一种新型的米辛尼亚期（Messinian）的复合微生物岩丘建造

在Salemi（西西里西部）附近的米辛尼亚期沉积岩中，我们对一种新型的以米为单位的复合补丁礁进行了描述．其建造由两个截然不同的部分组成：（1）陡倾穹隆状微生物岩丘夹凝块叠层石和结壳状生物；（2）覆盖在微生物岩五上的珊瑚一微生物建造，其中珊瑚群体为微生物岩石所覆盖（这些微生物岩石与各种各样的结壳生物有关）．微生物岩丘的增生作用是葡萄状集合体的发育、畚箕藻骨骼、结完状有孔虫、苔鲜动物、龙介虫和已胶结双壳类的堆积结果．正如地中海中其它类似的米辛尼亚期生物建造，不同部分复合微生物岩丘建造的增生过程似乎是均一的…     

山东半岛海滩岩的特征及意义

山东半岛的古海滩岩是迄今所知我国古海滩岩分布的北界。本文着重阐述了岛古海滩岩的分布、沉积特征，并对其成因和时代问题进行了讨论。     

山东半岛海滩岩的特征及意义

山东半岛的古海滩岩是迄今所知我国古海滩岩分布的北界。本文着重阐述了山东半岛古海滩岩的分布、沉积特征，并对其成因和时代问题进行了讨论。     

从广东沿海海滩岩探讨历史时期海平面变化

讨论了广东沿海海滩岩与碳酸盐结岩的关系，结构，物质组分，并从海滩岩的分布高度探讨该区历史时期海平面变化。     

永兴岛珊瑚礁的沉积环境和沉积特征

永兴岛珊瑚礁是我国西沙群岛中发育最好的生物礁之一。礁顶呈椭圆形,可分出四个沉积相带;各相带呈环状分布,但受季风和海流的控制,其东、西向发育不对称。礁组合是上部被一圈原地礁岩和粘结岩包箍着的碳酸盐丘状体,属台礁型。原地礁岩和粘结岩是高能带的产物,具抗浪功能,但松散碎屑沉积物占优势。沉积组分中珊瑚骨屑占绝对优势,有别于太平洋礁区以藻屑为主。本区珊瑚生长带的槽沟的成因是侵蚀型的。     

海南岛东北部海岸极端波浪事件沉积记录

建立长时间尺度台风序列对于预测未来超强台风的活动规律具有重要科学和实践意义。历史上影响海南岛地区的台风十分频繁，但因缺少确切而详实的记载往往无法判断其是否为超强台风，因此迫切需要寻找千百年尺度的超强台风沉积记录。本文对海南岛东北部翁田镇沿海地区进行详细野外调查，选定白石堡海岸沙丘剖面为研究对象，在该沙丘剖面中识别出风暴越岸沉积和海滩岩巨砾沉积。根据沉积学分析和动力过程分析，这两种类型沉积极有可能是由历史上的台风事件形成，形成年代可能达到距今3 400 a；将该沉积层中的海滩岩巨砾与台风"威马逊"搬运的最大海滩岩巨砾进行对比，发现形成该沉积层海滩岩巨砾的台风事件强度应比台风"威马逊"更强，表明该区域历史上超强台风的存在，这对建立千百年尺度的台风序列有很重要的意义。同时，研究区岸外珊瑚岸礁发育良好，动力分析表明礁坪宽度对于波浪消减、海岸防护具有显著作用。然而，随着海南岛珊瑚岸礁日益衰亡、风暴强度逐渐加大和海面持续上升，未来海南岛地区的海岸极端风浪危害和海岸侵蚀形式威胁正日益加大，亟待加强海南岛珊瑚岸礁保护。     

我国北方首次发现海滩岩

海滩岩发育于热带和亚热带地区,由碳酸盐胶结而成,形成于海滩,故称海滩岩.我国西沙群岛、海南岛的海滩岩已有过不少研究和报导,但在我国北方尚未曾发现过.中国科学院海洋研究所白沙口调查队于1985年7月在山东省乳山县白沙口地区进行地貌第四纪地质调查时,在一个宽1000米以上的沙堤群上首次发现了这种海滩岩(见照片).该岩石露头离现代海边线约200米,厚度50厘米,倾向甫,倾角5°,与现代岸线的走向和坡度基本一致.该海滩岩由贝壳和砂砾石等胶结而成,层理明显,质地较脆,用锤头击之即碎散,镜下观察,胶结物为碳酸盐泥.下伏为黄色细砂,据岩性及其离岸距离推断,该海滩岩形成的历史不会太久,系全新世的产物,推测其形成时代不早于6000年.海滩岩在我国北方的首次发现,对研究我国北方全新世以来的气候和海面变化具有重要意义.     

