树轮记录的青海柴达木盆地过去2800年来的极端干旱事件

利用在青海柴达木盆地建立的祁连圆柏树轮宽度指数年表,分析了自公元前800年以来树轮所记录的该地区2800年来极端干旱事件的变化。研究发现,过去2800年来极端干旱事件的出现存在群发性和间歇性的特点,其中魏晋南北朝时期(公元3世纪至4世纪)和明清时期(15世纪中叶至19世纪)是极端干旱事件的群发期,公元5世纪至12世纪的800年内极端干旱事件的出现频率较低。出现在西汉末年、东汉初年前后的持续性干旱是柴达木盆地过去2800年内最严重的极端干旱事件。     

齐齐哈尔生长季旱涝特征及其对ENSO事件的响应

利用Z指数旱涝分级方法,对1961-2015年齐齐哈尔地区10个台站的月降水资料进行了旱涝等级划分,并根据实际旱涝情况,定义了区域旱涝等级划分标准。研究结果表明,近55 a来齐齐哈尔地区生长季的旱涝等级有向偏涝化发展的趋势,旱涝等级的变化有阶段性特征;齐齐哈尔地区ENSO暖事件次年发生涝的概率较大,冷事件次年发生旱的概率较大,不易涝;齐齐哈尔地区生长季的旱涝等级与前一年8月、11月和当年2-3月的SOI指数正相关显著。当前期SOI指数正异常时,齐齐哈尔地区生长季易旱,反之,SOI指数负异常时,齐齐哈尔地区生长季易涝。     

1964-2008年辽宁省旱涝时空分布特征及演变趋势

利用1964-2008年辽宁51站降水量资料,采用Z指数和区域旱涝HL指数分析了全区近45a旱涝变化.结果表明:近45 a辽西、辽北以及辽东南地区单站旱涝发生频率均明显高于辽中、辽东地区;区域性洪涝指数逐渐减小,区域性干旱指数逐步增大.对辽宁51站Z指数进行了EOF和REOF分析,可知辽宁旱涝的空间分布特征除受大尺度天...     

基于降水数据的云南省近61年旱涝特性研究

选择标准化降水指数(SPI)刻画旱涝特征,基于云南省1954—2014年间32个气象站点逐月降水量资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)方法、径向基函数(RBF)空间插值法、小波分析法,分析了近61年来云南省SPI序列、旱涝情态的时间特征和空间格局。结果表明:近61年来,云南省整体呈现干旱趋势(SPI变率为-0.009 1),SPI序列在2000年之后变化更加剧烈、速率加快。旱涝等级时间序列中,偏涝至偏旱年份占88.52%,大旱占4.92%,重旱和大涝均占3.28%,且自2003年以后,发生干旱的次数和强度明显增加。旱灾易发区主要分布于2个片区:景洪-思茅-元江站片区,以及沾益站东北地区;洪涝易发区主要分布于3个片区:临沧-大理-华坪沿线的西部片区,昭通站北部区域,及云南省东南部片区。干旱与洪涝事件发生的频率具有较好的对应性,但干旱事件发生的频率要略高于洪涝事件。EOF分析的第一个模态表明云南省整体呈现一致性的变涝或变旱特征,可能受到大尺度气候特征影响,第二模态可能受到地形因素的控制,第三模态可能与季风、大气环流等多种因素的影响有关;相应的时间系数也印证了云南省整体具有干旱趋势。SPI序列存在准2 a、准6 a、准8 a、准18 a、准28 a的周期性特征,且以准28 a为主周期。      

1960-2011年洞庭湖区年降水量变化特征

以洞庭湖区24个气象站1960-2011年的降水量资料为基础数据,利用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall突变检验法、小波分析等方法分析了洞庭湖区年降水量的变化特征,并采用正交分解函数EOF、旋转正交分解函数REOF计算了洞庭湖区年尺度的标准化降水指数（SPI）,分析了洞庭湖区的旱涝时空分布特征。结果表明：洞庭湖区年降水量空间上由北向南逐渐增加,时间上没有显著变化趋势。1963年洞庭湖年降水量发生突变。洞庭湖区年降水量存在6a、9a和16-17a振荡周期。洞庭湖区旱涝频繁,极端气候事件有增加的趋势。洞庭湖区年降水量在空间上具有较好的一致性,为普遍干旱或洪涝,但也存在南北反相变化即南部干旱北部洪涝或南部洪涝北部干旱的特点。洞庭湖区年降水量存在南部、西北部和中部3个异常气候区。     

