海南岛东北部海岸极端波浪事件沉积记录

建立长时间尺度台风序列对于预测未来超强台风的活动规律具有重要科学和实践意义。历史上影响海南岛地区的台风十分频繁，但因缺少确切而详实的记载往往无法判断其是否为超强台风，因此迫切需要寻找千百年尺度的超强台风沉积记录。本文对海南岛东北部翁田镇沿海地区进行详细野外调查，选定白石堡海岸沙丘剖面为研究对象，在该沙丘剖面中识别出风暴越岸沉积和海滩岩巨砾沉积。根据沉积学分析和动力过程分析，这两种类型沉积极有可能是由历史上的台风事件形成，形成年代可能达到距今3 400 a；将该沉积层中的海滩岩巨砾与台风"威马逊"搬运的最大海滩岩巨砾进行对比，发现形成该沉积层海滩岩巨砾的台风事件强度应比台风"威马逊"更强，表明该区域历史上超强台风的存在，这对建立千百年尺度的台风序列有很重要的意义。同时，研究区岸外珊瑚岸礁发育良好，动力分析表明礁坪宽度对于波浪消减、海岸防护具有显著作用。然而，随着海南岛珊瑚岸礁日益衰亡、风暴强度逐渐加大和海面持续上升，未来海南岛地区的海岸极端风浪危害和海岸侵蚀形式威胁正日益加大，亟待加强海南岛珊瑚岸礁保护。     

广东海山岛晚全新世“海滩岩田”的沉积相及其海岸升降特征的研究

海山岛海滩岩是中外罕见的“海滩岩田”.海滩岩中有典型的胶结物——文石和高镁方解石泥晶.有孔虫和介形虫种属组合确定,中下层为淡化海水中形成的岩层,上层见有浮游生物,表明当时为正常海水环境沉积,属典型的滨海相沉积物.晚全新世以来,该岛至少有四次升降运动,后三次的沉降,逐次更深,海岸线向大陆迁移,近600年来是以抬升为主的活动期.笔者研究发现,闽粤海岸带近几千年来的海岸升降,其沉降阶段和抬升阶段各为250年左右,即具有500年左右的升降周期.     

海南岛—西沙群岛现代碳酸盐沉积科学考察

中国矿物岩石地球化学学会沉积学会组成“海南岛一西沙群岛现代碳酸盐沉积科学考察团”,成员来自地质矿产部、石油部、煤炭部、冶金部、有关大专院校和科学院系统,约20余个单位,共31人.由团长冯增昭、副团长兼秘书长王英华率领于1983年4月19日至5月5日前往实地进行了考察.考察共分两个阶段:第一阶段自4月19日至4月24日考察海南岛西部和南部海岸;第二阶段自4月25日至5月1日考察西沙群岛,最后进行了总结.中国科学院学部委员、地质矿产部技术顾问委员会委员关土聪,不顾65岁高龄参加了第一阶段考察活动.本次科学考察的重点:第一阶段于海南岛地区考察了儋县排浦现代白云岩、侵蚀海岸、海蚀坪和现代海滩岩;在洛东县莺歌海和崖县“天涯海角”考察了海滩岩和海岸沙滩;在崖县鹿回头地区考察了椰庄连岛沙及其两侧小东海湾西南和东北岸珊瑚岸礁、海滩岩以及三亚湾岸礁等.第二阶段在西沙群岛考察了永兴岛珊瑚礁、永兴灰沙岛的形态、结构,沙堤分布规律、植被群落与环境关系等,并对海岸、海滩和礁坪的沉积特征进行了深入的观察与对比,还对永兴岛上的鸟粪土和鸟粪石的成分、结构等特征进行了研究;在石岛的考察中,对较为复杂的地层、构造作了细致的现场观察,并重点考察了岩熔现象,在东岛全面考察了现代泻湖、鸟粪层     

华南全新世海滩岩及其古地理意义

闽、粤、桂、琼已发现全新世海滩岩不少于44处.(14)~C测年表明,大部分为中全新世,其中以距今4000—200年的为最多,表明中全新世晚期至晚全新世早期是华南海滩岩的主要形成期.这些全新世海滩岩反映下列四方面的古地理意义:海岸线变迁;海平面变化;动力条件的变化;新构造运动.讨论了海滩岩与海岸沙丘岩的相似性与差异性、明确区别海滩岩与珊瑚礁或沙堤中的贝壳、分清海面升降还是堆积扩展等问题.     

