青岛冬半年降水相态统计分析及判别方法研究

通过对2006—2015年青岛冬半年不同相态降水的统计分析得出,青岛冬半年纯雨日数1月最少,纯雪日数2月最多,12月和1月是雨夹雪及雨雪转换日数占当月降水日数比例最高的两个月。通过个例分析表明,雨雪转换过程多与冷空气入侵相联系。温度场和风场条件能较好地反映出雨雪转换的特征,降温和风向转换在850 hPa以下层更为明显。探空资料分析表明,850 hPa、925 hPa、1 000 hPa和地面气温对不同相态降水都有很好的指示意义,越低层指示性越好。0 ℃层高度对不同相态降水同样具有指示意义,100～500 m高度是雨雪转换的关键高度层;以不同高度层气温为指标确定出青岛冬半年降水相态预报判别指标。     

安庆市降水相态识别判据研究

利用1999—2014年11月至翌年3月安庆站逐日地面气象观测资料和探空资料,分析了安庆站不同降水相态的时空分布特征和雨雪转换过程中影响系统的配置及转变,选取雨雪转换、降雪和冰粒(包括冻雨)3种天气现象,研究不同降水相态与特性层温度及厚度层结的关系。结果表明:1999—2014年安庆市固态降水集中出现在11月至翌年3月;有降水相态转换的过程中,将850hPa及以下各层温度与地面温度结合对降水相态转变的识别具有更好的效果,当T_(850hPa)≥-4℃、T_(925hPa)≥-4℃、T_(1000hPa)≥-1℃、T_(地面温度)≥1℃时可以判定降水相态为降雨,各层温度继续降低将出现雨转雪,直接降雪在以上指标的基础上需要850hPa的温度降至-6℃及以下;H_(850—700hPa)和H_(1000—850hPa)厚度层结雨雪转换的临界值分别为154dagpm、129dagpm,低于此值则为雪,反之为雨;0℃层高度也可以作为降水相态转换的指标之一,当0℃层高度下降至1000hPa左右时为雨转雪;降水过程中逆温层普遍存在,各种降水类型的区别在于冰粒(冻雨)在850—700hPa之间存在一个0℃以上的暖层,而降雪需要逆温层温度小于0℃。     

辽宁地区雨雪转换天气的判别和分析北大核心

利用2011—2020年辽宁地区逐小时地面观测数据和定时高空观测数据,统计分析纯雪、雨雪转换两类降水天气特征。结果表明,辽宁地区2011—2020年雨雪转换日数与纯雪日数比值为1∶5,沿海地区多于内陆,雨雪转换时主要有5种天气类型:空中槽型、北上气旋型、低涡切变型、冷平流型、回流型,其中,空中槽型雨雪转换日数最多,占总日数的42.8%;冷平流型和回流型相对较少,分别占9.4%和7.8%。地面2 m气温、0℃层高度、抬升凝结高度、抬升凝结高度气温与地面2 m气温差、700~850 hPa位势高度差、850~1000 hPa位势高度差等6个气象因子对鉴定辽宁地区降水相态有一定参考意义。利用高分辨的欧洲细网格资料对2021年2月28日雨雪天气过程的降水相态进行诊断分析,结果表明,雨雪相态的转变对对流层低层温度平流非常敏感,0℃层高度、冰雪层厚度、粒子降落行程与降水相态之间关系密切;当0℃层高度降低(由920 hPa到950 hPa),云中冰雪层增厚(由430 hPa增至530 hPa),液态水层变薄(由20 hPa到10 hPa),云中冰雪物下落到地面的行程缩短(由780 m降至410 m),下落环境温度降低(由3.5℃到0.5℃),降水相态由雨转换为雨夹雪或雪。     

2016年广东一次罕见寒潮雨雪冰冻天气过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2016年1月下旬广东罕见大范围雨雪冰冻天气过程的大尺度环流和冷空气活动特征、动力和水汽条件,采用湿球温度讨论了降水相态和大气温度垂直结构特征。结果表明：此次寒潮过程环流形势为横槽转竖型,横槽下摆引导强冷空气向南迅猛爆发,以及伴随着异常强的冷高压、锋区、冷温度中心和冷温度平流的冷空气主力南侵,是本次寒潮过程粤北和广东中南部温度陡降的主要原因;700 hPa冷暖空气的辐合,以及700 hPa西南气流从孟加拉湾输送水汽经中南半岛北部到北部湾至华南地区加强并辐合,是造成雨雪冰冻天气产生的重要动力和水汽条件;在有利的大尺度环流、动力和水汽条件配合下,降水相态的变化与暖层强度及湿球温度密切相关,暖层的明显减弱及暖层下方湿球温度低于0 ℃冷冻层的强度增强,导致降水相态由雨向雪、雨夹雪、霰等固态降水转变;在发生固态降水的平均时段内,粤北地区中低层湿球温度均低于0 ℃,无明显融化作用,产生纯雪或雨夹雪的可能性大;而位置偏南的珠江三角洲地区仍存在浅薄的暖层,因此主要出现雨夹雪或霰。当寒潮入侵涉及华南降水相态预报时,需要注重实况探空和模式预报探空的大气温湿垂直结构的分析,更应重视湿球温度的研究和应用。     

滨州市一次初春雨转雪天气过程分析

对2011年2月26-27日滨州市的一次雨转雪天气过程进行分析和讨论,此次过程前期主要是高空槽和切变线影响的稳定性降水,后期是低层冷空气与中高层槽前的西南暖湿气流形成回流降水。中低层两支低空急流的建立为降水提供了充足的水汽。水汽通量散度、垂直速度、散度与降水时段、强度、落区具有较好的对应关系。雨雪相态的转变取决于850hPa温度与地面温度。     