福建莆田海岸沙丘岩的形成年代

本文所报道的海岸沙丘岩,位于福建省莆田县平海乡后石井村南约200m处的花岗岩红土台地上,海拔21一38.4m。由于这套由碳酸盐胶结的海相生物碎屑和石英粗中沙所组成的岩石在外形与成份上与附近的海滩沉积物相似,因而若干研究者将其作为海滩岩加以研究     

南海IODP U1499和U1500站位浊积岩的沉积特征及岩石物理响应

深海浊流沉积是重要的油气和天然气水合物勘探目标,对古海洋、古环境、古构造乃至古气候等方面的研究具有重要的科学意义。前人对于浊积岩的研究多从沉积学角度进行,从岩石物理角度开展的相关研究很少。本文将岩芯宏观沉积学分析、薄片(或涂片)分析与岩石物性分析相结合,研究南海海盆北部IODP 367航次U1499、U1500站位浊流沉积的沉积特征和岩石物理响应。共识别出了3类浊积岩:钙质、陆源碎屑和陆源碎屑—钙质混积浊积岩,以陆源碎屑和混积浊积岩最发育。不同类型的浊积岩表现出不同的岩石物性特征:钙质浊积岩表现为低磁化率、高颜色反射率亮度、密度变化较大和低自然伽马;陆源碎屑浊积岩表现为低磁化率、中—低亮度、中—高密度、中—低自然伽马;混积浊积岩的磁化率、亮度和自然伽马变化大,密度中—高。南海海盆浊积岩的丰度在发育时间上以晚中新世和中—晚更新世最高,然后依次为早更新世、上新世和早—中中新世。晚中新世和中—晚更新世全球海平面总体处于低位时期,有利于浊积岩的发育。自晚中新世以来,南海海盆钙质浊积岩的丰度总体呈逐渐减少趋势,可能与南海海盆水深逐渐加大、碳酸盐沉积逐渐萎缩等因素有关。     

西沙群岛海滩岩类型及其油气地质意义

介绍了西沙群岛现代生物礁最新科考成果,在数十个岛屿上发现海滩岩,划分为固结海滩岩、高位海滩岩、坍塌破坏型海滩岩、侵蚀破坏型海滩岩和侵蚀型海滩岩5种类型;描述了它们的手标本特征、赋存分布及岩石类型和作为油气储层的价值;指出甘泉岛淡水资源的存在归因于海滩岩的胶结致密程度。     

对我国沿海全新世海面变化研究的讨论

距今6 000a的高海面及其后海面波动论点的主要依据是对渤海西岸贝壳堤、华南海岸海滩岩和珊瑚礁、天津市宁河县俵口牡蛎礁剖面和江苏北部建湖县庆丰剖面的研究,然而这些资料无法证明高海面和海面波动,因为珊瑚礁、牡蛎礁、贝壳堤、海滩岩和潮滩沉积物都不能提供古海平面的精确信息.     

Microbialite development patterns in the last deglacial reefs from Tahiti (French Polynesia; IODP Expedition #310): Implications on reef framework architecture