基于SPI指数的粤东北地区旱涝变化特征分析

基于近55年粤东北12个国家气象站逐月降水量资料,通过计算标准化降水指数(SPI),并利用小波分析、相关性分析等方法,探讨了粤东北旱涝的时间变化、周期变化和空间分异特征。结果表明:粤东北旱涝事件出现频率高,不同时间尺度旱涝事件出现的平均频率为58.92%。季节尺度上,夏秋季出现洪涝事件频率较春冬季高,春冬季出现干旱事件频率较夏秋季高。年代际尺度上,20世纪80年代和21世纪10年代洪涝事件出现频率最高,21世纪初干旱事件出现频率最高。粤东北旱涝周期变化存在3、5、9、20和38年5个时间尺度。粤东北各区域间有较强相关性,尤以南区、北区的相关性最显著,其旱涝空间变化有较强一致性。     

1964-2008年辽宁省旱涝时空分布特征及演变趋势

利用1964—2008年辽宁51站降水量资料,采用Z指数和区域旱涝HL指数分析了全区近45a旱涝变化。结果表明：近45a辽西、辽北以及辽东南地区单站旱涝发生频率均明显高于辽中、辽东地区;区域性洪涝指数逐渐减小,区域性干旱指数逐步增大。对辽宁51站Z指数进行了EOF和REOF分析,可知辽宁旱涝的空间分布特征除受大尺度天气系统所带来的降水量变化影响外,同时还受地理位置、海陆分布等多种因子影响。通过REOF方法可将全区分为4个区域,即Ⅰ辽西地区,Ⅱ辽北、辽西北地区,Ⅲ辽中、辽东地区和Ⅳ辽东南地区。     

近百年南京旱涝灾害动态监测指标的研究

利用南京1905—2004年的月降水量资料,引用帕尔默旱涝指数计算方法,建立适用于南京地区并能够反映旱涝演变过程的动态旱涝监测指标M。由于考虑了时间因子的影响,M指数比Z指数更能反映出动态旱涝的累积演变过程。分析M指数发现,近百年南京地区极端干旱月份多于极端湿润月份,夏季和秋季出现旱涝的机率大于春季和冬季,且旱涝具有连续性,持续时间都在2 a以上。南京地区各季动态旱涝监测指数在近百年中主要以20～15 a、9 a的周期振荡为主,部分时段还存在5 a左右的高频振荡。     

聊城近50年夏季旱涝特征分析

利用旱涝指标Z指数和降水距平百分率指标对聊城市1962—2010年夏季单站旱涝和区域旱涝进行对比分析,结果表明:Z指数能较客观地反映旱涝程度,表明聊城地区夏季气候特征为易旱易涝,干旱灾害略重于洪涝灾害,且存在旱涝临界年,即1981年以前洪涝较多,干旱较少,1981年开始呈洪涝减少,干旱增多的趋势。     

贵州省近50a降水资源的评估

介绍了国家气候中心使用的降水资源评估方法,利用贵州省32个代表站1961～2004年年降水量和历年气候灾情资料,对近50a来全省年降水资源的变化和旱涝灾害出现情况做了分析,对年降水资源进行评估.研究表明贵州年降水资源量20世纪70年代最多,90年代次之,80年代最少,其年降水资源量值低于多年平均值,但各年代总体变化不大,均在正常范围内;贵州省历年有较大干旱灾情出现的频率大于较大洪涝灾情出现频率,且20世纪90年代旱涝灾情同年出现的现象明显,主要原因①近年来各种气象灾情收集记录更详实;②虽然全年降水总量变化不明显,但极端天气出现频繁;③随着经济的发展,人类活动加剧使我贵州气象灾害的承灾能力下降.干旱洪涝对农业生产及国民经济产生的影响巨大,防汛抗旱工作形势更加严峻.     

Comparison of the dryness/wetness index in China with the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas

It is not clear how the frequency and amplitude of droughts have varied over the past 500 years in China, as the instrumental record is too short to identify centennial-scale trends. While the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas (MADA) provides some insights into past drought patterns, its accuracy in eastern China remains uncertain. A comparison of the MADA and Chinese historical documents indicates that the MADA alone cannot effectively represent dryness and wetness in eastern China, so it is not appropriate to use the MADA in this region.     

