“2010.5.22～23”广东强对流过程综合分析

利用常规探空和地面观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、雷达回波等资料,分析了 2010年5月22～ 23日广东强对流暴雨过程的特征,并探讨了此次强对流暴雨产生的成因及落区.结果表明:此次天气过程是在高空槽、中层切变、地面冷空气及地面辐合线共同配合下产生的;分析还表明,在强对流发生前,k指数等5类探空指数对强对流发生发展有较好...     

大气红外探测器(AIRS)温、湿廓线反演产品及边界层高度在黄土高原的验证

利用黄土高原地区加强观测期探空资料和大气红外探测器(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder,AIRS)反演的温度、相对湿度廓线资料,评估了AIRS反演产品在黄土高原的适用性,以及利用AIRS温度廓线计算边界层高度的可行性。结果表明,各种边界层高度计算方法相关性显著,平均高度差异一般不超过200 m;Richardson数临界值的选取对确定边界层高度的影响不大。AIRS反演的大气温度和相对湿度均能很好地反映环境温湿的变化;温度平均偏差在±1 K以内,均方根误差一般不超过2 K;AIRS反演的地面气温误差相对较大,平均偏差和均方根误差分别为-1.68 K和3.32 K,并且会影响边界层高度的确定;AIRS相对湿度平均偏差在±10%以内,均方根误差不超过20%。利用Parcel法估计的边界层高度结果显示,根据AIRS反演的温度廓线确定的AIRS边界层高度低于利用探空观测资料确定的边界层高度,但能较好地再现边界层高度的变化,在没有探空数据时,可以用AIRS反演的温度廓线确定边界层高度。     

NCEP再分析资料在强对流环境分析中的应用

为考察NCEP再分析资料在我国强对流天气产生环境分析中的适用性,选取2002—2009年多普勒天气雷达识别的60例超级单体风暴个例,对比分析常规探空资料和NCEP再分析资料提取的温、湿、风垂直廓线,结果表明:NCEP再分析资料计算的对流有效位能因对抬升气团湿度敏感而与观测间差异较大,宜用K指数、温度直减率分析大气层结稳定度;因对流层中高层风与探空差异不大,其中500~700 hPa的风与探空近乎一致,因此NCEP再分析资料计算的深层、中层风垂直切变参量可靠性较高;NCEP再分析资料水汽参数与探空资料差异大,特别是在大气边界层,需用观测资料订正;边界层物理量,特别是风向与探空差异显著,因此不宜用NCEP再分析资料讨论雷暴触发问题;平均而言,NCEP再分析资料湿度廓线低层偏干而中层偏湿,925 hPa以上风速偏小,降低了强对流发生概率。     

利用AIRS卫星资料反演大气廓线Ⅰ.特征向量统计反演法

引进美国威斯康星大学的IMAPP（International MODIS／AIRS Preprocessing Package）软件包，介绍了利用高光谱分辨率大气红外探测器AIRS（Atmospheric Infrared Sounder）观测辐射值，用特征向量统计法反演大气温度、湿度等垂直廓线的算法，采用亮度温度分类和扫描角分类回归后，减小了反演误差。并将其应用到中国地区，通过与无线电探空值及欧洲中期天气预报中心ECMWF（European Center of Medium-range Weather Forecasts）客观分析场的比较，结果表明：该方法所获得的温度、水汽反演结果与探空观测及ECMWF大气廓线分布一致，且AIRS因其高光谱分辨率（即高垂直空间分辨率）显示了精细的大气结构。     

NCEP再分析资料与江西强对流探空资料对比检验分析

选取2000—2016年江西省南昌、赣州两站及其附近半径为50 km范围内的强对流天气过程个例,对比分析常规探空资料和NCEP再分析资料提取的温、湿、风垂直廓线及其输出量,检验NCEP再分析资料在江西省强对流天气分析的适用性。结果表明:1)NCEP再分析资料与探空资料温度差异非常小,500 hPa高度层以下露点误差也在1℃以内,而500 hPa高度层以上随着高度增加误差也明显的增大。基于温湿计算的大气能量物理量CAPE值可靠性较低,而基于中低层温湿条件计算的K指数和Δt_(850-500)参考性较高。2)NCEP再分析资料与探空资料的垂直风速切变基本在1 m/s之内,越往高层垂直风切变越小,差值在0.4 m/s以下。两种资料计算的高低层风垂直切变均拟合的非常好。3)NCEP再分析资料显示低层偏干而中层略偏湿,低层偏干使CAPE偏小,中层偏湿不利于产生雷暴大风、冰雹等强对流天气,降低了灾害性强对流天气产生的概率。边界层风场预报偏弱也会弱化强对流辐合触发的条件的分析。总体来说,两种资料的基本物理量以及一些输出量偏差较小,可用于江西省强对流天气的分析。     

