山西洪洞县ML5.0地震波及区的应急反应

2003年11月25日山西省临汾市洪洞县甘亭镇发生ML5.0地震，此次地震波及面广，对这次地震波及区——运城市地震局的地震应急工作进行了回顾，认为在平时工作中扎实地做好应急预案的演练工作是十分重要的。     

2003年11月25日山西洪洞甘亭ML5.0地震灾害损失评估

2003年11月25日在山西省洪洞县甘亭镇发生ML5．0地震，通过野外调查，对这次地震灾害损失进行了评估。评估结果表明，这次地震造成重伤4人，轻伤7人，总经济损失为54.94万元，指出，经济损失主要是因为房屋质量以及震前雨量过大所造成。     

谈山西洪洞ML5.0地震的应急

2003年11月25日在山西省洪洞县甘亭镇发生了ML5．0地震，这次地震造成的灾害损失虽然不大，但对山西临汾市地震应急工作是一次有效的实战检验。介绍了这次地震的基本情况，包括震感、烈度分布、灾害损失以及震前、震后出现的宏、微观异常现象；就地震发生后的地震应急工作，从临汾市委、市政府采取的应急措施、地震应急现场工作队及全市地震部门的应急工作三方面进行了总结；得出了在这次地震应急工作中的经验、教训和启示。     

简讯

山西省洪洞县甘亭发生 5 .0级地震山西省人民政府领导高度重视2 0 0 3年 11月 2 5日 13时 4 0分山西省临汾市洪洞县甘亭镇发生 ML5 .0地震。地震发生后 ,山西省地震局迅速启动应急预案 ,应急人员及时到岗 ,2 0 min内派出现场工作队 ,赶赴地震现场。山西省地震局分析预报中心紧急会商 ,提出地震趋势判断意见 ,局有关部门迅速将震情、灾情报告中国地震局、中共山西省委、山西省人民政府及山西省有关厅局 ,并向媒体公布震情、灾情信息 ,解答群众来人、来电提出的问题 ,平定了群众的恐慌心理。山西省临汾市地震局、运城市地震局也启动震时工作…     

2003年9月2日阿克陶5.9级地震宏观烈度考察与发震构造探讨

2003年9月2日在阿克陶发生了5．9级地震，震中烈度为Ⅶ度。地震形成的雪崩、滚石，压死了大牲畜数百头，并造成Ⅵ度区的部分房屋裂缝。地震发生在新构造活动强烈的帕米尔高原东部北北西构造带上，该构造带的断裂性质多为右旋走滑的全新世活动深断裂。该次地震微观震中和宏观震中之间有一定距离，依据宏观震中位置判定，发震构造为布伦口断裂。     

2009年3月28日山西原平4．2级地震现场考察报告

2009年3月28日19时11分,在山西省原平市苏龙口镇发生4．2级地震。地震后,由山西省地震局、忻州市地震局联合组成的现场工作队,对此次地震进行了现场考察。经调查,宏观震中位于原平市苏龙口镇下政化村代县新高乡沿村之间,截止到3月30日08时共发生余震67次,宏观震中最大烈度为Ⅴ度,地震有感范围涉及忻州市大部分地区和太原、朔州、阳泉、大同等4市的部分县区,总面积约30000m^2。     

1994年震情述评

１９９４年震情述评丁鉴海，刘杰（中国北京１０００３６国家地震局分析预报中心）１１９９４年我国地震活动实况１９９４年我国共发生人Ｍｓ≥５．０级地震４８次（大陆及近海地区２９次，台湾地区１９次），其中Ｍｓ≥６．０级地震９次（大陆及近海地区４次，台湾地区５...     

1999年山西应县——浑源4.6级地震宏观烈度考察报告

在对１９９９年５月１５日山西省应县－浑源ＭＬ４．６地震宏观烈度考察的基础上,得出极限区烈度为Ⅵ度,呈椭圆形,长轴走向北东,长度１３ｋｍ,短轴１０ｋｍ,面积１０２ｋｍ＾２的结论。分析了地震的发展构造,认为北东向的恒山北麓断裂是控制大同盆地的南部边界断裂,为控震构造,北西向的次级活动断层为此次地震的发展构造。指出,该次地震破坏较重的原因是由于震源浅。     

1993年河北省及华北地区地震概况

１９９３年河北省及华北地区地震概况刘继禄（河北省地震局，石家庄０５００２１）１１１９９３年河北省地震活动概况１．回根据我省地震台网测定，１９９３年１月至１９９３年１２月３１日，河北省及京津地区共发生地震１３８８次，其中ＭＬ＞２．０级地震１０９６次，２...     

甘肃省民乐6.1级地震短期预报的简要回顾与启示

2003年10月25日，甘肃民乐—山丹交界发生了Ms6．1地震。震前，在中国地震局监测预报司和分析预报中心的领导和指导下，甘肃省地震局于9月20日提出了祁连山中东段地区短期内可能发生6级左右地震的预报意见，并采取了多种短临跟踪措施。     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。     

Dynamics of dissolved major (Na,K, Ca,Mg, and Si) and trace (Al,Fe, Mn,Zn, Cu,and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River

This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers

Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed.