中华绒螯雌体腹肢外骨骼组织学初步研究

用组织学方法初步研究了中华绒螯蟹雌体腹肢的体壁结构。在光镜下 ,腹肢体壁由外至内分为 2层 ,分别为角膜层和上皮细胞层。前者又可分为上角膜、外角膜和内角膜 3层 ,其中外角膜中的几丁质纤维形成明暗相间的条带 ;内角膜包括内层和外层 2个亚层。上皮细胞层常与粘液腺紧密相连。角膜层上有粘液腺的分泌导管。     

名词解释

地壳(Crust)地球的最外层,其表层为薄而不连续的沉积岩和大洋沉积层。一般大陆地壳由轻的物质组成,厚约30—60公里;大洋地壳由的物质组成,厚度在5—6公里以内。 地幔(Mantle) 地球的主体,介于地壳与核之间,深度约从40公里至3,480(通常算至2,900)里,由致密的铁镁质硅酸盐类组成。在深处,由于渡、压力的增大,物质出现相变,相变把地幔划分几个性质不同的同心层。     

纹藤壶和鳞笠藤壶雄性生殖系统的初步研究

对厦门海区的纹藤壶　Balanusamphitriteamphitrite和鳞笠藤壶　Tetraclitasquamosasquamosa　雄性生殖系统进行解剖学、组织学和细胞化学的研究。结果表明:两种藤壶的雄性生殖系统均由精巢、输精管、贮精囊及交接器4部分组成。精巢内依次排列有精原细胞、精母细胞、精子细胞和成熟精子。输精管由一层上皮细胞围成,内可见成熟精子,贮精囊前端管壁结构与输精管相似,后端管壁厚,可分为4层结构。交接器结构复杂,内层为射精管,外层结构与贮精囊后段相似。精子为线形,头部附属小滴内有4—6个致密斑,鞭毛沿头部一侧着生。初步探讨了不同发育阶段的雄性生殖细胞碱性蛋白的变化及附属小滴的细胞化学特性及生理学特性     

百态千姿话贝壳

软体动物所以又名贝类,即因它们多具贝壳而使然。当贝类生活时,头、足即伸出壳外,一遇险境便缩入壳内,所以贝壳是一种保护器官。典型的贝壳有三层结构:外层为有质层,内含角质物质,称贝壳素,如同人的指甲,是一种硬蛋白,耐受酸腐蚀。中层较厚,称棱柱层或壳层。内层为叶状的霰石结构,极富光彩,称珍珠层。外层和中层由外套膜背部边缘分     

南海北部烟囱状冷泉碳酸盐岩的沉积环境分析

对南海北部陆坡具有圈层结构的烟囱状冷泉碳酸盐岩的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学特征进行了研究,结果表明:烟囱内外层具有明显不同的特征,内层碳酸盐含量比外层高,内层的碳酸盐矿物也更富含MgCO3,并且矿物颗粒较大,结晶程度较高;外层的铝、硅等陆源碎屑元素比内层含量高。内外层的碳、氧同位素也具有明显差别。对于研究的两个样品,内层的δ13 C分别为-40.80×10-3和-31.27×10-3,δ18 O分别为2.67×10-3和2.00×10-3,而外层的δ13 C分别为-31.26×10-3和-30.99×10-3,δ18 O分别为0.48×10-3和1.85×10-3。结合前人在该区域附近的研究结果认为,烟囱状碳酸盐岩具有内层比外层相对较负δ13C和较为富集δ18 O的特征。1mm间隔取样的δ13C和δ18 O剖面变化与烟囱状碳酸盐岩的圈层结构吻合较好,由外层至内层δ13C的变化范围为-27.50×10-3～-32.05×10-3,δ18 O的变化范围为0.78×10-3～2.34×10-3。外层6mm的δ13 C和δ18 O具有明显的负线性相关,相关系数r2为0.996 7。根据上述特征,讨论了渗漏甲烷流体的性质、扩散机制及对沉积环境的影响,推测具有圈层结构的烟囱状碳酸盐岩是由单一渗漏通道形成的,生长顺序有待进一步定年证实。烟囱外部6mm受海水影响较大。研究结果对于恢复南海北部陆坡甲烷渗漏系统、建立冷泉和热泉之间的联系具有一定意义。     

