A study of the relationship between low—Level jet and inversion layer over an agroforest ecosystem in east china plain

The relationship between the super-low-level jet (LLJ) and inversion layer over an agroforest ecosystem on the Huang-Huai-Hai plain in the eastern China is studied by means of a time-independent K-closure model. It is found that the intensified inversion near the surface of a luxuriantly growing agrofor-est ecosystem leads to the formation and development of the LLJ, the more intense the inversion, the strong-er is the LLJ. The critical value of inversion intensity index for the LLJ formation is 0.75℃/ 100 m, which relates to the necessary geostraphic wind velocity of 6.0 to 10 m/ s at the top level of the model The numer-ical calculations show that the roughness length of the underlying surface has considerable effects on the LLJ structure.     

长江流域一次大暴雨过程的低空急流形成和影响机制分析

利用WRF模式对2016年6月30日—7月6日长江流域的一次大暴雨天气过程中的低空急流进行数值模拟,在成功模拟低空急流基础上,分析此次急流过程中可能的影响机制;同时对地形高度进行敏感性试验,分析地形因素对此次低空急流可能的影响。(1)此次低空急流发生时,东侧为西太平洋副热带高压,西侧则为西南涡。这种“东高西低”的高低压配置为低空急流的形成与发展提供了有利的背景场。(2)高空急流和低空急流的耦合作用是低空急流发展的一个重要背景条件。(3)垂直方向高空动量不断下传为低空系统的发展提供了动力支持,是低空急流发生的一个重要条件。(4)逆温和垂直风切变之间的正反馈机制是低空急流形成与加强的因素之一。(5)山体在急流生成及发展过程中对气流有摩擦和阻挡作用,这种阻挡作用随着山体地形高度的增加而有所加强,同时山脉的走向会改变原始的风向,使得急流前端超前或滞后。青藏高原有强背风波效应,它的绕流和挤压作用会使得低空气流表现为狭长的带状,使动量更加聚集从而风速增加形成低空急流。      

2018年北京“7.16”暖区特大暴雨特征及形成机制研究

利用京津冀区域加密自动气象站、SA多普勒天气雷达、L波段风廓线雷达、NCEP 0.25° 再分析资料及0.03° 高分辨率地形资料研究了北京2018年7月15—16日暖区特大暴雨特征和形成机制。结果表明:（1）这次暖区特大暴雨发生在副热带高压边缘的暖气团（θ_se高能区）中,无明显冷空气强迫,斜压性弱,有丰沛的水汽,850 hPa以下出现强水汽辐合。（2）暴雨的中尺度对流系统发展有3个过程:带状对流建立和局地强雨团影响、北京北部“列车效应”南部雷暴冷池出流造成对流加强和移动、平原地区线状对流重建。（3）暴雨发生前,低层西南风出现风速脉动,低空急流建立。首先在2500—3500 m高度形成低空急流,2 h后2500 m以下风速显著增大,5 h后急流厚度由边界层伸展到700 hPa。急流出口区降压,低层出现气旋性风场或切变,有利于垂直上升运动发展,触发和加强对流。（4）西南低空急流暖湿输送导致高温、高湿、高能的对流不稳定层结反复重建,这是对流发展加强的重要原因。（5）地面辐合线是对流触发并逐渐组织成带状对流系统的关键影响因素。地面辐合线方向、低空急流轴、回波移动方向三者几乎重叠是造成对流后向传播和“列车效应”的有利条件。（6）太行山和燕山地形对对流触发和暴雨增幅有重要影响。北京最大雨强≥40 mm/h站点中的77.4%位于西南部和东北部200—600 m海拔高度处。偏东风在华北西部太行山局地迎风坡触发对流,西南低空急流在北京北部迎风坡和喇叭口地形处辐合和抬升更为显著,造成局地特大暴雨。      