基于GPR图像的福建长乐海岸沙丘沉积构造与海岸环境演变

为了探讨福建长乐东部海岸环境演变,运用探地雷达(GPR)探测了研究区海岸沙丘的沉积构造,初步得出以下结论:(1)研究区海岸沙丘沉积构造主要由海滩沉积和海岸沙丘沉积构成,其中下伏沉积为海滩波浪作用形成的波状交错层理,上覆沉积为风成大角度倾斜的交错层理以及局部的水平层理;(2)上部发育的倾向向背的大角度风成交错层理,反映了研究区丰富的沙源、宽阔的海滩、植被扩张的进积海岸特点;(3)从沉积序列分析,研究区海岸地貌环境演变经历了早期的滨岸浅海到晚期的海岸沙丘带两个阶段,反映了海岸向东的进积过程中,外力作用由波浪作用为主演变为风沙沉积作用为主。     

山东荣成靖海卫海滩侵蚀研究与防护建议

靖海卫海滩近年来侵蚀作用明显,岸线后退加剧,对沿岸居民生活和安全造成危害。通过多次实地剖面监测、探槽分析、粒度分析等方法,辅以GENESIS模型模拟和多年遥感图像比对验证,分析该区域不同时期、不同速率侵蚀的特殊因素,得出研究区长期以来因人类活动和自然因素而遭受侵蚀,2005年以来因人类活动加剧导致侵蚀速率成倍增长,海岸严重蚀退,海滩逐步消亡。通过海滩演化过程的数值模拟和侵蚀速率分析,预测在人类活动影响下海滩的演变趋势,并结合分析结果提出平衡剖面控制下的海滩自然防护体系与"四大禁区"概念,提出了砂质海岸防护和提高近岸工程布设合理性的建议。     

海滩岩在南海北部中晚全新世海平面重建中的应用和不确定性分析

过去海平面变化特征对认识现代海平面变化过程和预估未来情景具有重要科学和现实意义。海滩岩作为热带和亚热带地区海岸潮间带特有的沉积岩，是海岸变迁和古海平面高程的重要标志物。然而，由于存在海滩岩形成后动力条件发生变化、采用的测年方法不同以及海平面高程估算和分析误差等问题，基于海滩岩的过去海平面重建结果依然存在较大争议和不确定性。我们分析和总结了南海北部中晚全新世海滩岩重建海平面的进展，以及在海平面研究中存在的问题和潜在机遇，从海滩岩的形成年代与海滩岩形成后高程产生变化等方面进一步量化研究海滩岩重建海平面变化的不确定性。同时，通过对南海北部海南岛东部沿岸的3块原生珊瑚礁（1块大型块状滨珊瑚和2块滨珊瑚微环礁）进行高精度高程测量和铀系测年，共获得6个海平面数据，结合冰川均衡调整模型（Glacial Isostatic Adjustment,GIA）和ICE-5G模型结果，对基于海滩岩重建的南海北部中晚全新世海平面的可靠性进行比较和评估。以上不确定性分析和研究结果表明，通过年代与高程校正后，海平面重建结果准确性进一步提高。研究结果可为以其他海平面标志物重建的过去海平面的不确定性分析和可靠性分析提供...     