山东冬半年降水相态的温度特征统计分析

采用济南和青岛1999-2011年的降水、高空和地面观测资料,研究了山东冬半年降水相态与影响系统的关系及温度垂直变化特征,获得不同降水相态的温度预报指标.结果表明:(1)降水相态变化与影响系统有关,江淮气旋和回流形势产生的大雪以上强降雪存在雨雪转换,低槽冷锋、黄河气旋和切变线(低涡)多产生中雪以下直接降雪.(2)无相态变化的降雪过程一般发生在温度较低、垂直变化单一的条件下,850 hPa以下各层均有明显温度阈值.(3)有相态转换的降雪过程中,850和925 hPa的温度对于雨、雪、雨夹雪的识别没有明显指示性,1000 hPa以下的温度最为关键,将925 hPa以下各层与地面的温度结合起来判别相态,较使用单一特性层温度更为可靠;冰粒区别于其他降水类型,在温度场上的显著特征为700 hPa的温度较高.(4)0℃层高度可用于雨雪转换指标:降雨时0℃层高于925 hPa或在925 hPa上下,当0℃层的高度降至1000 hPa上下时转为降雪.(5)雨夹雪和冰粒发生在有雨雪相态转换的降水过程中,为过渡形态,不会单独出现.     

许昌两次初春回流类雨转雪过程对比分析

应用micaps3天气图资料、卫星云图,对许昌市2011年2月25—28日和2014年2月16-18日两次雨转雪天气过程进行诊断分析和对比分析,对环流形势、水汽条件、动力、热力特征的分析结果表明：（1）两次过程的共同点为前期主要是500hPa高空槽和700hPa切变线影响的稳定性降水,后期是850hPa回流冷空气不断补充堆积形成深厚的冷垫,低层偏东气流与中高层槽前的西南暖湿急流交汇形成回流降水形势。另外,高低空的有力配合,冷暖空气的交汇为两场降水提供了较好的动力条件。（2）不同点为两次回流降水时段、持续时间、降水强度、降水落区不同。过程一水汽含量更高,辐合偏河南省北中部而且湿层更深厚,强度更强,水汽通量较过程二大一个量级,降水量较过程二也大一个量级。过程二辐合落区在河南省南部,且持续时间较短,系统配置较弱。（3）冷空气侵入时段、气温下降速度、降水时间、850hPa温度的临界值,都是是初春降水性质发生改变的关键点。其中850hPa温度低于-4℃作为雨转雪指标外,气温的下降速度可作为雨转雪的补充预报指标。     

天津地区冬季降水相态识别判据研究

利用2000—2015年10月至次年4月天津地区逐日常规气象观测资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料(0.125°×0.125°),对天津地区发生的3种降水相态转换(雨转雨夹雪再转雪)的天气过程进行统计,分析降水相态转换过程中温度、湿度和不同等压面厚度特征,得到与降水相态转换关系密切的9种判别因子:850 hPa温度(T 850)、925 hPa温度(T 925)、1000 hPa温度(T 1000)、地面温度(T s)、1000~850 hPa位势厚度(H 1000-850)、850~700 hPa位势厚度(H 850-700)、0℃层高度、-4℃层高度和925 hPa相对湿度,给出每种因子对应不同降水相态的阈值,并通过3次天气个例进一步验证指标的可用性。在此基础上,综合利用9个判别因子和阈值指标建立降水相态判别方程,经检验发现雨和雪回代检验判别准确率达80%以上。     

黄山地区冬半年降水相态判据研究

利用2008—2018年逐年11月至翌年3月常规气象观测资料,从天气形势配置、降水相态与特征层气温、0 ℃层高度和层结厚度的关系等进行分析,归纳了黄山地区冬半年雨、冻雨、雨夹雪和雪四类降水相态的判别依据,并利用一次雨雪转换天气过程对判据进行了检验。结果表明,黄山地区固态降水和固液混合型降水主要发生在1—2月。850 hPa高度层及以下各层气温对雨雪转换的判别效果较好,当850、925、1 000 hPa特征层气温和地面气温分别大于等于-3.9、-2.6、0.5、1 ℃时可判定为雨,各层气温继续降低将出现雨夹雪或雪。当0 ℃层高度在1 000 hPa高度层以上时可能出现雨,反之出现雨夹雪或雪。此外,厚度层结也能较好地区分雨和雨夹雪或雪。冻雨（冰粒）的判据与其他降水相态的判据不同之处是在700 hPa高度层附近存在融化层。判据能较好地区分黄山地区不同降水相态,但对冻雨和冰粒的识别能力相对较弱。     

河南省一次强雨雪相态多次转换成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料、地面自动站资料、欧洲再分析资料（ERA5 025°×025°),对2020年1月5—7日河南省强雨雪过程中雨雪相态多次转换成因进行分析。结果表明：500 hPa高空低槽、中低层切变线、西南（东南）暖湿急流与低层冷空气在强雨雪区交汇为强雨雪提供了动力、水汽条件,亦为雨雪相态转换提供了有利的温度条件。冷空气分别从东路和中路南下影响河南,导致近地层明显降温是雨转雨夹雪或雪的主要原因之一,而冷空气的强度和厚度是决定降水相态的关键因子。中层和近地面暖层厚度对降水相态至关重要。本次过程降水相态为纯雪时,冰雪层和冰水混合层厚度超过2 980 gpm,中层无暖层,近地面0 ℃线低于975 hPa;降水相态为雨夹雪时,有时无冰雪层,冰水混合层厚度超过1 400 gpm,中层有时有暖层,但整层暖层厚度在900～1 330 gpm;雨转雨夹雪发生在地面气温低于21 ℃时,雨夹雪出现在地面气温11～21 ℃时;纯雪发生在地面气温≤11 ℃时。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on