用探空资料检验中尺度数值模式对强对流天气的诊断分析能力

提高对流天气临近预报准确率的关键问题之一是了解大气的垂直稳定度和垂直风切变。中尺度数值模式产品提供了高时空分辨率的大气稳定度和垂直风切变信息，需要首先检验其精度才能进一步考虑其在对流天气预报中的应用。利用北京加密探空资料检验北京市气象局3km分辨率的MM5模式结果，对强对流天气的背景参数包括温湿风垂直廓线、对流有效位能CAPE和垂直风切变进行模式分析和预报与探空对比检验。结果表明：模式模拟的各种大气廓线中，风廓线和温度廓线都具有一定的参考价值，与实况有较好的一致性，但在廓线出现转折的地方，如：逆温层和风向转折时，模式预报较差。露点（湿度）廓线的预报误差较大，不能反映出真实水汽场的分布。因此，模式预报的深层（地面至500hPa）垂直风切变与探空具有较好的一致性，而模式给出的对流有效位能CAPE由于露点预报结果不理想，其值与实际偏差较大。因此模式输出的对流有效位能CAPE必须经过适当订正才能用于诊断强对流天气发生的可能性。     

AIRS晴空大气温度廓线反演试验

2002年5月发射的Aqua是美国地球观测系统中的第2颗卫星EOS-2(Earth Observing System),它携带的大气红外探测仪AIRS(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)是目前国际上最先进的超高光谱分辨率红外大气垂直探测仪.1200的光谱分辨率和全球覆盖能力使其可以观测全球大气状态及其变化.对其超高光谱分辨率资料的处理和应用的研究既有科学意义,又有实用价值.利用AIRS实际观测资料反演大气温度,本文使用的是便于处理大数据量的统计反演方法中的特征向量法,计算回归系数使用的是AIRS观测辐射值和T213数值预报分析场.本文从通道个数、地形及地表发射率影响、增加预报因子、国外同类产品比较等4个方面进行了大气温度反演试验研究.研究结果表明:(1)在利用超高光谱分辨率仪器进行反演时,合理选择通道是非常必要的;(2)AIRS反演的大气温度在对流层顶和中上层具有较高的精度,在对流层低层,尤其是近地面反演精度不够理想;(3)增加地表温度,地表发射率和地形3个预报因子,可以提高近地面的反演精度;(4)文中反演的大气温度精度与国外同类产品精度基本一致.     

基于中尺度数值模式快速循环系统的强对流天气分类概率预报试验

在利用实况探空资料、微波辐射计和风廓线构建的特种探空资料对北京地区强对流天气进行判别,以及快速更新循环同化预报系统(BJ-RUC模式)探空资料可应用性分析的基础上,针对模式探空基本要素计算多种热力、动力、综合不稳定物理量,根据统计的强对流天气判别指标,计算模式格点上的强对流发生概率,并进一步针对冰雹(雷暴大风)和强对流短时暴雨天气下不同物理量的阈值范围,初步探索中尺度数值模式对强对流天气分类预报的可能性.通过不同组合的预报方案进行的对比分析表明,利用北京地区中尺度数值模式快速循环系统(BJ-RUC)的格点探空资料进行强对流天气概率的预报是可以实现的,强对流天气的分类概率预报也存在一定的成功率.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴过程的大气边界层特征分析

利用系留探空、近地层梯度铁塔及地面气象站观测的数据,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地一次沙尘暴天气过程前后大气稳定度、混合层高度、地面气象要素及风、温、湿廓线等大气边界层特征量进行了分析。结果表明：沙尘暴发生时大气层结变得不稳定,沙尘天气过程中大气稳定度经历了稳定一不稳定一稳定的转变;沙尘暴的发生抑制了白天混合层高度的发展,维持了夜间混合层的存在,缩小了混合层高度的日变化;沙尘暴天气是一个降温增湿的过程;沙尘暴过境前后大气层结发生了转变,边界层风、温、湿廓线都打破了原有分布 规律,影响了大气边界层结构的发展变化。     

基于指标叠套法的安徽省强对流天气潜势预警研究

对2005－2007年4-9月安徽省冰雹、雷雨大风等强对流天气日数进行统计,分析了基于探空资料计算的不稳定指标与强对流天气发生的关系。结果表明：K指数、A指数、沙氏指数和对流有效位能、归一化对流有效位能和对流抑制能量这几个指标对于强对流天气指示意义较好。基于此结果,挑选K指数、沙氏指数和对流有效位能针对不同季节划分阈值,建立强对流天气潜势预警指标,并利用中尺度模式MM5的数值预报产品计算该指标,对2005-2010年13个强对流天气过程预报结果进行对比检验表明,MM5模式给出的强对流天气潜势预警产品对大多数过程均能起到预警作用。对其中两次强对流天气过程的进一步分析表明,模式具备预报强对流发生潜势的能力,预报结果对强对流天气发生的时间、落区有预警意义。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on