弹性波数值模拟的延迟边界方法

在地震波场的波动方程数值模拟中,由于计算量的限制,必须加入人为的边界,使模拟计算可以在一定的空间范围内进行. 由于边界节点上的波场值不能像模拟区域内部的节点一样使用中心差分来计算,使其计算精度大大降低,从而产生边界反射. 为了消除边界反射,本文提出了延迟边界方法,根据弹性波在传播方向上等距离质点的等相位延迟性质和振幅衰减特性,由内部波场的时空分布,推算出边界波场的相位延迟的大小和振幅衰减系数,从而提高边界节点上的波场值计算精度,消除边界反射的产生.     

三维弹性波数值模拟中的吸收边界条件

在地震波传播数值模拟的过程中,需要使用吸收边界条件从而达到衰减人为边界 反射的目的. 本文基于傍轴近似法提出了计算三维弹性波方程的吸收边界条件公式,表示了 各边界面、边棱和角点处波场所满足的单程波方程,并在三维弹性波数值模拟中进行了应用 . 理论模型及三维盐丘地质模型波场切片快照试算结果表明,该吸收边界条件可以有效地吸 收人为边界反射,适用于较大入射角情况,从而消除了边界有效波信息的干扰. 由于采用四 阶近似方程,在保证计算精度的前提下,该方法具有节省计算工作量和易于实现的特点.     

CPML条件下黏弹介质地震波传播的有限差分模拟与特征分析

在波动方程有限差分波场数值模拟中,为了使计算得到的边界波场值更接近于真实的边界波场值,需要使用边界条件以减少来自计算区域边界的人为反射能量。传统的分裂式完全匹配层(SPML)吸收边界条件不能有效吸收掠射波,后来发展的不分裂卷积完全匹配层(CPML)能够较好地处理这个问题,并且CPML在处理边界问题时无需对波场进行非物理分裂。本文针对Kelvin-Voigt模型的黏弹性介质,采用高阶交错网格有限差分方法进行数值模拟,同时利用CPML吸收边界条件进行边界处理。数值模拟结果表明:与弹性波相比,大角度入射产生的低频掠射波对黏弹性波的影响更大;CPML吸收边界条件对低频掠射波的吸收效果比传统的SPML吸收边界条件更好。     

三维弹性波数值模拟中改进的NPML研究

在地震波传播数值模拟的过程中,需要使用吸收边界条件达到衰减人为边界反射的目的,其中完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件被认为是目前最理想的吸收边界条件.但在三维地震波传播数值模拟中直接应用常规的PML吸收边界条件存在编程实现复杂、计算资源需求高等不足之处.本文基于传统的NPML吸收边界条件,提出了一种改进的方法.该方法通过引入伸展函数和辅助变量,把PML介质中的三维弹性波动方程分解成正常计算项和衰减项,其中衰减项的计算只在PML区域内部进行,其值只与坐标轴的方向相关,可通过离散数值迭代求解.分析和试验结果表明,该方法避免了卷积运算,减少了辅助变量的个数,具有理论方程简洁、编程实现简单、计算资源需求少等优点,能更有效地解决三维地震波传播数值模拟中的吸收边界问题.     

各向同性介质中射线理论与有限差分地震波场模拟方法比较研究

地震波场数值模拟不仅是研究复杂地区地震资料采集、处理和解释的有效辅助手段,而且是研究地球深部精细构造和地球深部探测的有效工具.射线理论和波动方程理论是地震波场数值模拟的理论基础.射线理论主要刻画地震波在介质中传播的走时场、地震射线等运动学属性;波动方程理论通过求解波动方程来描述地震波在介质中传播的弹性动力学响应(能量衰减、相位特征、偏振属性、以及全波形等).基于波动方程理论的波场数值模拟由于能够引入丰富的波场信息,使得人们对不同介质中地震波的传播过程有了较全面的了解.本文以二维层状均匀介质模型为例,通过射线追踪法和交错网格有限差分法模拟得到的波场快照图、单炮地震记录剖面、合成理论地震图的分析比较,不但对地震波在各向同性层状均匀介质中的传播规律和特点有了深刻的理解和认识,同时又可以相互验证两种不同方法的正确性和有效性.     