Division and evolution of drought and flood phases during the latest 200 years in eastern China

Based on the past 200-year graded data of dryness/wetness in eastern China (24 stations), five phases to show the floods and droughts have been objectively divided by using the approach of cluster analysis of a sequential sample. The characteristics of flood/drought evolution have been described and explained. It is concluded that the floods or droughts occurred more often for the past two centuries, and the normal phase was seldom seen in eastern China. The transitions between floods and droughts are frequently of jumping feature. The extent and the frequency of serious drought or heavy flood in eastern China tended to expand and increase significantly in the last 50 years. Finally, by using the Walsh power spectrum, the periodicity of dryness/wetness graded series has been analysed. It is found that there exist the 2－9 year high-frequency fluctuations in eastern China.     

Dry/Wet Changes and Their Standing Characteristics in China During the Past 531 Years

Time series of the dryness-wetness(DW) index of 531 yr(AD 1470-2000) at 42 stations in regions A(most of North China and the east of Northwest China) and B(the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley) in China are applied to investigating the historical DW characteristics over various periods of the series with a relatively stationary average value using Bernaola-Galvan(BG) algorithm.The results indicate that region A/B underwent three drought-intensive periods(DIP;1471-1560,1571-1640,and 1920-2000/1501-1540,1631-1690,and 1911-1960) in the last 531 years.In the DIP of the last 130 years,the frequency of DW transition has increased in region A,but not obviously changed in region B in comparison with the other two historical DIPs.The dry period started in about 1920 in region A with severe drought events occurring from the late 1970s to the early 1980s.It lasted for about 50-70 yr in this century,and then a DW shift took place.The wet period in region B might maintain for the coming several decades.The variations of DW in region A are positively correlated with changes in temperature,but in region B,the correlation with temperature is weaker.It is found that the number of DW indices of various categories within a running window is an exponential function of the running window length.The dryness scale factor(DSF) is defined as the reciprocal of the characteristic value of the exponential distribution,and it has a band-like fluctuation distribution that is good for the detection of extreme drought(flood) clustering events.The results show that frequencies of the severe large-scale drought events that concurrently occurred in regions A and B were high in the late 12th century,the early 13th century,the early 17th century,and the late 20th century.This provides evidence for the existence of the time-clustering phenomena of droughts(floods).     

华南地区21世纪中后期旱涝变化的情景分析

利用区域气候模式PRECIS（Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies）,首先选取若干旱涝指标,在验证模式对各旱涝指标的模拟能力的基础上,分析SRES A1B（Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A1B）情景下华南地区21世纪中后期（2040~2099年）各旱涝指标相对气候基准时段（1961~1990年）的变化情况,进而初步探讨华南地区未来旱涝情况的可能变化。研究表明,PRECIS能够较好地模拟出所选取的旱涝指标的年际变化和月变化特征;在SRES A1B情景下,21世纪中后期华南地区极端强降水事件的发生频率和强度都将显著增加,且强降水期将有所延长,从而使得华南地区出现雨涝灾害的可能性大大增加。与此同时,华南地区未来在春季、夏季和秋季发生气象干旱的可能性变化不显著,但在冬季发生气象干旱的可能性却将增加,尤其是在21世纪后30年冬季出现气象干旱的可能性更高。     

Yangtze Delta floods and droughts of the last millennium: Abrupt changes and long term memory

Summary Climate variability and flood events in the Yangtze Delta, which is a low-lying terrain prone to flood hazards, storm tides and typhoons, are studied in terms of a trend and detrended fluctuation analysis of historical records. The data used in this paper were extracted from historical records such as local annuals and chronologies from 1000–1950 and supplemented by instrumental observations since 1950. The historical data includes frequencies of floods, droughts and maritime events on a decadal basis. Flood magnitudes increase during the transition from the medieval warm interval into the early Little Ice Age. Fluctuating climate changes of the Little Ice Age, which are characterised by arid climate events, are followed by wet and cold climate conditions with frequent flood hazards. For trend analysis, the Mann-Kendall test is applied to determine the changing trends of flood and drought frequency. Flood frequency during 1000–1950 shows a negative trend before 1600 A.D. and a positive trend thereafter; drought frequency increases after 1300. The detrended fluctuation analysis of the flood and drought frequencies reveals power law scaling up to centuries; this is related to long-term memory and is similar to the river Nile floods.     

