黄河断流与El Nio事件的遥相关

黄河断流事件的发生是人为因素与自然因素———人类生产活动用水量急增与天然径流量骤减共同作用的结果。自然因素作为天然背景具有不可低估的作用,在引起黄河断流的所有气候因子中,降水减少的贡献最显著,其次是蒸发增加的影响。当代黄河断流事件的发生和持续加重似与El Nin~o事件的频繁发生及其持续强劲有某种关联,本文即通过对黄河径流及其流域内的降水、蒸发、气温等方面气候因素与El Nin~o事件的遥相关作用进行分析,寻求导致黄河径流减少的可能原因,从而揭示黄河断流与El Nin~o事件的联系。结果表明,通常情况下,ElNin~o事件发生时,黄河流域年平均降水量减少10.35%,可造成黄河年径流减少12.95%(含有来自蒸发增加所造成的影响),约相当于减少73.45×108m3的水量。随El Ni~no事件强度的加深,降水量与径流量均迅速递减,强El Nin~o事件黄河流域年平均降水量减少20.43%,黄河径流量减少25.59%(147.17×108m3);1997年断流最严重时降水减少30.62%,径流骤减40.27%(229.96×108m3)。可见El Ni~no事件对黄河断流所造成的影响是相当深刻的。     

1997年汛期黄河流域干旱气象成因分析

分析表明,1997年汛期500hPa中纬度地区盛行纬向环流,西风带冷空气路径偏比、偏弱;盛夏期间黄河流域先后受贝加尔湖阻塞高压和青藏高原高压控制;副高偏比、偏西、台风异常偏少。正是受上述主要环流系统的影响,1997年汛期黄河流域出现了持续性严重干旱,黄河下游利津站出现了有资料记录以来主汛期最长断流时间和最多断流次数。     

黄河断流与El Ni(～n)o事件的遥相关

黄河断流事件的发生是人为因素与自然因素——人类生产活动用水量急增与天然径流量骤减共同作用的结果。自然因素作为天然背景具有不可低估的作用，在引起黄河断流的所有气候因子中，降水减少的贡献最显著，其次是蒸发增加的影响。当代黄河断流事件的发生和持续加重似与El Nin〖DD(Y-1.5mm〗~〖DD)〗o事件的频繁发生及其持续强劲有某种关联，本文即通过对黄河径流及其流域内的降水、蒸发、气温等方面气候因素与El Nin〖DD(Y-1.5mm〗~〖DD)〗o事件的遥相关作用进行分析，寻求导致黄河径流减少的可能原因，从而揭示黄河断流与El Nin〖DD(Y-1.5mm〗~〖DD)〗o事件的联系。结果表明，通常情况下，El Nin〖DD(Y-1.5mm〗~〖DD)〗o事件发生时，黄河流域年平均降水量减少10.35%,可造成黄河年径流减少12.95% (含有来自蒸发增加所造成的影响)，约相当于减少73.45×108 m3的水量。随El Nin〖DD(Y-1.5mm〗~〖DD)〗o事件强度的加深，降水量与径流量均迅速递减，强El Nin〖DD(Y-1.5mm〗~〖DD)〗o事件黄河流域年平均降水量减少20.43%，黄河径流量减少25.59%（147.17×108m3）；1997年断流最严重时降水减少30.62%,径流骤减40.27%（229.96×108 m3 ）。可见El Nin〖DD(Y-1.5mm〗~〖DD)〗o事件对黄河断流所造成的影响是相当深刻的。     

黄河流域各地区的旱涝统计关系

本文在作者“黄河流域干旱初步分析”的基础上将黄河流域分为七区,统计并分析了这些地区旱涝关系。本文主要讨论以下几点:1.黄河流域任两地区(或三个四个地区)同时发生旱涝的机会。2.如果一个地区干旱其他各区发生旱涝的可能性。3.个别地方干旱在程度上的比较,并计算干旱的持续性。最后指出,除了黄河上游的西北方(酒泉),河北平原及其附近地区干旱最为严重,而渭河盆地旱情最轻。     

中国干旱气候分区及其降水量变化特征

利用中国614个气象台站1974～2006年历年月平均降水资料,计算各站的降水量距平百分率及其干旱等级序列,采用REOF等方法,对干旱等级序列进行气候分区,并分析各区域50a左右干旱等级的时间演变特征。结果表明：全国降水量具有显著的年代际变化特征,尤其西北地区年代际变化十分突出,其中新疆西部地区在21世纪以来降水量的增加非常明显,增加的程度也是近33a中最强的。根据干旱等级序列的旋转载荷向量将中国划分为11个区域,它们各自具有不同的旱涝特征。干旱等级序列和代表站资料反映出近50a东北、华北及河套地区的干旱明显加重,而西北大部分地区降水量有显著的增加。     