基于混合边界条件的有限单元法GPR正演模拟

从Maxwell方程组出发,推导了探地雷达(GPR)有限元波动方程.阐述了透射边界条件和Sarma边界条件的原理,推导了这两种边界条件的理论公式;通过在衰减层内加入过渡带优化了Sarma边界条件的加载方法,压制了介质区和衰减层交界面处的人为反射.考虑到透射边界条件与Sarma边界条件不同的理论机制,提出了一种结合透射边界条件和Sarma边界条件的混合边界条件,它利用Sarma边界条件对到达边界区域的GPR波能量衰减功能和透射边界对GPR波能量的透射功能,使GPR波经过Sarma边界条件的衰减吸收后,再通过透射边界条件将剩余能量透射出去,集成了二者的优势.并以二维均匀模型中的中心脉冲激励源方式为例,通过Matlab程序实现,以GPR的全波场快照的直观方式,对比了有、无边界条件及不同边界条件对人工截断边界的处理效果,说明了该混合边界条件对到达截断边界处的GPR波的处理优于单一边界条件.最后,以基于混合边界条件的有限单元法对两个典型的GPR地电模型进行了正演模拟,指导了GPR数据处理与工程实践.     

层状弹性介质全波射线追踪技术研究

射线追踪法是一种有效的地震波场数值模拟方法,在层析成像、叠前深度偏移及正演模拟等研究领域均占据重要地位.但相较于波动方程数值模拟方法,射线追踪法在获取较高运算速度的同时损失掉了地震波场的动力学信息,对于整个地震波场的地震波衰减以及转换波等问题都没有进行考虑.为了能够得到较为完整的合成地震记录并对地震资料做出更合理解释,本文在使用射线追踪法进行波场数值模拟的同时考虑了衰减信息,追踪转换波以弥补射线追踪法在动力学上的缺陷.在全波射线追踪过程中,通过追踪同类波和转换波,并计算该段射线的能量衰减,在保证高速计算的同时获得了较为完整的合成地震记录,取得较好的效果.     

复杂介质多尺度变网格地震波数值模拟

在应用有限差分法地震波场数值模拟过程中,模拟精度和计算效率是关键问题之一,特别是对于速度变化剧烈的含小尺度地质体的数值模拟尤为重要.为了既能精细刻画介质的局部结构,又能保证模拟的时效性,本文在传统交错网格有限差分算法的基础上,将变网格有限差分方法引入到交错网格高阶差分数值模拟中,对交错网格空间算法进行了改进,并避免了因插值因素影响模拟精度和计算效率.本文采用完全匹配层吸收边界条件实现对可变网格数值模拟的边界处理,根据完全匹配层吸收边界原理和参量的分裂思想,在不同的方向分别加相应的阻尼衰减因子,解决边界的反射问题.此外还分析了数值频散对于模拟结果的影响.文中分别设计了地堑和生物礁两个介质模型对可变交错网格算法的有效性和稳定性进行了验证.数值模拟结果表明,可变交错网格有限差分算法数值模拟能够对地下介质物性的空间变化进行准确刻画,进一步增强数值模拟对复杂介质的适应性,同时为地震数据的波场成像、纵横波联合解释等提供可靠依据.     

隧道工程勘察中的超前预报成像方法研究

针对地下工程领域隧道超前预报地震波波场传播与成像中存在的问题,通过数值模拟,构建二维含低速异常的隧道介质模型,研究隧道弹性波场传播规律和异常体边界成像准确性.首先,利用一阶速度-应力波动方程和高阶交错网格有限差分计算方法,导出隧道超前预报数值模拟的稳定性条件和边界条件,对上述隧道模型进行数值模拟,识别波场特征;其次,利用叠前逆时偏移成像方法,对压制噪音干扰后的波场在互相关成像条件下,对隧道模型中的异常体边界进行逆时偏移成像.研究结果表明：采用高阶交错网格有限差分正演获得异常体边界清晰的反射波和角点产生的散射波;逆时偏移算法获得隧道内异常体准确成像结果,从而大大提高隧道超前预报的分辨率与准确性;靠近掌子面单一震源、多道接收观测系统对异常体成像效果最佳,为隧道内高效数据采集提供理论依据.     

