强对流天气短时临近预报业务技术进展与挑战

强对流天气短时临近预报业务是国家防灾减灾、重大社会活动和精细化天气预报的迫切需要。虽然我国强对流天气短时临近预报业务已经取得了巨大进展,但与国外先进水平相比还有不少差距。本文总结了近年国内外强对流天气短时临近预报业务现状、技术进展、目前国内的技术支撑状况和所面临的挑战,并提出了相应的应对措施。目前强对流天气短时临近预报技术仍然主要是外推预报技术、数值预报技术和概念模型预报技术等,但快速更新循环的高时空分辨率数值模式预报和新一代静止气象卫星资料将在强对流天气短时临近预报中发挥重要作用。强对流天气监测、分析和机理研究是强对流天气短时临近预报的重要基础;先进的外推预报方法同快速更新循环的高时空分辨率数值模式预报以及二者的融合是未来强对流天气短时临近预报的重要发展方向。     

《浙江智能网格强对流天气短临预报预警技术应用》

正该书内容主要涵盖三个方面,一是结合最新收集整理的资料,对浙江省强对流天气的气候特征、天气背景、大气环流分型、突发强对流天气的物理机制做了进一步分析和研究,并将一系列强对流天气分类监测和预报预警的对流关键参数特征、环境指标的研究结果进行了总结和梳理;二是详述了近年来浙江省利用多源资料融合等技术在分类强对流天气短时临近监测及预报预警技术方面的研究成果,     

雷暴与强对流临近天气预报技术进展

临近预报指0—6h(0—2h为重点)的高时空分辨率的天气预报,预报对象是该时段内出现明显变化的天气现象,主要包括雷暴、强对流、降水、冬季暴风雪、冻雨、沙尘暴、低能见度(雾)、天空云量等,其中,以雷暴和强对流天气的临近预报最具挑战性。综述了针对雷暴和强对流天气的以主观预报为主、结合客观算法的临近预报技术,同时讨论了高分辨率数值预报模式在临近预报中的应用。主观临近预报技术包括基于多普勒天气雷达观测数据并结合其他资料(常规高空和地面观测、气象卫星云图、快速同化循环的数值预报产品等)对雷暴生成、发展和衰减,特别是对强对流天气(包括强冰雹、龙卷、雷暴大风和对流性暴雨)的临近预报,客观算法包括几种应用最广的雷达回波或云图外推算法和强对流天气识别技术。高分辨率数值预报模式的应用包括与雷达回波外推融合延长临近预报时效,与各种观测资料融合得到快速更新的三维格点资料为雷暴和强对流近风暴环境的判断提供重要参考。     

云南高原山地机场强对流短临预报系统研究

基于天气雷达、地面和探空观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、FNL 数值预报产品,应用强对流天气分类识别技术和短时临近预报技术,开展风暴临近预报、强对流天气分类预警、基于数值预报的强风暴潜势诊断等研究,获得大理、丽江、西双版纳等高原山地机场及周边区域强降水、雷暴、大风、冰雹等灾害性天气的0～2h实时定量预报产品和0～12h强对流天气潜势预报产品,建立可业务运行的机场强对流天气短时临近预报系统。通过检验,证明该预报系统有较好的强对流天气预报预警能力,满足机场业务需求。     

基于数值模式和多普勒雷达的强对流天气预报技术

基于数值预报模式MM5,结合不稳定指标和能量指标的诊断结果,得到短时潜势预警指标,进行强对流天气0~12 h的短时预报;利用多普勒雷达信息产品提供的强对流天气风暴追踪信息,提取回波的移向和移速信息,进行强对流天气0~1 h的临近预报;均用一个强对流天气过程,来具体说明短时潜势预报和临近预报状况及其与实际情况的对比;应用短时潜势预报技术对近年来强对流天气过程进行了试用。结果表明,上述方法对强对流天气的短时预报、临近预报技术有一定的预报价值。     

国家级中尺度天气分析业务技术进展Ⅱ：对流天气中尺度过程分析规范和支撑技术

中尺度天气分析技术在对流性天气的短期预报业务中发挥了重要作用。文章介绍了国家气象中心正在发展和试运行的对流天气中尺度过程分析规范和支撑技术,旨在为中尺度对流天气的短时临近分析和预报提供技术方法,其客观技术支撑为中国气象局强对流短临预报系统SWAN、强对流天气综合监测技术和自动站资料快速客观分析技术等。文章以2011年4月17日强对流过程为例,介绍了如何利用多源观测资料(常规和非常规资料)快速识别和掌握强对流天气(短时强降水、雷暴大风、冰雹、龙卷等)实况,分析当前对流系统类型及其结构特征,判断未来影响对流系统发生、发展的中尺度环境条件,并综合考虑客观自动外推算法产品,最终指导预报员对未来0～6 h内的强对流天气影响区域进行短临预报预警。业务试验表明,对流天气中尺度过程分析技术可为强对流天气短临预报业务提供重要参考和依据。     