日本研制出运输活虾的新包装箱

为运输活虾并使之保持新鲜,日本北海道涵馆水产食品公司专门研制了一种新的包装箱。这种包装箱采用三层结构：内层是不漏水的乙烯箱(箱内盛水和活虾),用泡沫苯乙烯作外层,两层之间有5厘米左右的间隔,可用来放碎冰块或化学致冷剂。内箱里盛放经消毒和注入一定氧气的海水,将活虾放在水中,然后盖严即可运输。     

波纹唇鱼消化道的形态学和组织学

通过形态解剖、组织切片和光镜观察技术对波纹唇鱼Cheilinus undulatus消化道的形态学和组织学进行了研究。结果表明,波纹唇鱼消化道分为口咽腔、食道、胃和肠。口咽腔较大,颌齿和咽骨齿均发达,具有多种类型齿;食道粗而短;鳃耙仅有3对半,较长、粗且稀少;"I"型胃,盲囊部不明显;无幽门盲囊;肠管粗短,可分为前肠、后肠和直肠三部分,肠道系数约为3.05。从食道后部开始整个消化道管腔有密集的绒毛,消化道管壁的组织结构由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌肉层和浆膜层构成。消化道上皮为单层柱状细胞,其间分布有较多杯状细胞,杯状细胞有明显的开口。黏膜下层为疏松结缔组织。肌肉层致密,内层为环肌外层为纵肌,二者间分布有神经丛。浆膜层极薄,覆盖于整个消化道的外层。这些特征使波纹唇鱼具有典型的肉食性鱼类的特征和习性,便于咬破和磨碎食物坚硬的外壳,使食物在消化道中停留的时间较短、能够快速通过消化道,在肠道中迅速消化吸收,然后排出体外。     

南海北部冷泉碳酸盐岩层状结构及其地质意义

通过对南海北部冷泉碳酸盐岩的结构进行研究,发现了3种不同的层状结构:结核状碳酸盐岩的微纹层和烟囱状碳酸盐岩平行及垂直烟囱壁的层。不同层的微结构、化学成分、矿物等方面的研究结果表明:结核状碳酸盐岩层的各个微纹层在结晶程度、矿物形态、孔隙度等方面不同,但化学成分变化不大;对于烟囱状碳酸盐岩,与烟囱壁平行的内外层之间矿物、成岩程度等不同,垂直烟囱壁的不同层之间碳酸盐矿物含量不同。碳酸盐岩不同的层状结构是其形成时地质、物理、化学和生物等信息的反映,对于恢复其形成时的古环境具有重要意义。     

中国北黄海微表层海水中细菌多样性（英文）

微表层是海洋环境与大气对流层之间的一层生物膜,具有独特的海洋生态系统和物理化学、微生物组成。本研究采用传统的培养和流式细胞计数方法,比较了微表层和次表层(0.50米深)的细菌丰度,并对筛选的53株菌进行了测序,分析了可培养细菌的群落结构。此外,直接从微表层和相应次表层海水中提取DNA,通过变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)方法分析了总细菌的群落结构。结果表明,海洋微表层存在一个特殊的生态群,其微生物群落结构明显不同于其相应次水层。本研究采用生态学分子技术全面阐述了中国北黄海微表层海水中的漂浮细菌群落结构。     

东方扁虾卵巢和滤泡结构的研究

卵巢包括4种形态的组分:(1)卵巢壁,(2)生殖上皮,(3)卵母细胞(早期卵巢还包括卵原细胞)一滤泡细胞层,(4)卵巢壁内突.卵巢壁及壁内突均含有血管、血窦、肌细胞等成分,卵巢壁内突延伸至每个滤泡的外层基膜处.滤泡由内至外由卵母细胞、卵周隙、滤泡细胞及基膜等4部分组成.卵母细胞膜表面向卵周隙内伸出许多微绒毛,并具有许多微吞饮凹.随着滤泡的发育,卵周隙内含物电子密度越来越大,成熟滤泡的卵周隙内含物演变为卵壳.卵壳由两部分构成:外层较薄,而内层较厚且含电子致密的颗粒物质.滤泡细胞一般为单层,具较强的合成活性,其合成产物系卵周隙内含物的一部分.东方扁虾卵巢和滤泡的结构特征表明外源性(卵母细胞外及卵巢外)的卵黄合成在卵黄发生上起重要的作用.     