Characteristics of nocturnal low-level jets over Ulsan airport

We analyzed wind profiler data collected over Ulsan airport during the period from 2008 to 2009 to examine the characteristics of low level jets (LLJs). The Ulsan airport is located within the narrow valley with north-south axis. The frequency analysis results indicates that the nearly 19% of the total nocturnal periods have the presence of jets and LLJ occurrence rate is high in winter (32%) and low in summer (10%). The mode in the wind speed histogram is 4?C6 m s^?1. A majority of jet occurs below 100 m (about 77.8 m) above ground. The predominant wind direction of jet is northerly. In order to examine the favorable conditions for LLJ formation of Ulsan airport, we investigated temperature difference between valley and plain at the surface and synoptic wind direction and speed at 850 hPa. Our results show that air temperature in the valley is lower than over the plain during the nighttime, indicating the existence of thermal forcing for along-valley wind. Under a significant temperature difference along the valley, westerly wind speed at 850 hPa is slightly weaker on LLJs event night than no event night, indicating weaker north-south large-scale pressure gradient on LLJ event night. The magnitude of northerly wind at 850 hPa is much stronger on event night than no event night, implying higher downward transfer of northerly wind on event night. Our findings suggest that jet formation over Ulsan airport is related to the strong northerly wind at 850 hPa in the presence of thermal forcing due to temperature contrast between valley and plain.     

基于多普勒测风激光雷达的低空急流观测研究

基于相干多普勒测风激光雷达于2018年8月在山东德州获取的为期一个月的风廓线观测数据,进行了低空急流的判定、识别与统计分析。参考BONNER对低空急流的判定标准,对1 500 m高度以下的每10 min平均风廓线数据进行低空急流识别与统计,急流发生频率仅为3.6%。参考张世丰对低空急流的判定标准,统计了350 m高度以下10 min平均风廓线的低空急流风速、高度、风向及风切变等结构特征。急流发生频率为24.9%,急流速度主要介于6～10 m·s-1之间,急流高度出现3个峰值,分别位于110 m、160 m和220 m左右,急流风向主要为偏东风和偏南风。结果表明,多普勒激光雷达可以获取高时空分辨率的风廓线数据,进而可以有效检测低空急流结构的存在及其特征。     

Role of land surface parameterizations on modeling cold-pooling events and low-level jets

Land surface parameterization schemes play a significant role in the accuracy of meso-local scale numerical models by accounting for the exchange of energy and water between the soil and the atmosphere. The role of land surface processes during large-scale cold-pooling events was studied with two land surface schemes (LSMs) in the Advanced Research Weather Forecasting model (ARW). Model evaluation was complex due to the surface and boundary layer interactions at different temporal and spatial scales as revealed by a scale dependent variance analysis. Wavelet analysis was used for the first time to analyze the model errors with specific focus on land surface processes. The ARW model was also evaluated for the formation of a low-level jet (LLJ). It is shown that vertical resolution in the model boundary layer played a significant role in determining the characteristics of LLJ, which influenced the lower boundary layer structure and moisture distribution. The results showed that the simulated low-level jet over southern Georgia was sensitive to the land surface parameterization and led to a significant difference in the boundary layer exchange. The jet shear played a crucial role in the maintenance of turbulence and weak shear caused excessive radiative cooling leading to unrealistic cold pools in the model. The results are important for regional downscaling as the excessive cold pools that are simulated in the model can go unnoticed.     

农林复合系统生态边界层特性的三维数值模拟

该文介绍了一个包含地形起伏和地面植被效应的三维生态边界层模式,与经典的边界层气象学模式相比,模式更加细腻地考虑了与农林作物生长过程有关的热力、动力学作用,诸如植被冠层引起的辐射减弱,叶面气孔引起的水汽蒸腾,以及不同土壤质地引起的热量传输等。模式较成功地模拟了我国黄淮海平原中心区大面积农林复合生态系统的生态边界层结构及其热力、动力学特性,模式的输出结果与野外的低空探测实验作了比较,其一致性是令人满意的。     

Evaluation of MM5 mesoscale model at local scale for air quality applications over the Swedish west coast: Influence of PBL and LSM parameterizations

