基于SPI指数的粤东北地区旱涝变化特征分析

基于近55年粤东北12个国家气象站逐月降水量资料,通过计算标准化降水指数(SPI),并利用小波分析、相关性分析等方法,探讨了粤东北旱涝的时间变化、周期变化和空间分异特征。结果表明:粤东北旱涝事件出现频率高,不同时间尺度旱涝事件出现的平均频率为58.92%。季节尺度上,夏秋季出现洪涝事件频率较春冬季高,春冬季出现干旱事件频率较夏秋季高。年代际尺度上,20世纪80年代和21世纪10年代洪涝事件出现频率最高,21世纪初干旱事件出现频率最高。粤东北旱涝周期变化存在3、5、9、20和38年5个时间尺度。粤东北各区域间有较强相关性,尤以南区、北区的相关性最显著,其旱涝空间变化有较强一致性。     

昌吉地区旱涝特征分析

通过Z指数法和降水资料对昌吉地区8个国家级气象观测站37a(1971—2007年)的旱涝变化趋势和时空分布特征研究,发现昌吉州各地降水和旱涝变化具有一致性.20世纪70年代以来,各地具有由偏旱转为偏涝的趋势,其中,西部地区的偏涝速度最快,东部地区的偏涝速度最慢.各地出现干旱的频率高于雨涝的频率,其中,西部出现干旱频率最大,东部最小;相反,西部出现雨涝的频率最小,东部最大.     

1961-2008年新疆地区旱涝时空分布特征

根据新疆地区53个气象站1961-2008年降水和温度资料,采用降水温度均一化指标确定各站旱涝等级,然后借助各站降水温度均一化指标和每年干旱站比例、洪涝站比例及旱涝站比例变化趋势,分析了新疆地区旱涝灾害的时间分布特征.同时通过各站48年间的降水温度均一化指标线性变化趋势值、干旱频率、洪涝频率及旱涝频率和相应的空间分布,...     

重庆城区近百余年旱涝变化

用Z指数作为旱涝等级标准,利用重庆城区百余年降水量资料,分析了历年及四季旱涝出现的频率,采用趋势分析、最大熵谱分析以及小波分析方法,研究了重庆城区年及四季旱涝的变化特征。结果表明:重庆城区年及四季干旱和洪涝发生频率均在25%以上,重庆旱涝灾害较频繁;多项式拟合和周期分析表明,城区年及四季旱涝具有阶段性变化特征,某些阶段年际变化特征也很显著,总体而言,年及夏季旱涝的年代际变化特征较明显,其它三个季节则是年际变化特征较明显。近几年的年旱涝变化处于偏涝阶段;而近几年夏季的旱涝变化,从年代际尺度来看,目前处在偏旱阶段,出现干旱的可能性较大;而其它三季则处于偏涝阶段。     

陕西省气象灾害灾情特征及年景评估

利用陕西省1984--2007年气象灾害普查数据,分析陕西气象灾害的时空演变特征。结果表睨：暴雨洪涝、冰雹、干旱是陕西主要的气象灾害类别,其特征是危害大、灾情重、出现频率高、时空分布不均。近年来气象灾害造成的死亡人数减少,但直接经济损失和农业成灾面积增大,气象灾害灾情有加重的趋势。采用综合集成评价方法定量分析评估了陕西气象灾害损失程度。评估表明,1988、2002、2003年为气象灾害重灾年。     

层次分析法在福建省农业气象灾害综合评价中的应用

采用层次分析法对影响福建省农业生产的主要气象灾害(干旱、洪涝、风雹、低温冻害)进行量化分析,得到其对农业生产的影响权重:水灾＞旱灾＞冻害＞风雹灾.利用福建省1980-2004年农业受灾和成灾面积资料,建立农业气象灾情的综合评价模型对福建省近25年的农业气象灾害进行定量的综合评价.结果表明,福建省农业气象灾害的中灾及以下灾情的出现频率占总数的88%,1997年灾情最重,1984年最轻.进一步分析发现,农业气象灾害对农业生产的危害随年代增大.     

黔南近30a夏季降水变化特征及旱涝关系分析

根据改革开放后近30 a(1979—2008年)来黔南自治州降水资料和干旱、洪涝资料,利用数理统计方法对该州夏季(6—8月)的降水变化特征进行统计并结合灾情资料进行分析,结果表明:该州各站夏季降水量变化趋势较为一致,夏季降水量占全年降水量的百分率均有所提高,降水更加集中于夏季,但各地夏季降水变率较大,降水相对变率≥20%时易发生干旱或洪涝灾害,而降水相对变率≥30%时会发生显著的旱涝灾害。     

江西省主要气象灾害年代际变化特征分析

利用江西省81个台站的气温、降水、大风、冰雹等资料,采用多项式回归、低通滤波等分析方法,对1959—2005年江西省主要气象灾害年代际变化进行了分析。结果发现,江西省的气象灾害呈现明显的年代际变化特征,其中暴雨洪涝在20世纪60年代、90年代为相对多发期,70—80年代相对较少,进入90年代后,大暴雨和特大暴雨出现的频率呈上升趋势,致使在全省性洪涝灾害较为严重的10个年份中,有4个出现在90年代。干旱在60年代和80年代中期—90年代初期为相对多发期,从2003年开始呈现明显的上升趋势,江西有可能进入新一轮夏秋干旱频发期。冬季低温冻害在80年代出现次数较多,最严重的冻害大多出现在60年代—70年代中期,之后在全球气候变暖的大背景下,冻害总体呈减少趋势,但极端低温事件时有发生,个别年份冻害较重。另外,大风、冰雹灾害总体呈下降趋势,尤其是大风在90年代后下降趋势明显。     

气候变化背景下影响广西的主要气象灾害及变化特征

利用广西常规气象资料和主要气象灾害数据,采用数理统计方法分析近50a来气候变化背景下影响广西的主要气象灾害及其变化特征。结果表明,影响广西的主要气象灾害有暴雨洪涝、干旱、台风、寒冻害和强对流天气(冰雹、大风、雷暴、龙卷风、飑线等),广西气象灾害具有灾种多,灾害频繁、灾情严重的特点;近50a来广西气候存在明显变暖趋势,升温速率为0.145℃/10a,在这种气候变化背景下,广西气象灾害的变化表现为降水呈现两极化发展态势,干旱和洪涝频率同时增加,高温事件增加,低温事件减少,极端天气气候事件频率增加,气象灾害严重程度增加。     

气象灾害对陕西省粮食生产的影响

利用陕西省1971—2014年期间气象灾害和粮食生产数据,分析了气象灾害的特征及其对粮食生产的影响。结果表明:1971年以来,陕西省因气象灾害造成的农业受灾面积及成灾面积总体上呈波动下降趋势,其中,干旱造成的受灾面积及成灾面积呈下降趋势,洪涝、大风冰雹及低温灾害造成的农业受灾及成灾面积呈上升趋势;气象灾害强度呈波动加重趋势,进入21世纪以来有所下降;陕西因气象灾害造成的粮食减产量年平均达111.1万t,占全年粮食总产的11.1%,年际变化呈波动增加趋势,进入21世纪以来呈下降趋势。总体来看,旱涝灾害是影响陕西粮食生产的主要气象灾害;气象灾害对陕西粮食生产的影响呈波动增加趋势,20世纪90年代影响最重,进入21世纪后有所缓解。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...