VTI介质准P波旋转交错有限差分数值模拟

本文采用旋转交错网格差分格式对VTI（垂直对称轴的横向各向同性）介质准P波一阶应力-速度方程进行数值模拟。并在PML边界条件和稳定性条件下得出Marmousi等复杂模型的高精度波场快照和地震记录,分析了各向异性对地震波的影响。数值结果表明：旋转交错网格有限差分能获得高精度的地震模拟数据,PML边界有较好的吸收效果。     

Perfectly matched layer boundary conditions for frequency-domain acoustic wave simulation in the mesh-free discretization

Mesh-free discretization, flexibly distributing nodes without computationally expensive meshing process, is able to deal with staircase problem, oversampling and undersampling problems and saves plenty of nodes through distributing nodes suitably with respect to irregular boundaries and model parameters. However, the time-domain mesh-free discretization usually exhibits poorer stability than that in regular grid discretization. In order to reach unconditional stability and easy implementation in parallel computing, we develop the frequency-domain finite-difference method in a mesh-free discretization, incorporated with two perfectly matched layer boundary conditions. Furthermore, to maintain the flexibility of mesh-free discretization, the nodes are still irregularly distributed in the absorbing zone, which complicates the situation of artificial boundary reflections. In this paper, we implement frequency-domain acoustic wave modelling in a mesh-free system. First, we present the perfectly matched layer boundary condition to suppress spurious reflections. Moreover, we develop the complex frequency shifted–perfectly matched layer boundary condition to improve the attenuation of grazing waves. In addition, we employ the radial-basis-function-generated finite difference method in the mesh-free discretization to calculate spatial derivatives. The numerical experiment on a rectangle homogeneous model shows the effectiveness of the perfectly matched layer boundary condition and the complex frequency shifted–perfectly matched layer boundary condition, and the latter one is better than the former one when absorbing large angle incident waves. The experiment on the Marmousi model suggests that the complex frequency shifted–perfectly matched layer boundary condition works well for complicated models.     

模拟震源动力学破裂过程的数值方法研究

为模拟震源的动力学破裂过程,本文讨论一种求解剪切裂纹动力学扩展问题的有限差分法。在研究二维反平面破裂的基础上,我们把所用方法推广到三维问题。研究了许多简单震源模型,通过对比同一问题的解析解和其它数值解,对方法的正确性和计算精度进行了检验,结果表明我们的数值方法是可行的。最后,作为初步应用的例子,我们研究了非均匀断层的自发破裂问题。     

Poroelastic finite-difference modeling for ultrasonic waves in digital porous cores

Scattering attenuation in short wavelengths has long been interesting to geophysicists. Ultrasonic coda waves, observed as the tail portion of ultrasonic wavetrains in laboratory ultrasonic measurements, are important for such studies where ultrasonic waves interact with small-scale random heterogeneities on a scale of micrometers, but often ignored as noises because of the contamination of boundary reflections from the side ends of a sample core. Numerical simulations with accurate absorbing boundary can provide insight into the effect of boundary reflections on coda waves in laboratory experiments. The simulation of wave propagation in digital and heterogeneous porous cores really challenges numerical techniques by digital image of poroelastic properties, numerical dispersion at high frequency and strong heterogeneity, and accurate absorbing boundary schemes at grazing incidence. To overcome these difficulties, we present a staggered-grid high-order finite-difference (FD) method of Biot’s poroelastic equations, with an arbitrary even-order (2L) accuracy to simulate ultrasonic wave propagation in digital porous cores with strong heterogeneity. An unsplit convolutional perfectly matched layer (CPML) absorbing boundary, which improves conventional PML methods at grazing incidence with less memory and better computational efficiency, is employed in the simulation to investigate the influence of boundary reflections on ultrasonic coda waves. Numerical experiments with saturated poroelastic media demonstrate that the 2L FD scheme with the CPML for ultrasonic wave propagation significantly improves stability conditions at strong heterogeneity and absorbing performance at grazing incidence. The boundary reflections from the artificial boundary surrounding the digital core decay fast with the increase of CPML thicknesses, almost disappearing at the CPML thickness of 15 grids. Comparisons of the resulting ultrasonic coda Q _sc values between the numerical and experimental ultrasonic S waveforms for a cylindrical rock sample demonstrate that the boundary reflection may contribute around one-third of the ultrasonic coda attenuation observed in laboratory experiments.     

起伏地表弹性波传播的间断Galerkin有限元数值模拟方法

间断Galerkin有限元法（DG-FEM）作为一种有效的高阶有限元法受到了国内外学者的广泛关注.本文基于任意高阶间断Galerkin有限元法对弹性波方程进行空间离散,并将离散后所得的非齐次线性常微分方程系统齐次化,最后结合针对齐次问题的强稳定性保持龙格库塔（SSP Runge-Kutta）算法,将DG-FEM推广至时间任意高阶精度.另外,借鉴近最佳匹配层（NPML）的思想,基于复频移（CFS）拉伸坐标变换推导了一种新的PML吸收边界条件（简称为CFS-NPML）,该CFS-NPML能够与DG-FEM算法很好地结合,形成有效的起伏地表地震波传播数值模拟技术.数值试验结果表明,DG-FEM具有高阶精度,可以适应任意复杂起伏地表和复杂构造情况下的弹性波传播数值模拟.同时,CFS-NPML对包括面波等震相的人为边界反射都具有良好的吸收效果.     