砾石海滩的沉积和形态动力特征

天然砾石海滩的物质主要来源于河流输入，海岸侵蚀，海底侵蚀，沿岸输送，人类活动及冰川搬运等，砾石海滩在地貌上表现出明显的分带性，海滩坡度的大小随物源和动力条件发生变化，砾石的磨蚀速率与岩性及周围沉积物粒度组成有关，人工砾石海滩建设可借鉴天然砾石海滩的形成和演化过程，合理地设计物质组成，砾石形状和大小，以便能更快地使人工海滩达到平衡状态并维持海滩的稳定性。     

珊瑚礁海岸侵蚀的研究方法

珊瑚礁海岸海滩和礁坪是海岸作用是活跃的部分，也是近几十年来与海岸发育，海岸侵蚀联系最密切的部分，这一部分高潮时被淹没，低潮时完全出露或大部分出露，使得在此进行地质填图成为可能，这样的地质图可以提供许多信息，如沉积物粒度分布规律，沉积物来源和搬运方向，海滩岩所指示的古海岸线位置，人类活动特别是海岸工程对沉积物分布的影响以及海岸线的变化过程和趋势，在礁坪上开挖的人工水道内测流，能够了解水流的性质以及是否有足够的速度搬运沉积物，从而了解人工水道对海岸的影响和预测海岸的状态，这些方法也可以用于大陆泥质和砂质第岸侵蚀的研究。     

中国砂质海滩区域差异分布的构造成因及其堆积地貌研究

砂质海滩的形成与发育是联系地壳深部过程和地表过程的综合体现．本文根据中国沿岸砂质海滩分布状况调查结果,通过分析其分布规律与中国东部沿海中新生代构造地质分区不同海洋沉积环境的内在联系,探讨了砂质海滩区域性差异分布和堆积地貌的成因特点,从而为我国海岸资源利用的宏观配置和管理提供科学依据．研究得出：（1）中国沿岸砂质海滩的形成与发育受中新生代地质构造带控制,尤其受新构造期地壳断块升降活动差异性的影响,呈现出区域性富集的格局．（2）中国砂质海滩基本形成在构造隆起带岬湾沿岸,并且富集在其中新构造期处于上升区的海岸,这主要在于其区域性海岸环境具有形成砂质沉积的物质基础．（3）构造隆起带滨海泥沙的输沙途径及其再分配形式复杂多样,从而产生了各种不同的砂质海滩堆积地貌类型．（4）根据海岸地貌和沉积成因模式,将中国沿岸砂质海滩划分为岬湾海岸叠置沙体沉积形式、滨外坝沙体连续沉积形式和浪控三角洲平原岸改造沉积形式等3种基本模型．（5）沿海晚第四世纪古夷平地貌面与现代海平面相对高程分布的分析表明,山丘岬湾岸型砂质海滩主要形成在新构造运动下沉区段或构造相对稳定区段,而台地岬湾岸型和泻湖一沙坝岸型形成在上升区段,浪控三角洲平原岸型则分布在断块盆地．     

西沙群岛海滩岩类型及其油气地质意义

介绍了西沙群岛现代生物礁最新科考成果,在数十个岛屿上发现海滩岩,划分为固结海滩岩、高位海滩岩、坍塌破坏型海滩岩、侵蚀破坏型海滩岩和侵蚀型海滩岩5种类型;描述了它们的手标本特征、赋存分布及岩石类型和作为油气储层的价值;指出甘泉岛淡水资源的存在归因于海滩岩的胶结致密程度。     

Carbonate cement fabrics displayed: A traverse across the margin of the Bahamas Platform near Lee Stocking Island in the Exuma Cays

Consolidated to friable carbonate rocks found in the Lee Stocking Island area in the Exuma Cays include: (1) reef rock, (2) channel stromatolites, (3) shallow-water hardgrounds, (4) beachrock rimming the islands and (5) Pleistocene bedrock.

The most common cement fabrics observed are: aragonitic fibers, which include acicular fan-druse and square-tipped coarse fibers cementing beachrock and stromatolites; and an isopachous needle-fiber rim cementing hardgrounds and stromatolites.

Less common are high-Mg calcite bladed textures of the reef rock and stromatolites. Two types of blades are present: the more common stubby variety of either high-Mg or low-Mg calcite, and an elongated variety of high-Mg calcite which was found in only three beachrock samples.

Aragonitic micrite envelopes usually surround grains in beachrock, hardgrounds and stromatolites, but only in association with fibrous cement. An aragonitic crust cements the surfaces of lime mud beds of the tidal channel, while a high-Mg calcite cryptocrystalline cement occurs in all the rock types. Calcified algal filaments of high-Mg calcite, from the abundant green and blue-green algae in the area, are a primary cement in stromatolites and a secondary cement in hardgrounds and beachrock. A low-Mg calcite equant spar cements the Pleistocene samples and is associated with meteoric diagenesis and cementation of the Pleistocene surface.

