1998年淮河试验加密观测期间大气可降水的估算及其特征分析(英)

利用GMS-5卫星红外分裂窗通道和水汽通道资料反演晴空大气的可降水分布,同时利用探空站资料和地面站资料估算云天大气的可降水分布。将这两种方法进行融合,得到淮河流域能量与水分循环试验期间全天候的大气可降水分布。结果表明,这种新的融合技术可应用于确定大尺度或全球尺度的大气可降水分布图像。揭示了江淮流域1998年梅雨盛行期大气中的水汽主要来源于西南方向。充足的大气可降水是产生地面降水的必要条件,在某些动力条件的影响下,空中的大气可降水将部分地被转化为地面降水。给出了几种主要的降水类型,分析了相应的大气可降水条件及其特征,并剖析了产生降水的大气动力条件。结果显示,地面降水中心通常并非出现在大气可降水的高值中心区域而是产生在其下风方向的某一区域。     

用GMS-5卫星资料结合地面资料联合估算水汽分布

利用GMS-5卫星红外分裂窗通道和水汽通道结合探空资料反演晴空大气的水汽分布;同时利用探空资料建立地面水汽压和相对湿度与大气总水汽量的经验关系,通过带权插值生成淮河流域300多个地面站经验关系式的系数矩阵,并利用地面站资料确定云天大气的水汽分布.最后,将两种方法进行融合,得到淮河流域全天候的水汽场分布.     

祁连山山区空中水汽分布特征研究

将卫星遥感资料与探空资料和地面观测降水资料相结合,分析了祁连山山区空中水汽含量和云迹风的空间分布特征。并且,以此为基础,研究了祁连山大气水汽和地面降水的空间分布及其与大气环流和地形的关系。结果表明:祁连山大气水汽和地面降水受西风带、偏南季风(南亚季风和高原季风)和东亚季风的共同影响,在祁连山西北部大气水汽主要受西风带气流控制,在祁连山中南部偏南季风占主导地位;在祁连山的东北部则是东亚季风的影响比较明显。同时,祁连山大气水汽、降水和降水转化率与海拔高度和坡向以及环流影响区的关系均十分密切。一般,迎风坡上大气水汽含量在3500—4500 m海拔高度会出现一个峰值;而在背风坡上除东亚季风影响区外大气水汽含量只出现随海拔高度单调递减趋势,基本上不出现任何峰值。背风坡大气水汽含量总体上要比迎风坡少得多,最多大约能少4.49 kg/m2。无论是大气水汽含量、地面降水还是降水转化率均在东亚季风影响区最大;东亚季风影响区大气水汽含量在迎风坡上的峰值要更强,出现的海拔高度更低。     

山东夏季空中水汽分布和水汽输送特征

利用山东省气象站的降水量资料和JRA-55、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了1962-2016年山东夏季整层大气可降水量、降水转化率、水汽通量及输送路径的分布特征和变化规律,探讨了夏季降水与水汽通量及其散度的相关性和多雨年的水汽来源。结果表明:从常年值来看,山东平均夏季降水量为401.2 mm,大气可降水量为3478.8 mm,降水转化率为11.5%。降水转化率和降水量的时空演变特征更加一致,经向水汽输送和局地水汽通量散度与地面有效降水的关系更加密切,当大气可降水量充沛、外部水汽输送充足并出现局地水汽辐合时,更加有利于山东南部地区降水的发生发展,从而形成夏季降水量和降水转化率气候特征表现出东南地区大于西北地区的空间分布型态。西北太平洋、南海、孟加拉湾和鄂霍茨克海至日本海是造成山东夏季降水异常偏多的重要水汽源地,巴尔喀什湖至贝加尔湖地区是重要的冷空气输送区域;当山东上游盛行偏西风时,自新疆和青藏高原至内蒙古的狭长带出现异常水汽扰动并发展,是由水汽异常引起的水汽通量异常对山东局地降水异常贡献的主要条件。     

中国夏季降水的水汽通道特征及其影响因子分析

利用NCEP／NCAR的1958～1998年再分析资料研究夏季东亚季风区水汽输送特征，综合这些特征划分出夏季输送到中国大陆主要有来自低纬的三条水汽通道：西南通道、南海通道和东南通道，此外在高纬还有一条很弱的西北通道，分别体现了南亚季风、南海季风、副热带季风和中纬度西风带对中国夏季降水的影响。定义和计算了四条水汽通道强度指数来表征水汽通道的强弱，并研究其年际变化。相关分析表明四条水汽通道对我国夏季降水的影响范围分别是：西南通道是华南中部和西南边境降水的水汽来源，南海通道对华南降水有直接贡献，东南通道为长江流域降水输送水汽，西北通道则为黄河中上游及华北东部降水输送水汽。物理分析显示，水汽输送异常与大气环流异常直接相关，而与同期水汽源地的海温异常关系不密切，海洋的作用主要体现在前期大范围的海温异常分布上。     