Recent tree-growth reduction in north central China as a combined result of a weakened monsoon and atmospheric oscillations

Tree-ring records are a valuable source of information for understanding long-term, regional-scale drought changes. In this study, a tree ring width chronology spanning the last 330?years (A.D. 1681–2010) is developed for the northern fringe of the Asian summer monsoon in north central China based on tree ring widths of the Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) at three sites in the Hasi Mountain (HSM). An annual (running from the previous August to the present July) Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) series is reconstructed for the period A.D. 1698 to 2010 using a linear regression model. This reconstruction accounts for 49?% of the actual PDSI variance during the calibration period (A.D.1951–2005). During the last past 330?years, the year 1759 drought was the most severe and the 1926–1932 drought was the most long-lasting. These drought episodes resulted in huge economic losses and severe famine. Similar periods of drought are also found in the Great Bend of the Yellow River region, northeastern Tibetan Plateau and northern China. Our drought reconstruction is consistent with the dry-wet index derived from historical documents for the Great Bend of the Yellow River region for the last three centuries, revealing that our annual PDSI reconstruction reflects broad-scale climate anomalies and represents drought variations in the northern fringe of the Asian summer monsoon. The PDSI reconstruction correlates significantly with sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean and northern Indian Ocean at an annual timescale, implying that El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation and the Indian monsoon might be influencing drought variability in the study area. Some extremely dry years of 1707, 1764, 1837, 1854, 1878, 1884, 1926 and 1932 coincided with major El Ni?o events in historical times. The decadal-scale variability is linked to Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and SST variations in the Atlantic Ocean. The observed recent tree growth reduction is unusual when viewed from a long-term perspective.     

中国西北地区东部近546年干旱事件特征分析

以西北地区东部的17个代表站1470—2008年的旱涝等级资料和1958—2015年5—9月气象站降水量数据为基础，建立了546年中国西北地区东部旱涝等级序列，采用经验正交函数分解、滑动t检验等统计方法，对其干湿演变规律进行分析，详细讨论了546年极端干旱事件及干旱持续性特征。结果表明:旱涝等级资料能够较好地反映西北地区东部干旱变化的时、空特征；在百年尺度上，20世纪发生旱、偏旱最为频繁，且高值区位于宁夏及陕北；干旱尺度因子的空间分布表明宁夏东部及陕北地区的干旱持续性相对较强，陇南及陕西南部地区的干旱持续性较差；空间范围较大且强度较大的重大干旱事件对干旱的持续发生起重要作用，历史上发生在1470—1500年和1910—1940年的两次西北地区东部百年甚至两百年一遇的极端干旱事件，对该地区干旱持续性的影响较为显著。      

百余年的ENSO事件与北京汛期旱涝的统计关系

利用王绍武等人最近对近百年ＥＮＳＯ事件及强度的研究结果,对ＥＮＳＯ事件与北京汛期相当暴雨日数的统计关系进行分析,表明,ＥＮＳＯ事件与北京沁期旱涝存在较复杂的统计关系,ＥＮＳＯ事件的性质,强度,起始季节和持续时间长短等与汛期旱涝的对应关系是复杂的。根据１８６７－１９９８年的ＥＮＳＯ事件和同期北京汛期相当暴雨日数资料,给出一些统计结果。     

Spatiotemporal characteristics of dryness and drought in the Republic of Moldova

This paper presents the results of a study on the estimation of climatic conditions of dryness and drought in the Republic of Moldova. The evaluation of drought was based on data from 18 weather stations, which were selected according to the length of the period of measurement (1945–2006) and from the Chisinau observatory, which has the longest statistical series from Moldova (1891–2006). Some of the basic principles in the selection of the drought identification indices were: to characterize the same period of time, provide information on the regional hydrothermic regime, and not to rely on constants that are specific to certain physical/geographical regions. Firstly, the registers of the droughts for spring, summer and autumn have been identified and processed. Secondly, the frequency, duration and tendency of the dryness and drought phenomena have been evaluated. Thirdly, the manifestation of dryness and drought, as well as their spatial distribution, have been estimated with a probability of 95%. As a result of the analysis of the drought register for a period of over 100 years, an increase in tendencies of frequency and intensities of the given phenomena after the 1980s was revealed. The longest drought periods were noticed at the beginning of the 1950s and 1960s, reaching their highest points in the decades of 1981–1990 and 1991–2001, with the lowest point in the 1970s. Accordingly, during the past 20 years, in 11 cases of drought, 9 of them were registered as being of either a severe or extreme intensity degree.