Cement precipitation coincides with the path of the cool oceanic water from Exuma Sound as it warms and loses CO₂ and moves up onto the bank near Lee Stocking with the incoming tide. Cryptocrystalline cement is the first and commonest cement forming to the seaward while platformward, fibrous cements become predominant. As suggested by their crystal size and location on the shelf margin, we think that the reef rock cryptocrystalline material are the fastest forming of the cements, where the incoming oceanic water is more saturated with respect to calcium carbonate and undergoes the most significant warming. The rate of the warming and degassing process is thought to increase in the tidal channel though the cementation rate is thought to fall slightly in response to a reduced availability of calcium carbonate. On the platform interior further warming and degassing are believed to cause cement precipitation and the development of hardgrounds, but these may form at a slower rate than that of the margin, though this rate is still quite high. Cementation gradients occur from the tidal channel to the intertidal zones of: (1) west Norman's Pond Cay, where cement fabric suggests a reduced calcium carbonate availability, and (2) west Lee Stocking Island, where a change in mineralogy suggests a change in water chemistry.

Thus, a sequence of cement fabrics and mineralogies can be traced. Micritic textures occur in a more seaward position; fine, fibrous aragonite fibers in a more lagoonal and levee position; and coarser aragonite fibers and Mg-calcite cements in the intertidal and supratidal position. This sequence is thought to track the evolution of the water mass.     

海南岛鹿回头水尾岭海滩岩中的微生物岩

在海南岛的海滩岩中首次发现了微生物岩,这是一种发育在珊瑚(碎屑和砾块)骨骼孔穴中,少量在珊瑚碎块表面的微生物碳酸盐沉积,这些微生物碳酸盐沉积呈叠层或包壳状生长,可黏结细小的生物碎屑,具有独特的发育模式。微生物碳酸盐沉积在南海的发现支持海滩岩的胶结物部分是源于微生物成因的假设,进而肯定了微生物在碳酸盐沉积中所起的重要作用。结合海滩岩组分中微钻孔的发育特征和微生物岩发育模式的描述,在一定程度上填补了我国南方海滩岩中发育微生物碳酸盐沉积物的研究空白。     

Seismic character of gas hydrates on the Southeastern U.S. continental margin

Gas hydrates are stable at relatively low temperature and high pressure conditions; thus large amounts of hydrates can exist in sediments within the upper several hundred meters below the sea floor. The existence of gas hydrates has been recognized and mapped mostly on the basis of high amplitude Bottom Simulating Reflections (BSRs) which indicate only that an acoustic contrast exists at the lower boundary of the region of gas hydrate stability. Other factors such as amplitude blanking and change in reflection characteristics in sediments where a BSR would be expected, which have not been investigated in detail, are also associated with hydrated sediments and potentially disclose more information about the nature of hydratecemented sediments and the amount of hydrate present.Our research effort has focused on a detailed analysis of multichannel seismic profiles in terms of reflection character, inferred distribution of free gas underneath the BSR, estimation of elastic parameters, and spatial variation of blanking. This study indicates that continuous-looking BSRs in seismic profiles are highly segmented in detail and that the free gas underneath the hydrated sediment probably occurs as patches of gas-filled sediment having variable thickness. We also present an elastic model for various types of sediments based on seismic inversion results. The BSR from sediments of high ratio of shear to compressional velocity, estimated as about 0.52, encased in sediments whose ratios are less than 0.35 is consistent with the interpretation of gasfilled sediments underneath hydrated sediments. This model contrasts with recent results in which the BSR is explained by increased concentrations of hydrate near the base of the hydrate stability field and no underlying free gas is required.     