基于微波辐射计资料的祁连山东段大气水汽和液态水时空变化特征

气候变暖背景下全球干旱风险升高，而对气候变化高敏感的中国西北干旱半干旱区尤为突出，严重制约着区域经济的可持续发展，科学开发空中云水资源是解决该区域水资源短缺的有效途径。利用甘肃永登国家气象观测站地基多通道微波辐射计资料和常规气象观测资料，研究祁连山东段大气水汽和液态水的时空分布及不同性质降水前演变特征。结果表明：（1）受大气环流、地形、边界层及局地和区域天气气候条件等多因素影响，祁连山东段98%以上的水汽集中在6.0 km以下，大气水汽密度随高度下降，液态水含量则随高度先增后减。降水天气背景下，水汽密度及液态水含量明显增大，且液态水含量最大值出现高度有所降低。（2）水汽及液态水存在明显的季节变化，夏季大气可降水量远大于冬季，夏季液态水垂直伸展高度及最大值出现高度均大于冬季。（3）水汽及液态水日变化明显，且存在季节差异。水汽日峰值出现在下午至傍晚，谷值出现在清晨至中午；夏半年峰值及谷值出现时间较冬半年迟，且峰谷值变化幅度更大。液态水垂直伸展高度白天高于夜间，且夏半年垂直分布较冬半年深厚。（4）大气可降水量存在10～20 d和8 d左右的主周期，夏、秋季4～7 d和21～32 d的周期变化...     

利用GPS和云图资料监测北京地区中小尺度降水的研究

地基GPS遥感大气总水汽量提供了高时间分辨率的水汽资料,为分析预报中小尺度系统的变化创造了条件。本文利用北京GPS／VAPOR试验反演了北京2000年6～8月的大气总水汽量(又称大气可降水量或积分水汽),分析了北京夏季大气总水汽量的分布特征;结合气象和云图资料,对7月3～5日的一次暴雨过程进行了分析,结果表明：GPS大气总水汽量和云的发展及维持是强降水产生的条件,降水量的大小与大气可降水量的增加幅度、维持时间和水平有关,面上的大气可降水量的变化和红外云图资料显示的中小尺度系统的变化是一致的。面上大气可降水量的移动与测站降水关系密切,当测站大气可降水量迅速增加,并且面上分布的大气可降水量也同样向测站扩展时,台站的降水也迅速增加。GPS大气可降水量可作为台站短期降水预报的一个指标。     

利用北京GPS监测网分析夏季暴雨的水汽特征

利用覆盖北京地区的地基GPS水汽监测网数据反演的地基GPS大气柱水汽含量 (precipitable water vapor, PWV),分析了2009年7月3次暴雨天气过程中大气柱水汽含量的水平分布特征;利用高空、地面常规气象资料以及加密气象自动站观测资料计算地面和高空比湿,结合温度、风等物理量分析3次暴雨天气过程中的大尺度水汽输送和中尺度局地辐合作用;对最大降水强度以及降水量的时间变化的分析表明:3次降水落区分布特征与降水前期大气柱水汽含量高值的水平分布较为一致;大气柱水汽含量曲线变化特征与各尺度天气系统造成的水汽输送和水汽辐合密切相关,大气柱水汽含量的大小与水汽来源密切相关;降水前4小时内大气柱水汽含量出现陡增,线性增速大于1.1 mm/h,最大降水强度出现在大气柱水汽含量峰值出现后的1~2 h。     

北京一次大暴雨的水汽收支和微物理过程数值分析

利用NCEP1°×1°再分析资料和常规气象观测资料,使用WRF模式对2012年7月21日发生在北京地区的一次特大暴雨天气过程进行数值模拟。在模拟结果的基础上,分析了此次暴雨过程的形势演变和水汽条件,并分别计算了暴雨发生过程中北京全市范围内的水汽输送、水汽收支、大气可降水量和空中各相态水物质的量值大小、空间分布情况及其相互转化关系。结果发现:这次降水主要受高空槽、低涡和地面切变线的影响。有东南、西南两条水汽输送通道,计算区域上空水汽收支变化与地面雨强的演变对应很好。中低层持续而强烈的水汽净输入,为暴雨的发生发展提供了很好的水汽条件。北京各站点大气可降水量普遍超过历史极值,反映了降水的极端性。降水发展不同阶段,云内微物理过程存在差异,降水量初期以暖雨为主,降雨量不大,之后冷雨过程增强,降水量迅速增大。     

物理协调大气变分客观分析模型及其在青藏高原的应用I: 方法与评估

本文系统地介绍了基于约束变分客观分析法构建的物理协调大气变分客观分析模型,并将模型首次应用于青藏高原那曲试验区。该模型可融合不同时空分辨率的多来源数据,通过利用地面降水和地面、大气顶部的热通量等大气上下边界的观测资料来约束调整探空观测变量,从而尽可能保证气柱内的质量、热量、水汽和动量收支平衡。对模型及其产生的第三次青藏高原大气科学试验那曲试验区2014年8月期间的大气分析数据集进行评估分析,结果表明模型生成的常规状态量很好地保留了观测特征,模型生成的重要大尺度衍生量（如,垂直速度、散度、温度/水汽平流、视热源、视水汽汇等）可以较好地反映试验期内大气柱的动力、热力和水汽结构特征,有利于对大气降水过程的分析研究。分析发现,350～400 hPa高度层是该时期那曲试验区的动力、热量和水汽的重要变化中心。从各种观测资料对模型生成的分析场的影响来看,探空观测对高空风场的影响最大,但这种影响的幅度在1 m/s以内;降水和上下边界通量观测主要影响大尺度衍生量,如垂直速度,其中降水主要影响降水时期的上升运动,通量观测主要影响弱/无降水时期的下沉运动。总体而言,物理协调大气变分客观分析模型具备较好的稳定性和合理性。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on