低空急流的研究进展与展望

低空急流与强降水事件、空气污染、风能利用、航空安全、沙尘暴、森林火灾及其他诸多天气、气候现象存在着密切的联系,因此自发现之日起便受到人们的广泛关注。在过去的半个多世纪中,中外气象学家围绕着低空急流事件开展了大量的研究并取得了丰硕的研究成果。对这些成果进行了综合回顾,重点对低空急流的分类和定义、分布状况及结构特征,低空急流形成演变机制,低空急流与降水及其他领域的关系等三个方面的研究工作进行了总结。最后通过对比分析中外针对低空急流事件的研究历史和现状,指出了中国现有研究工作中所存在的诸如低空急流选取标准宽松、观测数据缺乏且质量控制不完善、低空急流自身特征与形成演变机制研究数量和深度有限、交叉领域研究工作匮乏等方面的问题,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

中国西南低空急流活动的统计分析

参照北美研究低空急流气候特征的方法，对中国低空急流进行重新定义，实现了低空急流定义的统一，并在此基础上对低空急流活动特征进行了分析。结果表明：中国低空急流主要有两个活动中心，分别位于江南地区和东北地区；江南地区的低空急流活动主要有两个活跃期，分别为1-4月和6-7月；东北地区的低空急流活动主要表现为2月、8-9月两个活动较弱期；江南地区的低空急流主要在6-8月表现出独立的急流轴，东北地区则主要在8月份；汛期低空急流活动与长江流域区域性暴雨有伴随性，多雨年急流次数很多，少雨年则很少；长江中下游及两湖盆地附近急流活动有明显的日变化。     

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF TYPHOON POLLY(No.9216)*

We partition the observed wind field into rotational and divergent wind fields to analyze the stream field of Typhoon Polly(No.9216),which landed on 31 August 1992 and caused severe weather and large damage in the eastern China.The results indicate that the preservation of typhoon intensity after landing and the heavy rainfall took place onthe northern periphery of typho on are due to the strong divergent winds on the regions of low level jet(LLJ) and high level jet(HLJ) around the typhoon.The direction of divergent winds in the LLJ is perpendicular to the observed wind.But,the direction of divergent winds around the HLJ axis is parallel to the observed winds.The stream function and the rotational wind corresponding to the horizontal vorticity display the vertical circulation associated with the heavy rain,which is stronger than the vertical circulation around the typhoon center.The three-dimensional trajectories exhibit the warm and moist air parcels of LLJ traveling northward into the heavy rainfall region and ascending,then turning eastward in the HLJ.     

Numerical Simulation of the Heavy Rainfall in the Yangtze-Huai River Basin during Summer 2003 Using the WRF Model

In this study, a 47-day regional climate simulation of the heavy rainfall in the Yangtze-Huai River Basin during the summer of 2003 was conducted using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. The simulation reproduces reasonably well the evolution of the rainfall during the study period’s three successive rainy phases, especially the frequent heavy rainfall events occurring in the Huai River Basin. The model captures the major rainfall peak observed by the monitoring stations in the morning. Another peak appears later than that shown by the observations. In addition, the simulation realistically captures not only the evolution of the low-level winds but also the characteristics of their diurnal variation. The strong southwesterly (low-level jet, LLJ) wind speed increases beginning in the early evening and reaches a peak in the morning; it then gradually decreases until the afternoon. The intense LLJ forms a strong convergent circulation pattern in the early morning along the Yangtze-Huai River Basin. This pattern partly explains the rainfall peak observed at this time. This study furnishes a basis for the further analysis of the mechanisms of evolution of the LLJ and for the further study of the interactions between the LLJ and rainfall.     

Climatic features of the south-westerly low-level jet over southeast china and its association with precipitation over east China

The major features of the south-westerly low-level jet (LLJ) in the lower troposphere over Southeast China and its climatic impacts are investigated by using FNL reanalysis data and observational precipitation data. Results show that LLJ mainly occurs in spring and summer and the occurrence frequency of LLJ over southeast China has significant diurnal cycle, most LLJ occur in the nighttime (0200 LST and 0800 LST). The high nocturnal occurrence frequency of LLJ is mainly resulting from increased nocturnal ageostrophic wind. Research on the climatic impacts of large-scale conditions depicts that, the occurrence of LLJ in April mainly results from the northward shifting of western pacific subtropical high (WPSH), and the occurrence of LLJ in July results from the strengthening of detouring flow around Tibetan Plateau. Analysis of the climatic effects of LLJ on precipitation distribution in 3 rainy seasons over Southeast China indicates that the rainfall events with strong intensity correspond to strong LLJs. The LLJ affects the precipitation over Southeast China by transporting water vapor and triggering upward motion. Rainfall regions well corresponds to the regions of the moisture convergence and strong upward motion triggered by LLJ. Negative wind divergence anomalies at 850 hPa and positive wind divergence anomalies at 200 hPa over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley strengthen the upward motion over this region, which are conductive to produce more precipitation over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley.     