国家级强对流天气综合业务支撑体系建设

国家级强对流天气预报业务正在从以短期预报为主调整到短期和短时预报并重的业务格局。文章从强对流天气预报技术发展与服务需求的角度,重点介绍了国家级强对流天气综合业务支撑平台及其核心技术。该平台以气象数据组织和图形化表达两个核心要求为牵引,发展了数据分析处理系统、自动气象绘图系统和WEB检索与显示系统。数据分析处理系统基于多源观测资料、中尺度数值预报和全球数值预报,发展了集约、高效的强对流天气监测和临近预报、短时预报和短期预报等数据分析处理技术,是整个平台的核心;主要核心技术包括:从不稳定与能量、水汽、抬升与垂直风切变等条件出发,以归纳总结的分类强对流天气概念模型为基础的分类强对流短期预报分析技术;应用"配料法"发展的分类分等级的强对流天气客观概率预报技术;强对流短时预报技术包括高分辨率数值预报释用、多模式预报集成、对流尺度分析、实况和模式探空分析等多项技术,重点实现了从过去3 h实况到未来12 h预报的无缝隙衔接;强对流的监测和临近预报技术在基于多源资料的强对流天气实况与强对流系统监测技术基础上,发展了基于雷达特征量、强对流实况、各类强对流指数和预警信号等多源信息的报警技术。自动气象绘图系统实现了高效、便捷地接入多种数据、自动进行数据分析和制图等多项功能。在预报服务方面,基于WebGIS发展了县级分类强对流预警信号和国家级分类强对流预警预报产品共享技术,实现强对流短时预报业务的高交互性与上下互通的功能。     

强对流天气监测预报预警技术进展

强对流天气预报业务包括监测、分析、预报、预警和检验等方面。对流初生识别、对流系统强度识别和对流天气类型识别等监测技术取得新进展,综合多源资料的监测技术已应用于中国气象局中央气象台业务。对流系统的触发、发展和维持机制等获得了新认识,我国不同类型强对流天气及其环境条件统计气候特征、分析规范及相应业务产品等为业务预报提供了必要基础和技术支撑。光流法、多尺度追踪技术以及应用模糊逻辑方法的临近预报技术等有明显进展,融合短时预报技术得到广泛应用,对流可分辨高分辨率数值 (集合) 预报及其后处理产品预报试验取得了显著成效,基于数值 (集合) 预报应用模糊逻辑方法的分类强对流天气短期预报技术为业务预报提供了技术支撑。强对流天气综合监测和多尺度自适应临近预报技术、多尺度分析技术以及融合短时预报技术、发展并应用模糊逻辑等方法的、基于高分辨率数值 (集合) 模式的区分不同强度等级和极端性的分类强对流天气精细化 (概率) 预报技术等是未来发展的主要方向。     

一次龙卷风大气过程分析

本文利用2008年5月23日700 hPa高空图、19:00 FY2C红外图象以及雷达观测资料,对一次陆地龙卷天气过程进行分析,揭示了龙卷风强对流天气发生的主要原因,对冰雹、龙卷等强对流天气的临近预报有指导意义.     

广州地区强对流天气的统计特征和分类特征

本文应用广州中心气象台1984—1986年"强对流天气监测与临近预报试验"资料,分析讨论连续数日发生强对流天气的条件概率及其发生范围,指出广州地区的强对流天气灾害主要是2—3天的系统性天气过程引起的。同时在前一天有无强对流天气的发生,对当天发生强对流天气与否的概率有显著不同。文章还以对流层水平风的垂直切变为标准将强对流天气分为二类四型,并逐型分析其发生的天气背景、稳定度指标、强对流天气发生频率的月际变化和日变化,指出各型强对流天气的卫星云图特征,为强对流天气的临近预报提供思路和方法。      

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Our Warmest Thanks to AAS Reviewers 2014

正The editorial office of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS),on behalf of all AAS editors,would like to publicly acknowledge the people listed below who served as reviewers for the journal daring 1 September 2013 to 24 August 2014.We recognize that the time and work of the reviewers is the most important resource in academic publishing.The quality of our journal depends in a crucial way upon the reviewing process and therefore all reviewers'time and efforts taken to sustain the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.     

Data selection using support vector regression

Geophysical data sets are growing at an ever-increasing rate, requiring computationally efficient data selection(thinning)methods to preserve essential information. Satellites, such as Wind Sat, provide large data sets for assessing the accuracy and computational efficiency of data selection techniques. A new data thinning technique, based on support vector regression(SVR), is developed and tested. To manage large on-line satellite data streams, observations from Wind Sat are formed into subsets by Voronoi tessellation and then each is thinned by SVR(TSVR). Three experiments are performed. The first confirms the viability of TSVR for a relatively small sample, comparing it to several commonly used data thinning methods(random selection, averaging and Barnes filtering), producing a 10% thinning rate(90% data reduction), low mean absolute errors(MAE) and large correlations with the original data. A second experiment, using a larger dataset, shows TSVR retrievals with MAE < 1 m s-1and correlations 0.98. TSVR was an order of magnitude faster than the commonly used thinning methods. A third experiment applies a two-stage pipeline to TSVR, to accommodate online data. The pipeline subsets reconstruct the wind field with the same accuracy as the second experiment, is an order of magnitude faster than the nonpipeline TSVR. Therefore, pipeline TSVR is two orders of magnitude faster than commonly used thinning methods that ingest the entire data set. This study demonstrates that TSVR pipeline thinning is an accurate and computationally efficient alternative to commonly used data selection techniques.