Summary The performance of MM5 mesoscale model (Version 3.6.3) using different planetary boundary layer (PBL) and land surface model (LSM) parameterizations is evaluated and compared using high temporal and spatial resolution G?TE2001 campaign data at local scale (a few kilometers) over the Greater G?teborg area along the Swedish west coast during 7–20 May 2001. The focus is on impact of PBL and LSM parameterizations on simulated meteorological variables important for air quality applications such as global radiation, diurnal cycle of near-surface air temperature and wind, diurnal cycle intensity, near-surface vertical temperature gradient, nocturnal temperature inversion, boundary layer height, and low-level jet (LLJ). The model performance for daytime and nighttime and under different weather conditions is also discussed. The purpose is to examine the performance of the model using different PBL and LSM parameterizations at local scale in this area for its potential applications in air quality modeling. The results indicate that the influence of PBL and LSM parameterizations on simulated global radiation, diurnal cycle of near-surface air temperature and wind speed, diurnal cycle intensity, vertical temperature gradient, nocturnal temperature inversion and PBL heights, which are critical parameters for air quality applications, is evident. Moreover, the intensity and location of LLJ are simulated well by all schemes, but there also exist some differences between simulated results by using different PBL and LSM schemes. Therefore, the choice of PBL and LSM parameterizations is important for MM5 applications to air quality studies. Correspondence: Junfeng Miao, Department of Earth Sciences, G?teborg University, P.O. Box 460, 405 30 G?teborg, Sweden     

Atmospheric River Signatures in Radiosonde Profiles and Reanalyses at the Dronning Maud Land Coast,East Antarctica

Atmospheric rivers(ARs)are an important component of the hydrological cycle linking moisture sources in lower latitudes to the Antarctic surface mass balance.We investigate AR signatures in the atmospheric vertical profiles at the Dronning Maud Land coast,East Antarctica,using regular and extra radiosonde measurements conducted during the Year of Polar Prediction Special Observing Period November 2018 to February 2019.Prominent AR events affecting the locations of Neumayer and Syowa cause a strong increase in specific humidity extending through the mid-troposphere and a strong low-level jet(LLJ).At Neumayer,the peak in the moisture inversion(up to 4 g kg^?1)is observed between 800 and 900 hPa,while the LLJ(up to 32 m s^?1)is concentrated below 900 hPa.At Syowa the increase in humidity is less pronounced and peaks near the surface,while there is a substantial increase in wind speed(up to 40 m s?1)between 825 and 925 hPa.Moisture transport(MT)within the vertical profile during the ARs attains a maximum of 100 g kg?1 m s?1 at both locations,and is captured by both ERA-Interim and ERA5 reanalysis data at Neumayer,but is strongly underestimated at Syowa.Composites of the enhanced MT events during 2009?19 show that these events represent an extreme state of the lower-tropospheric profile compared to its median values with respect to temperature,humidity,wind speed and,consequently,MT.High temporal-and vertical-resolution radiosonde observations are important for understanding the contribution of these rare events to the total MT towards Antarctica and improving their representation in models.     

云南冬季一次强降水天气过程的模拟与分析

利用MM5中尺度非静力模式对2003年1月5~6日发生在云南省的强降水天气过程进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明:(1)偏南低空急流是造成冬季暴雨的主要影响系统,低空急流上的扰动导致一个相对大的风速核从急流主体分裂东移,风速显著加大,风向呈气旋性弯曲,引起低层涡度增加,产生强的辐合上升运动。(2)低空急流的形成和移动与中层南支槽的关系较为密切,南支槽前的辐散为低空急流的形成提供了启动机制。(3)强降水天气出现在冷暖空气交汇的区域,锋生强迫作为暖湿气流上升的强迫机制之一,对强降水的形成起着不可忽视的作用。(4)水汽条件的分析表明,暴雨区的水汽主要由低层水汽辐合来提供。     

Influence of the Andes Mountains on South American moisture transport, convection, and precipitation

Mountain ranges are known to have a first-order control on mid-latitude climate, but previous studies have shown that the Andes have little effect on the large-scale circulation over South America. We use a limited-domain general circulation model (RegCM3) to evaluate the effect of the Andes on regional-scale atmospheric dynamics and precipitation. We present experiments in which Andean heights are specified at 250 m, and 25, 50, 75, and 100% of their modern values. Our experiments indicate that the Andes have a significant influence on moisture transport between the Amazon Basin and the central Andes, deep convective processes, and precipitation over much of South America through mechanical forcing of the South American low-level jet (LLJ) and topographic blocking of westerly flow from the Pacific Ocean. When the Andes are absent, the LLJ is absent and moisture transport over the central Andes is mainly northeastward. As a result, deep convection is suppressed and precipitation is low along the Andes. Above 50% of the modern elevation, a southward flowing LLJ develops along the eastern Andean flanks and transports moisture from the tropics to the subtropics. Moisture drawn from the Amazon Basin provides the latent energy required to drive convection and precipitation along the Andean front. Large northerly moisture flux and reduced low-level convergence over the Amazon Basin leads to a reduction in precipitation over much of the basin. Our model results are largely consistent with proxy evidence of Andean climate change, and have implications for the timing and rate of Andean surface uplift.     