长江流域一次大暴雨过程的低空急流形成和影响机制分析

利用WRF模式对2016年6月30日—7月6日长江流域的一次大暴雨天气过程中的低空急流进行数值模拟,在成功模拟低空急流基础上,分析此次急流过程中可能的影响机制;同时对地形高度进行敏感性试验,分析地形因素对此次低空急流可能的影响。(1)此次低空急流发生时,东侧为西太平洋副热带高压,西侧则为西南涡。这种“东高西低”的高低压配置为低空急流的形成与发展提供了有利的背景场。(2)高空急流和低空急流的耦合作用是低空急流发展的一个重要背景条件。(3)垂直方向高空动量不断下传为低空系统的发展提供了动力支持,是低空急流发生的一个重要条件。(4)逆温和垂直风切变之间的正反馈机制是低空急流形成与加强的因素之一。(5)山体在急流生成及发展过程中对气流有摩擦和阻挡作用,这种阻挡作用随着山体地形高度的增加而有所加强,同时山脉的走向会改变原始的风向,使得急流前端超前或滞后。青藏高原有强背风波效应,它的绕流和挤压作用会使得低空气流表现为狭长的带状,使动量更加聚集从而风速增加形成低空急流。      

中国地区低空急流研究进展

概述了近40年来中国地区低空急流的研究成果,重点就我国低空急流的结构特征、可能机制及其对强对流天气的影响等进行了分析和总结,包括对低空急流按所在高度和风向两种方式进行分类、低空急流的空间分布和形成原因等.最后指出了目前研究的局限性及有待于进一步研究的问题,在我国针对低空急流本身结构特征的研究相对较少,应加强这方面的研究.     

“05.6”华南暴雨中低纬度系统活动及相互作用

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、FY-2C卫星逐时云顶亮温资料(分辨率为0.05°×0.05°)及射出长波辐射资料(分辨率为0.5°×0.5°)、实时地面加密观测和实况探空资料等,对"05.6"华南持续性暴雨过程期间南海季风活动、副热带高压演变、冷空气影响、高低空急流耦合等进行深入分析,探讨中低纬度不同尺度系统的活动特征及相互作用。结果表明:"05.6"华南暴雨是在中纬度地区位势高度场稳定的北高南低背景下,由东亚沿岸槽和青藏高原短波系统引导中纬度冷空气与低纬度地区季风系统相互作用下产生的;南海副热带季风的活跃与100°～120°E处越赤道气流通道的消失密切相关,其两次大规模向北推进是过程开始和结束的重要标志;副热带高压较多年平均明显偏南且强度达到最强,700 hPa中纬度冷空气的明显南侵对暴雨过程有重要贡献;高空急流入口区右后方与低空急流左侧由于强烈的高空辐散和非地转平衡强迫,构成一支横跨低空急流的经向次级环流,高低空急流耦合的正反馈机制是华南暴雨异常的重要原因之一。     

华南前汛期暖区暴雨研究新进展

华南前汛期暖区暴雨一直是困扰科研和业务的重要难题。在1970s末第一次华南暴雨综合试验中,老一辈科学家提出了华南前汛期暖区暴雨的概念,并揭示了诸多对华南暴雨研究有重要意义的成果。近年来,随着现代气象探测手段、高性能计算能力的提升以及中尺度暴雨科学观测试验的开展,对华南前汛期暖区暴雨的研究取得了不少新的认识。本文重点梳理了近10 a有关华南前汛期暖区暴雨方面的最新研究进展,从暖区暴雨的定义及分类、多尺度天气特征、形成机制及可预报性研究等4个方面进行系统性论述。最后,对华南前汛期暖区暴雨研究存在的问题、未来发展方向进行了简要的讨论和展望。     

复杂地形与锋面系统共同作用对台湾岛暴雨影响的数值分析

应用MM5V2数值模式输出的高分辨率资料对在复杂地形和锋面系统共同作用下台湾暴雨发生的水汽、垂直速度、低空急流等物理量场的中尺度特征进行了分析。表明地形是使锋面降水加强．最终形成暴雨的主要原因。在地形作用下，速度场、湿度场都具有比较稳定的局地特征，台湾岛迎风区保持着比背风区大的湿度场，流场表现为一个地形性中尺度环流。随着锋面系统的不断靠近，局地特征表现为加强和减弱两个阶段。发现迎风坡的低空急流主要是由地形引起的，它的南北向分布不均使空气发生了辐合上升运动，与地形和锋面引起的上升运动叠加，在地形迎风坡形成了一个垂直速度的大值区。有地形比无地形的降水明显加强。     