Dynamics of rigid strip foundations embedded in orthotropic elastic soils

This study is concerned with the dynamic response of an arbitrary shaped rigid strip foundation embedded in an orthotropic elastic soil. The foundation is subjected to time-harmonic vertical, horizontal and moment loadings. The boundary-value problem related to an embedded foundation is analysed by using the indirect boundary integral equation method. The kernel functions of the integral equations are displacement and traction Green's functions of an anisotropic elastic half plane. Exact analytical solutions are used for the Green's functions. The boundary integral equation is solved by using numerical techniques. Selected numerical results are presented for the impedances of rectangular and semi-circular rigid strip foundations embedded in four types of anisotropic soils. A discussion on the influence of soil anisotropy and frequency of excitation on the impedances is presented. The versatility of the analysis is demonstrated by considering the through soil interaction between two semi-circular strip foundations.     

基于自适应网格的仿真型有限差分地震波数值模拟

在复杂山地和复杂海底条件下,地表和海底的剧烈起伏对地震波数值模拟提出了更高的要求.常规有限差分法采用矩形网格对模型进行网格剖分,由于矩形网格自身的限制,起伏地表或起伏海底只能由一系列阶梯状折线代替,从而引起人为虚假绕射波.此外,在模拟液-固界面的反射波时,如果界面与网格线不一致,则需要更密的网格才能得到精确的结果.为了解决上述问题,本文将自适应网格生成技术引入到起伏海底速度模型的网格剖分中,采用高阶仿真型有限差分法(MFD)对曲线坐标下的声波方程波进行了数值模拟.利用自适应网格生成技术对速度模型进行网格剖分不仅可以准确地描述模型边界,而且可以有效消除虚假绕射波.高阶仿真型有限差分法可以有效压制频散提高计算精度.模型试算结果表明,本文方法对复杂海底模型具有很好的适应性.     

Adaptive volume penalization for ocean modeling

The development of various volume penalization techniques for use in modeling topographical features in the ocean is the focus of this paper. Due to the complicated geometry inherent in ocean boundaries, the stair-step representation used in the majority of current global ocean circulation models causes accuracy and numerical stability problems. Brinkman penalization is the basis for the methods developed here and is a numerical technique used to enforce no-slip boundary conditions through the addition of a term to the governing equations. The second aspect to this proposed approach is that all governing equations are solved on a nonuniform, adaptive grid through the use of the adaptive wavelet collocation method. This method solves the governing equations on temporally and spatially varying meshes, which allows higher effective resolution to be obtained with less computational cost. When penalization methods are coupled with the adaptive wavelet collocation method, the flow near the boundary can be well-resolved. It is especially useful for simulations of boundary currents and tsunamis, where flow near the boundary is important. This paper will give a thorough analysis of these methods applied to the shallow water equations, as well as some preliminary work applying these methods to volume penalization for bathymetry representation for use in either the nonhydrostatic or hydrostatic primitive equations.     

Perfectly matched layer boundary conditions for the second-order acoustic wave equation solved by the rapid expansion method

We derive a governing second-order acoustic wave equation in the time domain with a perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition for general inhomogeneous media. Besides, a new scheme to solve the perfectly matched layer equation for absorbing reflections from the model boundaries based on the rapid expansion method is proposed. The suggested scheme can be easily applied to a wide class of wave equations and numerical methods for seismic modelling. The absorbing boundary condition method is formulated based on the split perfectly matched layer method and we employ the rapid expansion method to solve the derived new perfectly matched layer equation. The use of the rapid expansion method allows us to extrapolate wavefields with a time step larger than the ones commonly used by traditional finite-difference schemes in a stable way and free of dispersion noise. Furthermore, in order to demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed perfectly matched layer scheme, numerical modelling examples are also presented. The numerical results obtained with the put forward perfectly matched layer scheme are compared with results from traditional attenuation absorbing boundary conditions and enlarged models as well. The analysis of the numerical results indicates that the proposed perfectly matched layer scheme is significantly effective and more efficient in absorbing spurious reflections from the model boundaries.