三种常见经济虾蟹类眼柄微结构分析

本研究分别检测了三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)、中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)和中国对虾(Penaeus orientalis)三种虾蟹类的眼柄微结构特征,根据眼柄微结构,三种虾蟹类眼柄都分为4层:表层、色素层、钙化层和膜层。表层质地均匀,色素层含有色素,钙化层内有明显的生长纹(宽带和细纹),膜层透明度最高。但是三者眼柄微结构也有差异,中国对虾眼柄色素层较薄,膜层较厚,中华绒螯蟹钙化层含有色素颗粒。研究发现,中华绒螯蟹眼柄生长纹平均间距最大。钙化层的宽带是否与年龄或脱壳次数有关,细纹是否与日龄有关需要进一步实验验证,通过眼柄微结构特征的分析,可为虾蟹类的年龄鉴定及其生长研究提供新的方法。     

Gills of hydrothermal vent annelids: Structure, ultrastructure and functional implications in two alvinellid species

The anatomy, fine structure, diffusion distances and respiratory surface areas of the gills of two species of the polychaete family Alvinellidae have been investigated. Each gill consists of a stem on which are inserted two opposite rows of respiratory elements: flat sickle-shaped lamellae in Alvinella pompejana and cylindrical filaments in Paralvinella grasslei. Both lamellae and filaments have a ciliated mucous epidermis, a central layer of supporting and muscle cells and are devoid of coelomic cavity. Each respiratory element possesses one afferent and one efferent marginal vessel, united to each other distally, and connected proximally to separate longitudinal vessels running in the stem. Superficial parallel blood spaces connect the marginal vessels across the lamella or filament. Deeper, between the basal laminae of the epidermis and that of the central cell layer, a blood sinus is also present. The marginal vessels and the superficial blood spaces actually are intraepidermal extensions of this deep blood sinus. The diffusion distances are very small owing to the intraepidermal position of the respiratory blood spaces. The specific gill surface areas in A. pompejana and P. grasslei are the largest known today in polychaetes, respectively 12 and 47 cm² per g wet weight. The distinctive features of the gills are possibly related to a low oxygen content of the ambient seawater. Numerous crystalline granules scattered in the gill epidermis suggest that this epithelium has a detoxifying function.     

东平原狭蚌虫外壳的组织学研究

本文对东平原狭蚌虫外壳的组织结构进行了研究。外壳由内外角质层、内外上皮层和皮下结缔组织共同组成。外角质层厚,较规则。上皮细胞有柱状细胞和具有胞突的锥形细胞两种形态。同侧及相对两侧的上皮胞突相连接,构成了许多具有血细胞的血腔隙。     

毛蚶消化系统形态学、组织学与组织化学的研究

运用解剖学、组织学和组织化学方法对毛蚶（Scapharca subcrenata）消化系统的结构和功能进行了研究。结果表明：毛蚶消化系统由消化道和消化盲囊组成。消化道包括唇辩、口、食道、胃、晶杆囊、肠、直肠和肛门。除唇辩、晶杆囊外的消化管壁由内向外可分为四层：粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和外膜。粘膜层包括粘膜上皮和粘膜肌层。口腔和食道上皮为假复层纤毛柱状上皮，消化道其它部位的粘膜上皮都为单层纤毛柱状上皮。胃壁和肠壁的局部缺乏肌层。除口腔腹面的外膜为浆膜外，其余皆为纤维膜。消化盲囊为复管泡状腺，以导管与胃腔相通。腺上皮由胚性细胞（E-细胞）、纤维细胞（F-细胞）、吸收细胞（R-细胞）和分泌细胞（B-细胞）组成。在口、食道、胃、肠等部位的消化管腔存在着吞噬细胞。肠上皮和消化盲囊腺上皮有较强的碱性磷酸酶活性，胃上皮、肠上皮和消化盲囊腺上皮有较强的酸性磷酸酶活性。胃和肠的粘膜下层、消化盲囊腺上皮和结缔组织中含有钙和铁。     

A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF DIURNAL VERTICAL MIGRATION OF PLANKTONIC CRUSTACEANS IN THE XIAMEN HARBOUR