A diagnostic study of two heavy rainfall events in South China

South China is prone to heavy rainfall which may occur both in the pre-monsoon and the monsoon season. The responsible synoptic systems and the water-vapor sources, however, can be substantially different for different seasons. In this study, we aim to develop conceptual models for typical heavy rainfall events in South China through diagnostic case studies. A number of events have been analyzed using the NCEP/NCAR data, but the discussions here are focused on two representative events, one for the pre-monsoon season and the other for the monsoon season. Both events are found to be associated with extensive moist convective instability in the lower part of the troposphere. For the pre-monsoon case the instability was much weaker and the uplift of the warm moist air was provided by the cold air intrusion related to a weak cold front. The moist potential vorticity theory can be used to explain the increase of vorticity and vertical velocity in the lower part of the troposphere. For the monsoon event, the lower troposphere was extensively and strongly unstable and the upward motion was provided by the shear of a southwesterly low-level jet (LLJ) which appeared to be driven, at least partially driven, by the upper-level jet. In both events, LLJ played a major role in not only providing the dynamic conditions but also the supply of water vapor for heavy rainfall in South China. The diagnostic results presented in this study provide a useful guidance for future numerical simulations.     

2018年北京“7.16”暖区特大暴雨特征及形成机制研究

利用京津冀区域加密自动气象站、SA多普勒天气雷达、L波段风廓线雷达、NCEP 0.25° 再分析资料及0.03° 高分辨率地形资料研究了北京2018年7月15—16日暖区特大暴雨特征和形成机制。结果表明:（1）这次暖区特大暴雨发生在副热带高压边缘的暖气团（θ_se高能区）中,无明显冷空气强迫,斜压性弱,有丰沛的水汽,850 hPa以下出现强水汽辐合。（2）暴雨的中尺度对流系统发展有3个过程:带状对流建立和局地强雨团影响、北京北部“列车效应”南部雷暴冷池出流造成对流加强和移动、平原地区线状对流重建。（3）暴雨发生前,低层西南风出现风速脉动,低空急流建立。首先在2500—3500 m高度形成低空急流,2 h后2500 m以下风速显著增大,5 h后急流厚度由边界层伸展到700 hPa。急流出口区降压,低层出现气旋性风场或切变,有利于垂直上升运动发展,触发和加强对流。（4）西南低空急流暖湿输送导致高温、高湿、高能的对流不稳定层结反复重建,这是对流发展加强的重要原因。（5）地面辐合线是对流触发并逐渐组织成带状对流系统的关键影响因素。地面辐合线方向、低空急流轴、回波移动方向三者几乎重叠是造成对流后向传播和“列车效应”的有利条件。（6）太行山和燕山地形对对流触发和暴雨增幅有重要影响。北京最大雨强≥40 mm/h站点中的77.4%位于西南部和东北部200—600 m海拔高度处。偏东风在华北西部太行山局地迎风坡触发对流,西南低空急流在北京北部迎风坡和喇叭口地形处辐合和抬升更为显著,造成局地特大暴雨。      

Analysis of Mesoscale Convective Systems Associated With a Warm-Sector Rainstorm Event Over South China

With multiple meteorological data, including precipitation from automatic weather stations, integrated satellite-based precipitation (CMORPH), brightness temperature (TBB), radar echoes and NCEP reanalysis, a rainstorm event, which occurred on May 26, 2007 over South China, is analyzed with the focus on the evolution characteristics of associated mesoscale-β convective systems (Mβcss). Results are shown as follows. (1) The rainstorm presents itself as a typical warm-sector event, for it occurs within a surface inverted trough and on the left side of a southwesterly low-level jet (LLJ), which shows no obvious features of baroclinicity. (2) The heavy rainfall event is directly related to at least three bodies of Mβcss with peak precipitation corresponding well to their mature stages. (3) The Mβcss manifest a backward propagation, which is marked with a new form of downstream convection different from the more usual type of forward propagation over South China, i.e., new convective systems mainly form at the rear part of older Mβcss. (4) Rainstorm-causing Mβcss form near the convergence region on the left side of an 850-hPa southwesterly LLJ, over which there are dominantly divergent air flows at 200 hPa. Different from the typical flow pattern of outward divergence off the east side of South Asia High, which is usually found to be over zones of heavy rains during the annually first rainy season of South China, this warm-sector heavy rain is below the divergence region formed between the easterly and southerly flows west of the South Asian High that is moving out to sea. (5) The LLJ transports abundant amount of warm and moist air to the heavy rainfall area, providing advantageous conditions for highly unstable energy to generate and store at middle and high levels, where corresponding low-level warm advection may be playing a more direct role in the development of Mβcss. As a triggering mechanism for organized convective systems, the effect of low-level warm advection deserves more of our attention. Based on the analysis of surface mesoscale airflow in the article, possible triggering mechanisms for Mβcss are also discussed.     

