar reflectivity as a rainfall forecast is not satisfactory if the lead time is beyond 30 minutes. For longer lead times, the effect of ambient winds on echo movement should be considered. In this paper, an extrapolation algorithm that extends forecast lead times up to 3 hours was developed to blend TREC vectors with model-predicted winds. The TREC vectors were derived from radar reflectivity patterns in 3 km height CAPPI (constant altitude plan position indicator) mosaics through a cross-correlation technique. The background steering winds were provided by predictions of the rapid update assimilation model CHAF (cycle of hourly assimilation and forecast). A similarity index was designed to determine the vertical level at which model winds were applied in the extrapolation process, which occurs via a comparison between model winds and radar vectors. Based on a summer rainfall case study, it is found that the new algorithm provides a better forecast.     

南海热带气旋大风的遗传－神经网络集合预报

利用1980-2012年的南海热带气旋实况资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,将热带气旋定位中心周边6×6格点上的地面风速作为预报对象,以气候持续预报因子和前期风速预报因子作为模型输入,采用遗传—神经网络集合预报方法,进行热带气旋定位中心周边36个格点上的风速预报模型的预报建模研究.分别对2008-2012年7-9月共368个独立预报样本进行遗传-神经网络集合方法的分月预报结果表明,南海热带气旋中心周边风速24h的预报平均绝对误差为2.35m.s-1.另外,本文还进一步将该预报方法与国内外普遍采用的逐步回归预报模型进行对比分析,在相同的预报量和预报因子的条件下的对比分析表明,新预报模型对≥10m.s-1的强风预报结果较逐步回归方法的优势明显,预报性能较好,可为沿海热带气旋大风预报提供新的参考.     

NUMERICAL MODELING STUDY OF EFFECTS OF EASTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL ON ENSO

In this study, sensitivity experiments were conducted with the Zebiak-Cane ocean-atmosphere coupled model forced by the wind stress anomaly from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data to study the impacts of eastern Pacific warm pool on the formation and development of ENSO events. The effects of climatological mean sea surface temperature of the warm pool on forecast skill during the ENSO events of 1982–1999 are more considerable that those of climatological mean meridional winds and ocean currents. The forecast skill for the 1997/1998 El Ni?o event is characterized by sensitivity to climatological mean sea surface temperature and anomalies of northerly winds and currents. The forecast skill is found insensitive to climatological mean northerly meridional winds and currents.     

ECMWF产品在东亚中纬度地区预报精度检验

利用求预报场与实况场绝对误差和相关系数，对ECMWF资料进行预报精度检验，结果表明：500hPa高度，850hPa温度和相对湿度，海平面气压等4个物理量场预报较好；850hPa相对湿度预报比700hPa的误差小；东西风预报比南北风预报好；绝对误差值随预报时效延长而增大，相关系数则随预报时效延长而减小。     

Improved tropical cyclone forecasts over north Indian Ocean with direct assimilation of AMSU-A radiances

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model and its three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3D-Var) system are used to investigate the impact of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) radiances on the prediction of Indian Ocean tropical cyclones. Three tropical cyclones are selected for this study: cyclone Mala (April 2006; Bay of Bengal), cyclone Gonu (June 2007; Arabian Sea), and cyclone Sidr (November 2007; Bay of Bengal). For each case, observing system experiments are designed, by producing two sets of analyses from which forecasts are initialized. Both sets of analyses contain all conventional and satellite observations operationally used, including, but not limited to, Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) surface winds, Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) surface winds, Meteosat-derived atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs), and differ only in the exclusion (CNT) or inclusion (EXP) of AMSU-A radiances. Results show that the assimilation of AMSU-A radiances changes the large-scale thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere, and also produce a stronger warm core. These changes cause large forecast track improvements. In particular, without AMSU-A assimilation, most forecasts do not produce landfall. On the contrary, the forecasts initialized from improved EXP analyses in which AMSU-A data are included produce realistic landfall. In addition, intensity forecast is also improved. Even if the analyzed cyclone intensity is not affected by the assimilation of AMSU-A radiances, the predicted intensity improves substantially because of the development of warm cores which, through creation of stronger gradients, helps the model in producing intense low centre pressure.     

The impact of the assimilation of scatterometer winds on surface wind and wave forecasts

Recent work has demonstrated that surface marine winds from the Bureau of Meteorology's operational Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) systems are typically underestimated by 5 to 10%. This is likely to cause significant bias in modelled wave fields that are forced by these winds. A simple statistical adjustment of the wind components is shown to reduce the observed bias in Significant Wave Height considerably. The impact of increasing the vertical resolution of the NWP model and assimilating scatterometer data into the model is assessed by comparing the resulting forecast wind and waves to observations. It is found that, in general, the inclusion of scatterometer observations improves the accuracy of the surface wind forecasts. However, most of the improvement is shown to arise from the increased number of vertical levels in the atmospheric model, rather than directly from the use of the observations. When the wave model is forced with surface winds from the NWP model that includes scatterometer data, it is found that the scatterometer assimilation does not reduce the systematic bias in surface wave forecasts, but that the random errors are reduced.     

Wind Forcing of Ice Cover in the Labrador Shelf Marginal Ice Zone

Abstract

Anemometer‐measured winds for the period 5–13 March 1994 were used to study the coherence of observed and forecast coastal winds along the mid‐Labrador shelf. The reliability of these variables in predicting the response of the ocean and ice to wind forcing is an important issue for ice forecasting in this area. Two anemometer‐equipped 2‐m ice beacons were deployed on pack ice north of Wolf Island and a third beacon was deployed on Grady Island. The results indicate that due to the influence of local topography, 10‐m winds observed at the meteorological station in Cartwright, Labrador provide a poor estimate (r² = 0.2) of wind conditions over the offshore sea‐ice. In contrast, the σ = 1 level (～10 m) winds from the Canadian Meteorological Centre's Regional Finite Element (RFE) model provided a better correlation with anemometer beacon winds (0.90 for the 6‐hour forecast down to 0.45 at 36 hours). However, the RFE model overestimates the magnitude of the winds by 10–40%.

The response of the ocean and ice cover to wind forcing was measured by an ocean bottom‐mounted acoustic Doppler current proþler (ADCP). Relative to the 2‐m beacon winds, the ice moved at 2.5% of wind magnitude and turned 0.6° to the left of the wind. The ocean response decreased with depth until it reached a constant value of 0.9% of the wind speed. The turning angle increased from 0.3° to the right of the wind at 3.5 m to 50° at the lowest level measured by the ADCP (73 m depth). Approximately 57% of the variance in the ocean currents at 3 m below the surface can be attributed to the 2‐m winds; at 73 m the explained variance decreases to 27%.