The diurnal vertical migration of planktonic crustaceans may be divided into two types: Type 1, species with marked diurnal vertical migration; Type 2, species without marked diurnal vertical migration. The former may be further grouped into three patterns: Pattern 1, sinking by day and rising by night; Pattern 2, rising by dawn and evening and sinking by day and midnight; Pattern 3, rising by day and sinking by night. The latter may be further grouped into the following three patterns: Pattern 1, surface layer distribution; Pattern 2, bottom layer distribution; Pattern 3, even distribution between the surface and bottom layers. Among these patterns the two most common ones appear to be the sinking by day and rising by night' and the surface layer distribution. Most of the females are no more marked in the diurnal vertical migration than males in the Xiamen Harbour. The diurnal vertical migration of the animal become more and more conspicuous with the increase of the ages and varies markedly with season     

海滩层理中的反递变纹层

本文提出海滩反递变纹层自下而上粒度由小到大,重矿物富集于纹层底部,它是前滨冲流“剪切分选”的产物。原生反递变纹层常被激浪破坏和再造,遇到后期加积海滩过程时,才能保存于海滩层理中。海滩层理的现场观测是研究海滩层理反递变纹层形成机理的重要方法之一。     

Nutrients in an oligotrophic boundary current: Evidence of a new role for the Leeuwin Current

New observations along the continental shelf of Western Australia provide a novel explanation for the established ∼60 years relationship between Leeuwin Current (LC) strength and greater winter nitrate concentrations at 32°S plus the inter-annual variation in the magnitude of the annual, shelf-scale, phytoplankton bloom. The potential source of dissolved nitrogen to support the annual shelf scale phytoplankton bloom was identified as thin layers of an unprecedented areal extent, nitrate concentration and shallow nature that were observed off the northwest of Australia. We propose that the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in these layers enters the LC at depth and then enters the euphotic zone via by three mechanisms: instability that results in a warm core eddy, cooling that deepens the surface mixed layer and shallowing of the thin layer. During the onset of the annual phytoplankton bloom along the west coast of Australia from 22°S to 34°S the poleward flowing LC was clearly evident as a surface intensified ocean boundary current transporting warmer, lower-salinity, greater-silicate waters in a shallow mixed layer rapidly southward. Between 24 and 26°S the core of the LC was present as a 50–100 m deep layer over one or more thin layers, 15–50 m thick, with high nitrate and low dissolved oxygen (DO). These layers were of lower salinity, cooler water with markedly reduced DO, high nitrate concentrations and distinct nitrate:silicate (NO₃:Si(OH)₄) nutrient ratios. As the LC flowed south it cooled and deepened thereby entraining the thin layers of high nitrate water into the euphotic zone. The LC also formed large (greater than 100 km diameter) warm core eddies with a deep surface mixed layer that also entrained nitrate from these thin layers. In some locations as far south as 32°S the LC was still present with the thin layer of high nitrate intact but now within the euphotic zone. Thus, the available evidence suggests the LC arises under conditions that favour rapid and shallow nitrification. This nitrification fuels a shelf-scale bloom on a downwelling favourable coast. Depending upon the rate of nitrification the source of the particular organic matter may be local or delivered from the tropics via horizontal advection in a subsurface layer of the LC.     

栉孔扇贝消化管的组织学观察

运用石蜡切片法和组织化学方法，对栉孔扇贝的消化管进行了研究，结果表明，整个消化管从腔内到腔外，都由黏膜上皮、黏膜肌层、结缔组织和外膜组成。黏膜上皮层由纤毛柱状细胞和杯状细胞组成，基膜很薄，皮下有一层有肌纤维，结缔组织中有丰富的血腔隙，除直肠的外膜为浆膜外，其余皆为纤维膜。纤毛和黏液在食物的运输中起重要作用。胃和晶杆囊上皮能分泌消化酶。胃上上有较弱的碱性磷酸酶和脂酶活性。胃和晶杆囊上皮及纤毛有酸性磷酸酶活性，晶杆囊上皮的核前细胞质中含铁，各部位不含钙。     

南海东北部末次冰期以来的沉积环境演变

利用南海东北部上陆坡处所取的D孔柱样进行硅藻分析,结合粒度与碎屑矿物分析结果,探讨该海域末次冰期以来沉积环境演变过程.结果表明：粒度与硅藻分析结果较为吻合,共同显示D孔柱样可分为上下两层.上表层（0～2 cm）的砂质沉积层为冰后期海进过程改造的晚更新世残留沉积层,即变余沉积;下层（2～130 cm）主要是末次冰期形成的浅海沉积.整个柱样可反映出海洋同位素MIS 4期海退至MIS 3期海进与MIS 2期海退至冰后期海进的沉积变化韵律.