华北地区极端干旱事件的变化特征

利用华北地区1961—2015年72个测站的月降水资料,采用一元线性回归、M-K非参数检验、小波变换、分形理论等方法,研究了华北地区极端干旱事件的变化特征。结果表明,华北地区极端干旱事件频次呈波动递增趋势,递增率为0.21次/10a。1981—1993年极端干旱事件频次低于平均值;1994—2015年的高于平均值,处于极端干旱期。极端干旱事件频次距平值年代际变化差异较大:1961—1980年极端干旱发生频次距平值正负交替;1981—1993年的为负值;1994—2015年的为正值。华北地区极端干旱事件频次在2003年发生了突变性增加,极端干旱事件频次Hurst指数值为0.55,具有长相关性,未来10年内华北地区极端干旱频次呈递增的发展趋势。     

攀枝花一次特重旱灾发生特点及成因分析

2009年秋~2010年春,四川川西南山地,以攀枝花为代表的秋冬春特重旱灾,是中国西南大旱灾害的重要组成部分。本文采用1965~2010年攀枝花所属台站有连续气象记录以来的观测资料进行统计分析,并依据旱灾气候背景、气象干旱指标和灾情评估规定,对该区域、该时段特大干旱发生的特点及成因进行了综合分析。结果表明,本次干旱是在攀枝花季节性干旱背景下,因长时间少雨而形成的持续时间长、影响范围广、旱灾程度深的极端气候事件。      

1876-1878年中国大范围持续干旱事件

研究1876-1878年中国持续3年的大范围严重干旱,这是发生在小冰期将结束、全球气候迅速变暖之前的寒冷气候背景下的重大气象灾害和极端气候事件。依据历史文献记载复原了干旱发生、发展的动态过程,统计逐年受旱县数,绘制了历年旱灾和伴生的饥荒、蝗灾、疫疾发生地域实况图。这次持续干旱范围广及13个省份,干旱的中心区域在山西、河南、陕西。旱区中心1877年连续无透雨时段超过200 d,跨年度的连续无透雨时段最长达340 d。其严重程度超过20世纪最严重的1928-1930年的干旱事件。该事件发生于太阳黑子第11活动周的下降时段和第12周的太阳黑子极小值年,又位于厄尔尼诺（El Nino）事件频繁期, 对应于极强的El Nino事件。     

陕西农业干旱灾害分析评估

根据1951—2000年陕西省降水、主要农作物受旱、成灾面积资料,用降水的Z指标法、农业旱灾率,确定陕西旱涝和农业旱灾等级,分析了干旱灾害特征;建立了一套陕西干旱灾害评估的指标体系,即干旱等级指标、农业旱灾指标、粮食减产评估指标。计算分析表明,陕西地区50a来,干旱以90年代最严重,70年代次之,农业旱灾以重大旱灾事件为主,而且旱灾有增加趋势。空间分布上有南少北多的特点,干旱指数与农业粮食减产量成正比关系。     

基于信息扩散理论的甘肃省农业旱灾风险分析

干旱灾害是甘肃省最严重的自然灾害。以甘肃省1990～2010年的干旱受灾面积和播种面积的统计数据为基础,采用基于信息扩散理论的模糊数学方法,建立甘肃省农业旱灾风险分析模型,对甘肃省农业旱灾进行分析。结果表明,甘肃省旱灾受灾指数在22%时的旱灾受灾概率最大,超过80%的旱灾受灾可能性就很小;旱灾风险值显示,农业旱灾受灾指数>10%～20%时的风险概率为1～1.6 a一遇,农业旱灾受灾指数>50%时的风险概率为12.2 a一遇,呈现出干旱发生周期短、发生频率高的特点,这说明甘肃省的农业旱灾出现频率高,发生周期短,灾情不容忽视。研究结果增加了对甘肃省农业旱灾的认识,对地区防灾减灾工作具有指导意义。     