A study of the relationship between low—Level jet and inversion layer over an agroforest ecosystem in east china plain

The relationship between the super-low-level jet (LLJ) and inversion layer over an agroforest ecosystem on the Huang-Huai-Hai plain in the eastern China is studied by means of a time-independent K-closure model. It is found that the intensified inversion near the surface of a luxuriantly growing agrofor-est ecosystem leads to the formation and development of the LLJ, the more intense the inversion, the strong-er is the LLJ. The critical value of inversion intensity index for the LLJ formation is 0.75℃/ 100 m, which relates to the necessary geostraphic wind velocity of 6.0 to 10 m/ s at the top level of the model The numer-ical calculations show that the roughness length of the underlying surface has considerable effects on the LLJ structure.     

梅雨锋强降水与低空急流日变化的观测分析和数值模拟

利用地面加密自动站逐小时观测资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料,分析了2011年6月江淮流域的5次强降水过程和西南低空急流的日变化特征。发现强降水的日变化与西南低空急流的日变化一致:02—08时增强,14时减弱。这主要是由于夜间边界层内的惯性振荡,导致西南低空急流增强从而使得梅雨锋水汽通量辐合增强,降水增强;而白天由于边界层混合摩擦力增大,致使西南低空急流减弱或消失,降水减弱。WRF数值模拟试验不仅重现了观测的日变化特征,而且证实了江淮暴雨和西南低空急流的日变化主要是由非地转风的日变化造成:白天边界层混合强,风为次地转;而夜间边界层混合消失,气压梯度力和科氏力平衡的惯性振荡使得风为超地转      

A Study of the Relationship between Low-level Jet and inversion Layer over an Agroforest Ecosystem in East China Plain

1.IntroductionWindprofilewiththerelevantlow--leveljet(LLJ)isoneofthemostimportantfactorsthatcharacterizethestructureoftheatmosphericboundarylayer.TheLLJswerereportedinEurope(SladkovicandKanter,1977;Krausetal.,1985),Africa(Anderson,1976;Hart,etal.,1978),NorthAmerica(Stull,1988;Arrittetal.,1997),Australia(MalcherandKraus,1983;Garratt,1985)andEastAsia(Wangetal.,1996;ChenandHsu,1997).DifferentinvestigatorsuseddifferentcriteriaforidentifyingtheLLJs.SomerequiredwindspeedgreaterthanaParti…     

2005年6月华南持续性暴雨爆发和维持机制分析

利用常规气象资料及T213分析场资料，对2005年6月18日～23日华南大范围持续性暴雨过程的高低空形势、能量及动力条件进行诊断分析。发现：这次过程低空急流维持了低空对流不稳定形势，高空急流维持了高空辐散、低空辐合的有利形势，高空西南急流与高空西北急流一样，能造成暴雨区高空有利的辐散形势，形成高层辐散、底层辐合，触发强烈的上升运动，高低空耦合是此次强降雨爆发的熏要机制，强降雨落区位于低空西南风急流出口区的左侧和200hPa西北风急流的出口区西南侧，即低空急流的左侧与切变线的前沿；暴雨区域高湿能条件的维持．保证了强降雨过程的能量供给，是强降雨持续的重要条件。     

2005年6月华南持续性暴雨爆发和维持机制分析

利用常规气象资料及T213分析场资料,对2005年6月18日~23日华南大范围持续性暴雨过程的高低空形势、能量及动力条件进行诊断分析。发现:这次过程低空急流维持了低空对流不稳定形势,高空急流维持了高空辐散、低空辐合的有利形势,高空西南急流与高空西北急流一样,能造成暴雨区高空有利的辐散形势,形成高层辐散、底层辐合,触发强烈的上升运动,高低空耦合是此次强降雨爆发的重要机制,强降雨落区位于低空西南风急流出口区的左侧和200hPa西北风急流的出口区西南侧,即低空急流的左侧与切变线的前沿;暴雨区域高湿能条件的维持,保证了强降雨过程的能量供给,是强降雨持续的重要条件。     

云南冬季一次强降水天气过程的模拟与分析

利用MM5中尺度非静力模式对2003年1月5~6日发生在云南省的强降水天气过程进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明:(1)偏南低空急流是造成冬季暴雨的主要影响系统,低空急流上的扰动导致一个相对大的风速核从急流主体分裂东移,风速显著加大,风向呈气旋性弯曲,引起低层涡度增加,产生强的辐合上升运动。(2)低空急流的形成和移动与中层南支槽的关系较为密切,南支槽前的辐散为低空急流的形成提供了启动机制。(3)强降水天气出现在冷暖空气交汇的区域,锋生强迫作为暖湿气流上升的强迫机制之一,对强降水的形成起着不可忽视的作用。(4)水汽条件的分析表明,暴雨区的水汽主要由低层水汽辐合来提供。