浅析卧龙湖干涸之气象原因

20 0 2年讯期 ,辽河平原面积最大的淡水湖———卧龙湖干涸了。昔日的卧龙湖水天一色 ,渔舟唱晚 ;今天的卧龙湖却是满眼荒滩 ,渔船搁浅。到底是什么原因呢 ?作者从气象角度进行了分析。1　降水持续偏少。从 1999年开始 ,康平县连续 4ａ大旱 ,1999～ 2 0 0 1年年降水量分别为 387 8,5 32 5 ,36 7 7ｍｍ ;2 0 0 2年 1～ 8月份降水量仅有 30 9 2ｍｍ ,除 2 0 0 0年年降水量接近常年外 (雨量分布极为不均 ,干旱严重 ) ,其他年份降水量比常年同期偏少 3成。 2 0 0 0和 2 0 0 1年分别是康平百年不遇的大旱和历史上最严重的干旱年份。2　气温持续…     

气候变化背景下黄河流域植被变化及其成因北大核心CSCD

研究黄河流域植被的时空变化及其影响因素,对生态文明建设政策的制定具有重要意义。基于2001~2020年MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)植被指数(Normalized Different Vegetation Index,NDVI)数据集及同期气象数据,运用均值法、一元线性回归、偏相关性分析和回归残差法等方法研究了近20年黄河流域植被时空变化及驱动因素。结果表明:黄河流域NDVI整体呈上升趋势并具有较大的空间异质性,其中黄河中游NDVI增长幅度最大,为0.0496(10 a)^(-1)。生长季受降水和沿黄灌区耕作的影响,西部地区、东南部区域和宁夏平原、河套平原植被指数明显较高;从整个流域来看,降水和温度变化对NDVI的贡献分别为32.6%和15.9%,其中降水对NDVI变化的贡献主要体现在黄河上游(50.7%),而温度的贡献则在黄河下游表现最突出(32.3%);20年来,人类活动和气候变化分别对黄河流域植被变化贡献了78%和22%,其中人类活动贡献率超过80%的区域主要集中在黄土高原中部区域;整个黄河流域NDVI与干旱程度有显著的正相关性,尤其在陇中黄土高原和河东沙区等区域。黄河上游NDVI与改进的帕默尔干旱指数scPDSI的相关性最高,而下游相对较低。     

近50a来洮河流域气候变化和干旱演变过程

利用洮河上游碌曲、中游岷县和下游临洮3站降水和气温观测资料,结合中游和下游2个水电站年径流量资料,分析近50 a来洮河流域气候及干旱变化特征。结果表明:近50 a洮河流域年平均气温整体呈现显著上升趋势,尤其在1997年前后明显升温,上游碌曲增幅最大,中游岷县、下游临洮增幅明显偏低,3站气温倾向率分别为0.43、0.15、0.14℃·(10 a)~(-1),且在1990年代中期以后发生突变;年降水量整体呈缓慢减少趋势,但1990年代中期以后有微弱增加,与年径流量变化基本一致;干旱指数显示,近41 a洮河流域大多数年份无旱,仅个别年份出现干旱,且程度较轻,下游地区干旱相对较重。     

巴丹吉林南缘近两百年来年降水重建及初步分析

沙漠及其边缘地区生态环境脆弱,对气候变化敏感。但沙漠地区有限的森林资源限制了区域百年到千年尺度上的历史气候变化研究。利用采自巴丹吉林南缘的青海云杉年轮宽度资料,重建了区域近191 a(1815—2005年)来的年降水(前一年7月至当年8月的总降水量)变化序列。重建的相关系数是0.636,方差解释量为40.4%,调整自由度后的解释方差R2adj为0.392。重建结果稳定可靠。分析区域过去年降水变化结果可见,19世纪该区域干湿变化频繁,20世纪前半段主要以干旱为主,干湿转变较少。20世纪20年代的干旱事件在巴丹吉林南缘的干旱持续时间更长。周期分析的结果表明,区域年降水量变化有2 a、4 a、64 a等周期。     

我国气候变化的事实、趋势与影响

在全球气候变暖的大背景下，我国的气候也发生了明显变化，近50年年平均地表气温升高0．5-0．8℃，增温速率0．1-0．2℃／10年；其中冬季和春季增温更为明显，北方和青藏高原增温比较显著。20世纪中期以来我国长江中下游和西部地区的降水量有明显增加，东北北部和内蒙古大部分地区的降水量也有一定程度增加；但我国华北、西北东部、东北南部等地区降水量出现下降趋势，有暖干化的趋势；自1950年以来，我国的霜冻日数明显减少，寒潮事件也显著减少；夏季暴雨日数在长江中下游流域明显增多，而西北东部、华北和东北的主要农业区干旱面积也呈增加趋势；我国的冰川出现了明显的退缩现象。自小冰期以来面积减少了12497平方公里，约17％，并且这种退缩的趋势还在加剧。长期的效应极可能是我国黄河、黑河等主要河流的水量减少，甚至断流。     