Advances in Low-Level Jet Research and Future Prospects

The low-level jet （LLJ） is closely related to severe rainfall events, air pollution, wind energy utilization, aviation safety, sandstorms, forest fire, and other weather and climate phenomena. Therefore, it has attracted considerable attention since its discovery. Scientists have carried out many studies on LLJs and made significant achievements during the past five or six decades. This article summarizes and assesses the current knowledge on this subject, and focuses in particular on three aspects： 1） LLJ classification, definition, distribution, and structure; 2） LLJ formation and evolutionary mechanisms; and 3） relationships between LLJ and rainfall, as well as other interdisciplinary fields. After comparing the status of LLJ research at home （China） and abroad, we then discuss the shortcomings of LLJ research in China. We suggest that this includes： coarse definitions of the LLJ, lack of observations and inadequate quality control, few thorough explorations of LLJ characteristics and formation mechanisms, and limited studies in interdisciplinary fields. The future prospects for several LLJ research avenues are also speculated.     

1986年6月26—27日京津冀大暴雨的数值试验研究

用移植到DPS-7机上的美国PSU/NCAR中尺度模式MM4对1986年6月26—27日京津冀地区大暴雨过程进行了数值试验。结果表明:高空对流区附近风速减小和低空急流核加强并通过暴雨区对暴雨起决定性的影响；潜热的反馈作用、下垫面提供的热量和水汽通量对降水有重要影响。大陆以东洋面的水汽供应以及西北涡在这次暴雨过程中的作用不显著。另外，采用显式降水方案后，预报的降水落区、中心位置和量值均有所改进。     

中国地区低空急流研究进展

概述了近40年来中国地区低空急流的研究成果,重点就我国低空急流的结构特征、可能机制及其对强对流天气的影响等进行了分析和总结,包括对低空急流按所在高度和风向两种方式进行分类、低空急流的空间分布和形成原因等.最后指出了目前研究的局限性及有待于进一步研究的问题,在我国针对低空急流本身结构特征的研究相对较少,应加强这方面的研究.     

低空急流的研究进展与展望

低空急流与强降水事件、空气污染、风能利用、航空安全、沙尘暴、森林火灾及其他诸多天气、气候现象存在着密切的联系,因此自发现之日起便受到人们的广泛关注。在过去的半个多世纪中,中外气象学家围绕着低空急流事件开展了大量的研究并取得了丰硕的研究成果。对这些成果进行了综合回顾,重点对低空急流的分类和定义、分布状况及结构特征,低空急流形成演变机制,低空急流与降水及其他领域的关系等三个方面的研究工作进行了总结。最后通过对比分析中外针对低空急流事件的研究历史和现状,指出了中国现有研究工作中所存在的诸如低空急流选取标准宽松、观测数据缺乏且质量控制不完善、低空急流自身特征与形成演变机制研究数量和深度有限、交叉领域研究工作匮乏等方面的问题,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

低空急流对广西热带气旋特大暴雨的影响及概念模式

利用ncep再分析资料,对1990～2003年期间,广西14次热带气旋特大暴雨过程进行850hPa低空急流的合成分析,结果指出:广西热带气旋特大暴雨的产生伴随着中南半岛西南急流的增强,西南急流是暴雨增幅的主要水汽和能量输送系统。另外,结合大尺度环流系统的分析给出广西热带气旋特大暴雨的概念模式。     

一次飑线过程的数值模拟及诊断分析

利用NCAR、NCEP和FSL/NOAA等共同研制的WRF中尺度数值模式,对2009年6月3日河南地区发生的一次飑线过程进行数值模拟,并利用模式输出的高分辨率资料对该次过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:WRF模式成功地再现了高低空环流形势演变及强对流的分布发展特征,高空冷涡后部冷空气南下,近地层较暖,形成了上冷下暖的位势不稳定层结及地面辐合线是这次强对流和飑线天气过程的触发机制。强对流发生时,该地区出现的低空增温增湿、低空急流的爆发及低层急流核向东南快传、高空急流轴稳定在强对流天气发生地上空,对流有效位能积累和释放随时间的演变过程及垂直螺旋度大值中心等对此次强对流天气过程有较好的指示意义。     