青岛市城区演化及发展的卫星遥感分析

通过对1988、1997和2002年3个时相的Landsat卫星遥感数据分析，获得适合青岛市城区发展研究的遥感波段组合，获得了青岛近20多年来城区扩展的总体信息。从3个时相遥感影像的对比结果可以看出，1988年到1997年期间青岛市城区扩展较为显著，市南、市北、四方、李沧和崂山5区面积从89．5km^2发展到169．5km^2，1997年以后仅崂山区西部有小面积扩展。城阳和黄岛区的变化较大，1988年到1997年间分别以大约14倍和15倍的速度增长，1997年到2002年城阳城区面积从38．1km^2扩展到50．3km^2，黄岛城区面积翻番。从自然条件的角度来看，青岛市东部多山地发展空间小，城阳区大部分处于海拔100m以下，而城区面积不到总面积的1／6，黄岛区也存在近3倍于现今的城区面积的发展空间。可以看出在环胶州湾的发展带上，城区扩展存在着明显的不平衡现象，今后我们应该改善导致这种不平衡发展的因素，加强胶州湾沿岸交通网的建设，将下一步的发展重点放在胶州湾北岸、西南岸以及崂山东北部低地区域的建设上。     

Formation of ‘Beach Rock’ at Siesta Key, Florida and its influence on barrier island development

Seaward-dipping strata of carbonate-cemented shell debris located along the coast of Siesta Key on the Gulf Coast of the Florida peninsula have long been interpreted to be beachrock equivalent in age to the Pleistocene Anastasia Formation (Stage 5e) of the east coast of Florida. Detailed examination of thin sections along with radiometric dating and isotopic analyses demonstrates clearly that this is a Holocene deposit that is not beachrock but was lithified in a meteoric environment. Whole rock dates, dates from shells only, and from cement only demonstrate that these beach deposits were in place by at least 1800 yr BP and might have been there as long ago as 4300 yr BP. This means that some type of barrier island was in place at that time. Previous investigations have depicted Siesta Key as having a maximum age of 3000 yr with these deposits being located about 2 km landward of the beach deposits. This suggests that the beach deposits might have been the site of the original position of Siesta Key. These data also indicate that sea level must have been near its present position at the time that these foreshore beach deposits were deposited; sometime between 1800 and 4300 yr ago. This scenario indicates that sea level along this coastal reach probably reached its present level at least about 2000 yr ago.     

对我国沿海全新世海面变化研究的讨论

距今6 000a的高海面及其后海面波动论点的主要依据是对渤海西岸贝壳堤、华南海岸海滩岩和珊瑚礁、天津市宁河县俵口牡蛎礁剖面和江苏北部建湖县庆丰剖面的研究,然而这些资料无法证明高海面和海面波动,因为珊瑚礁、牡蛎礁、贝壳堤、海滩岩和潮滩沉积物都不能提供古海平面的精确信息.     

1994年西太平洋副高异常的前期特征分析

本文通过相关普查，分析了影响夏季西太平洋副热带高压的北太平洋海温场和北半球５００ｈＰａ高度场的前期特征，找出了影响１９９４夏季酉太平洋副热带高压异常的强信号及其所在区域．以较高的信度和精度建立了夏季逐月副高强度和脊线位置两特征量的预报方程，进一步发现，中、东部太平洋海温场存在与副高强度高相关的对偶相关区，该区同前一年６月加利福尼亚寒流和北赤道暖流间形成的海温梯度相对应，而初夏副高脊线位置则决定于前一年１０～１２月赤道东太平洋一线的海温分布．     

Synchronous seasonal changes in the hydrological regime and weak earthquake activity in the Garm region

The distinctive annual periodicity in the week earthquake activity in the Garm region and its possible origin were described in the author’s previous papers. In this paper, an attempt is made to relate the annual earthquake periodicity to such a phenomenon as hydroseismicity. Within the framework of the study, seasonal variations in seismicity, snow height, and the water level of the Surkhob River are compared. As a result, good coincidence of the form of spring changes in snow height and seismicity has been revealed. It is important that according to averaged data, seismicity follows changes in snow height with some lag. However, a few cases in certain years have been found when the number of earthquakes began decreasing simultaneously or even a little before snow melt. It was also discovered that annual changes in the river water level and seismicity occur in opposite phase. Possible approaches to interpreting the results are discussed.