Drought analysis in the Tons River Basin,India during 1969-2008

The primary focus of this study is the analysis of droughts in the Tons River Basin during the period 1969–2008. Precipitation data observed at four gauging stations are used to identify drought over the study area. The event of drought is derived from the standardized precipitation index (SPI) on a 3-month scale. Our results indicated that severe drought occurred in the Allahabad, Rewa, and Satna stations in the years 1973 and 1979. The droughts in this region had occurred mainly due to erratic behavior in monsoons, especially due to long breaks between monsoons. During the drought years, the deficiency of the annual rainfall in the analysis of annual rainfall departure had varied from ?26% in 1976 to ?60% in 1973 at Allahabad station in the basin. The maximum deficiency of annual and seasonal rainfall recorded in the basin is 60%. The maximum seasonal rainfall departure observed in the basin is in the order of ?60% at Allahabad station in 1973, while maximum annual rainfall departure had been recorded as ?60% during 1979 at the Satna station. Extreme dry events (z score <?2) were detected during July, August, and September. Moreover, severe dry events were observed in August, September, and October. The drought conditions in the Tons River Basin are dominantly driven by total rainfall throughout the period between June and November.     

Simulations of Water Resource Changes in Eastern and Central China in the Past 130 Years by a Regional Climate Model

Anthropogenic influences on regional climate and water resources over East Asia are simulated by using a regional model nested to a global model. The changes of land use/land cover (LULC) and CO₂ concentration are considered. The results show that variations of LULC and CO₂ concentration during the past 130 years caused a warming trend in many regions of East Asia. The most remarkable temperature increase occurred in Inner Mongolia, Northeast and North China, whereas temperature decreased in Gansu Province and north of Sichuan Province. LULC and CO₂ changes over the past 130 years resulted in a decreasing trend of precipitation in the Huaihe River valley, Shandong Byland, and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, but precipitation increased along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and parts of South China. This pattern of precipitation change with changes in surface evapotranspiration may have caused a more severe drought in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Huaihe River valley. The drought trend, however, weakened in the mid and upper reaches of the Yellow River valley, and the Yangtze River valley floods were increasing. In addition, changes in LULC and CO₂ concentration during the past 130 years led to adjustments in the East Asian monsoon circulation, which further affected water vapor transport and budget, making North China warm and dry, the Sichuan basin cold and wet, and East China warm and wet.     

黄河流域冬、夏季水汽输送及收支特征

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和我国实测雨量资料,对黄河流域1月和7月多年平均及旱、涝年整层积分的水汽通量、辐合(辐散)及各分区水汽收支进行了研究。结果表明,1月黄河流域无明显的水汽输送,而7月水汽沿西南、东南及西北3条路径输送,前两支气流在多年平均时主要影响黄河下游区。涝年时影响到黄河中、下游区,而上游区水汽流入较小;旱年,黄河中、上游区均无明显的水汽输送,只有下游的小范围地区受西南气流影响。各区净水汽通量分别与其地面降水的时空演变相对应,而经向净水汽通量是影响水汽收支变化及供给流域降水的主要水汽来源;涝年的水汽净收支与各边界水汽流入明显大于旱年。1月,西边界和北边界微弱的水汽输入远小于东边界和南边界的输出,各区均为水汽净辐散,不利于降水;7月,大量的水汽主要来自西边界和南边界,涝年各区均为水汽盈余,多年平均也以净辐合为主,而旱年则以水汽亏损为主。     

Recent drought and precipitation tendencies in Ethiopia

In 2011, drought in the Horn of Africa again made news headlines. This study aims to quantify the meteorological component of this and other drought episodes in Ethiopia since 1971. A monthly precipitation data set for 14 homogeneous rainfall zones was constructed based on 174 gauges, and the standardized precipitation index was calculated on seasonal, annual, and biannual time scales. The results point to 2009 as a year of exceptionally widespread drought. All zones experienced drought at the annual scale, although in most zones, previous droughts were more extreme. Nationally, 2009 was the second driest year, surpassed only by the historic year 1984. Linear regression analysis indicates a precipitation decline in southern Ethiopia, during both February–May and June–September. In central and northern Ethiopia, the analysis did not provide evidence of similar tendencies. However, spring droughts have occurred more frequently in all parts of Ethiopia during the last 10–15 years.     