2010年秋、冬季节华北持续性干旱的气候成因分析

利用1951～2011年中国台站观测的逐日降水、温度和美国NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料, 本文分析2010年秋、冬季(11月至次年2月)发生在华北地区持续性干旱的大气环流和海温异常特征, 并讨论了北极涛动(AO)和La Ni?a事件对此次干旱事件的影响。分析表明, 2010年发生在华北秋、冬季节的持续性干旱是叠加在降水减少气候趋势之上的一次极端干旱事件, 但本次极端干旱事件主要成因是受到同期较强的AO负位相和La Ni?a事件共同的影响。统计发现:AO的负位相有利于乌拉尔山阻塞高压维持和发展, 而贝加尔湖上空出现负位势高度异常, 导致东亚中高纬度经向环流加强和冷空气向南侵袭。AO负位相可导致贝加尔湖上空气压场偏低并影响冷空气的路径和强度, 进而间接地导致华北地区的干冷气候, 而同期La Ni?a的海温异常分布导致西北太平洋副热带高压偏弱偏南, 抑制了西太平洋水汽向华北地区输送, 从而直接导致该地区的干旱。由于2010年AO负指数和La Ni?a事件较历史干旱年份表现出较强和长时间持续性, 从而导致了锋面位置位于华北以南和华北本次的持续性干旱事件。     

内蒙古地区干旱风险评估

分析了形成旱灾风险的有关因素,表明旱灾风险不仅与缺雨程度及持续时间有关,而且还有明显的季节性差异。用单位评价期内的降水距平百分率反映缺雨程度,用作物和生态系统不同季节的缺雨敏感度反映干旱影响的季节性差异,并以干旱持续期内单位时段旱灾风险的累加反映其累积效应,从而建立起旱灾风险的识别指数。应用旱灾风险指数对60年来内蒙古的旱灾风险进行了初步评估。给出了各级旱灾发生的概率,并统计出及各级旱灾对应的后果。对影响范围大、跨经两个以上作物生长年份、最大旱灾风险指数双倍于特旱的极端干旱在内蒙古的发生情况进行了分析。结果表明,20世纪80年代中期以来,内蒙古的极端干旱过程在逐渐东扩,内蒙古东部地区的旱灾出现了增多增强的趋势。     

近年来黄河下游断流的干旱背景分析

近年来黄河下游连年断流 ,引起社会的极大关注。文中根据全国 1 60个基本气象测站近47a的月降水量资料 ,应用旋转主分量分析等统计分析方法 ,分析了黄河流域平均降水量的年际变化 ,比较了全国各区域降水量异常及其累积程度 ,还与历史上著名的大旱灾荒和黄河下游断流事件作了对比分析。结果表明 ,近 2 0 a来 ,黄河流域尤其黄河下游山东省及其附近地区 ,遭遇到数百年一遇的气候上连续干旱阶段 ,近 1 0 a来累计少降的雨水总量 ,相当于黄河 4 a的径流量。黄河下游近 2 0 a里集中发生了 1 5 a明显的干旱年份 ,其中 5 a大旱 ,1 0 a干旱。其干旱的累积程度不仅是全国最严重的地区 ,而且超过了历史上著名的“崇贞大旱”(1 640年 )和 1 372年的大旱及黄河下游断流事件     

树轮记录的青海柴达木盆地过去2800年来的极端干旱事件

利用在青海柴达木盆地建立的祁连圆柏树轮宽度指数年表,分析了自公元前800年以来树轮所记录的该地区2800年来极端干旱事件的变化。研究发现,过去2800年来极端干旱事件的出现存在群发性和间歇性的特点,其中魏晋南北朝时期(公元3世纪至4世纪)和明清时期(15世纪中叶至19世纪)是极端干旱事件的群发期,公元5世纪至12世纪的800年内极端干旱事件的出现频率较低。出现在西汉末年、东汉初年前后的持续性干旱是柴达木盆地过去2800年内最严重的极端干旱事件。     

陕西关中及周边地区近500a来初夏旱涝事件初步分析

基于华山树轮宽度差值年表重建的陕西关中及周边地区近500a来的初夏干燥指数序列,对该地区初夏极端旱涝事件及其连续旱涝变化特征进行了初步分析.区域干燥指数与Palmer指数在变化上极为相似,可用于反映该地区的旱涝变化.结果表明:该地区近500a来初夏共发生18次极端干旱事件和11次极端洪涝事件,除公元1521年与历史文献记录的旱涝事件相反,公元1513年、1574年、1675年和1945年未发现历史记录外,其余年份均能找到相应记录;近500a来初夏存在9个显著的连续偏旱期和10个显著的连续偏涝期,并以16和19世纪发生的连续旱涝事件最为频繁,而17和18世纪发生的旱涝事件相对较少,20世纪发生的干旱事件明显多于洪涝事件.     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...