Observation and Numerical Simulations with Radar and Surface Data Assimilation for Heavy Rainfall over Central Korea

This study investigated the impact of multiple-Doppler radar data and surface data assimilation on forecasts of heavy rainfall over the central Korean Peninsula;the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model and its three-dimensional variational data assimilation system(3DVAR) were used for this purpose. During data assimilation,the WRF 3DVAR cycling mode with incremental analysis updates(IAU) was used. A maximum rainfall of 335.0 mm occurred during a 12-h period from 2100 UTC 11 July 2006 to 0900 UTC 12 July 2006.Doppler radar data showed that the heavy rainfall was due to the back-building formation of mesoscale convective systems(MCSs).New convective cells were continuously formed in the upstream region,which was characterized by a strong southwesterly low-level jet(LLJ).The LLJ also facilitated strong convergence due to horizontal wind shear,which resulted in maintenance of the storms.The assimilation of both multiple-Doppler radar and surface data improved the accuracy of precipitation forecasts and had a more positive impact on quantitative forecasting(QPF) than the assimilation of either radar data or surface data only.The back-building characteristic was successfully forecasted when the multiple-Doppler radar data and surface data were assimilated.In data assimilation experiments,the radar data helped forecast the development of convective storms responsible for heavy rainfall,and the surface data contributed to the occurrence of intensified low-level winds.The surface data played a significant role in enhancing the thermal gradient and modulating the planetary boundary layer of the model,which resulted in favorable conditions for convection.     

On the Turbulence in the Upper Part of the Low-Level Jet: An Experimental and Numerical Study

The characteristics of low-level jets (LLJ) observed at the “Centro de Investigacion de la Baja Atmósfera” (CIBA) site in Spain are analysed, focussing on the turbulence generated in the upper part of the jet, a feature that is still to be thoroughly understood. During the Stable Boundary Layer Experiment in Spain (SABLES) 1998, captive balloon soundings were taken intensively, and their analyses have highlighted the main characteristics of the jet’s wind and temperature structure, leading to a composite profile. There are indications that the turbulence has a minimum at the level of the wind maximum, with elevated turbulence in a layer at a height between two and three times that of the LLJ maximum, but no direct measurements of turbulence were available at these heights. In September 2001, a 100-m tower at the same site was re-instrumented to give turbulence measurements up to 96.6 m above ground level. All occurrences of LLJ below this height between September 2002 and June 2003 have been selected and significant turbulence above the LLJ has been found. Simulations with a single-column turbulence kinetic energy model have been made in order to further investigate the generation of elevated turbulence. The results correlate well with the measurements, showing that in the layer above the LLJ, where there is significant shear and weakly stable stratification, conditions are conducive to the development of turbulence.     

Dynamics of urban boundary layer over São Paulo associated with mesoscale processes

Summary Examination of the Doppler SODAR data from Sao Paulo, Brazil, has given valuable information on the coupling between planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the free atmosphere above, which is reported here. In this communication a case study, on the dynamics of the urban boundary layer over the Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo (MASP), Brazil, is examined for July 27, 1999 when a multiple gravity wave (GW), a low-level jet (LLJ) and a cold front (CF) all occurred in one single day in succession, making use of data from Doppler SODAR, surface meteorological instruments, satellite imageries and model derived values. The experimental findings are compared to provide validations of ground truth with the model-derived profiles based on the mesoscale analysis of Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (RAMS).It is seen that the multiple GW, the LLJ and the CF have different types of nonlinear coupling between the PBL and the free atmosphere. However, there is convincing matching between Doppler SODAR derived features, those of mesoscale analysis from RAMS and satellite view of cloud dynamics. The study provided valuable information on (i) the very nature of these events, (ii) the nonlinear hydrodynamical coupling between the PBL and the free atmosphere above, during such events, and (iii) the possible mechanism of CF influencing the formation of GW and LLJ.