2011年中国气候概况

2011年,我国气候总体呈现暖干特征。全国年平均气温较常年偏高0．5℃,为1997年以来连续第15个暖年;年降水量556．8mm,较常年偏少9％,为1951年以来最少。年内,我国未出现大范围持续性严重干旱和流域性洪涝灾害,低温冰冻和雪灾、局地强对流、热带气旋灾害较轻。但区域性、阶段性气象灾害频发。华北、黄淮出现近41年来最重秋冬连旱;长江中下游出现近60年来最重冬春连旱,6月旱涝急转,发生暴雨洪涝灾害;西南出现近60年来最重夏秋旱;华西和黄淮秋汛明显;华南南部10月发生较重暴雨灾害;强降水造成北京等大城市发生内涝;夏季南方大部持续高温,多地高温破历史纪录;台风纳沙、梅花影响范围广、致灾程度较重。2011年中国气象灾害为正常偏轻年份,直接经济损失偏多,死亡人数和受灾面积均为1990年以来最少。     

DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY OF RAINFALL AROUND THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF THE YANGTZE RIVER AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION

1 INTRODUCTION Summer climate plays an especially important role in the people’s daily life around East Asia, one of the most populated regions in the world, for most of the regions receive more than 70% of the annual precipitation in summer due to the effect of monsoon climate. Global climate change caused by mankind activities have become a hot topic in recent years, though it is still not clear how these activities result in the climate change around East Asia. Successive studies (Qi…     

长江流域及三峡库区近542年旱涝演变特征

选取长江流域沿线及三峡库区12个代表站,根据中国500年旱涝图集等级和各站建站以来5—9月降水量资料,按照旱涝等级标准,分别得到长江全流域、上游流域、中游流域、下游流域及其三峡库区1470—2011年旱涝等级序列。结果表明:长江各流域及其三峡库区均呈现较为明显的旱涝交替阶段,20世纪偏旱频率强烈增加,19世纪和20世纪偏涝频率明显增加。长江流域和三峡库区偏旱以上等级具有准160年周期震荡,全流域偏涝以上存在准140年的周期震荡,但20世纪后有所减弱,三峡库区偏涝以上等级存在准百年的周期震荡。三峡建坝蓄水前后库区降水EOF时空分布呈一致减少趋势,与此同时长江上游降水呈下降趋势,反映了长江上游流域及三峡库区气候趋旱;M-K突变检验显示水库蓄水前后流域上游和库区降水均未发生显著变化。在全球气候变化的背景下,三峡库区旱涝演变并不是孤立事件,而是与长江上游乃至整个长江流域旱涝背景密不可分。     

Rainfall characterisation by application of standardised precipitation index (SPI) in Peninsular Malaysia

The interpretations of trend behaviour for dry and wet events are analysed in order to verify the dryness and wetness episodes. The fitting distribution of rainfall is computed to classify the dry and wet events by applying the standardised precipitation index (SPI). The rainfall amount for each station is categorised into seven categories, namely extremely wet, severely wet, moderately wet, near normal, moderately dry, severely dry and extremely dry. The computation of the SPI is based on the monsoon periods, which include the northeast monsoon, southwest monsoon and inter-monsoon. The trends of the dry and wet periods were then detected using the Mann–Kendall trend test and the results indicate that the major parts of Peninsular Malaysia are characterised by increasing droughts rather than wet events. The annual trends of drought and wet events of the randomly selected stations from each region also yield similar results. Hence, the northwest and southwest regions are predicted to have a higher probability of drought occurrence during a dry event and not much rain during the wet event. The east and west regions, on the other hand, are going through a significant upward trend that implies lower rainfall during the drought episodes and heavy rainfall during the wet events.     

长江中下游地区春季降水的时空特征

使用41站日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,研究了长江中下游地区春季降水的时空特征。结果表明,过去50多年来,长江中下游地区春季的雨日、雨量呈整体下降趋势,降水强度呈东减西增的趋势;该区春季连续性降水通常以2 d降水居多,江北地区以连续性中小降水为主,而江南地区则是独立性的强降水居多。春季长江中下游地区在近50 a里呈现出干旱化趋势,其和对流层中高层气温下降关系密切,由于气温相对下降,我国东部上空高层产生气旋性环流异常,不利于降水的发生。     

东北夏季降水的气候及异常特征分析

采用统计分析的方法对近50 a东北夏季降水的气候及异常特征进行了分析。结果表明:东北夏季降水空间分布很不均匀,除三江平原地区外东北大部7月降水最多;夏季全区出现较重干旱的概率大于较重雨涝,旱灾更为突出,其中辽西是较重旱涝频发的地区;近50 a夏季降水没有明显变干或变湿的倾向,而是具有阶段性旱涝交替特征,存在27、11 a左右的年代际尺度周期和3~6 a左右的年际尺度周期变化;6月旱灾几率大,易形成6~7月的连续干旱,7月易形成区域性特大涝灾,6月和8月在年代际尺度上具有反位相变化的特征。