The widespread occurrence of microbialites in the last deglacial reef frameworks (16–6 Ka BP) implies that the accurate study of their development patterns is of prime importance to unravel the evolution of reef architecture through time and to reconstruct the reef response to sea-level variations and environmental changes.The present study is based on the sedimentological and chronological analysis (¹⁴C AMS dating) of drill cores obtained during the IODP Expedition #310 “Tahiti Sea Level” on the successive terraces which typify the modern reef slopes from Tahiti. It provides a comprehensive data base to investigate the microbialite growth patterns (i.e. growth rates and habitats), to analyze their roles in reef frameworks and to reconstruct the evolution of the reef framework architecture during sea-level rise.The last deglacial reefs from Tahiti are composed of two distinctive biological communities: (1) the coralgal communities including seven assemblages characterized by various growth forms (branching, robust branching, massive, tabular and encrusting) that form the initial frameworks and (2) the microbial communities developed in the primary cavities of those frameworks, a few meters (1.5 to 6 m) below the living coral reef surface, where they heavily encrusted the coralgal assemblages to form microbialite crusts. The dating results demonstrate the occurrence of two distinctive generations of microbialites: the “reefal microbialites” which developed a few hundred years after coralgal communities in shallow-water environments, whereas the “slope microbialites” grew a few thousands of years later in significantly deeper water conditions after the demise of coralgal communities.The development of microbialites was controlled by the volume and the shape of the primary cavities of the initial reef frameworks determined by the morphology and the packing of coral colonies. The most widespread microbialite development occurred in frameworks dominated by branching, thin encrusting, tabular and robust branching coral colonies which built loose and open frameworks typified by a high porosity (> 50%). In contrast, their growth was minimal in compact coral frameworks formed by massive and thick encrusting corals where primary cavities yielded a low porosity (~ 30%) and could not host a significant microbialite expansion.     

Strange bedfellows—a deep-water hermatypic coral reef superimposed on a drowned barrier island; southern Pulley Ridge,SW Florida platform margin

The southeastern component of a subtle ridge feature extending over 200 km along the western ramped margin of the south Florida platform, known as Pulley Ridge, is composed largely of a non-reefal, coastal marine deposit. Modern biostromal reef growth caps southern Pulley Ridge (SPR), making it the deepest hermatypic reef known in American waters. Subsurface ridge strata are layered, lithified, and display a barrier island geomorphology. The deep-water reef community is dominated by platy scleractinian corals, leafy green algae, and coralline algae. Up to 60% live coral cover is observed in 60–75 m of water, although only 1–2% of surface light is available to the reef community. Vertical reef accumulation is thin and did not accompany initial ridge submergence during the most recent sea-level rise. The delayed onset of reef growth likely resulted from several factors influencing Gulf waters during early stages of the last deglaciation (∼14 kyr B.P.) including; cold, low-salinity waters derived from discrete meltwater pulses, high-frequency sea-level fluctuations, and the absence of modern oceanic circulation patterns. Currently, reef growth is supported by the Loop Current, the prevailing western boundary current that impinges upon the southwest Florida platform, providing warm, clear, low-nutrient waters to SPR. The rare discovery of a preserved non-reefal lowstand shoreline capped by rich hermatypic deep-reef growth on a tectonically stable continental shelf is significant for both accurate identification of late Quaternary sea-level position and in better constraining controls on the depth limits of hermatypic reefs and their capacity for adaptation to extremely low light levels.     

珊瑚礁海岸侵蚀的研究方法

珊瑚礁海岸海滩和礁坪是海岸作用是活跃的部分，也是近几十年来与海岸发育，海岸侵蚀联系最密切的部分，这一部分高潮时被淹没，低潮时完全出露或大部分出露，使得在此进行地质填图成为可能，这样的地质图可以提供许多信息，如沉积物粒度分布规律，沉积物来源和搬运方向，海滩岩所指示的古海岸线位置，人类活动特别是海岸工程对沉积物分布的影响以及海岸线的变化过程和趋势，在礁坪上开挖的人工水道内测流，能够了解水流的性质以及是否有足够的速度搬运沉积物，从而了解人工水道对海岸的影响和预测海岸的状态，这些方法也可以用于大陆泥质和砂质第岸侵蚀的研究。     

三份南海岛礁珊瑚砂样品中可培养细菌多样性

岛礁珊瑚砂环境中存在着大量未被培养和利用的微生物资源, 微生物多样性研究是了解微生物生态功能、开发和利用微生物资源的基础。文章采用多种寡营养培养基选择性分离南海岛礁珊瑚砂中的可培养细菌, 共获得纯培养细菌菌株349株, 通过16S rRNA基因序列分析, 发现它们隶属于4门(Actinobacteria、Proteobacteria、Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes)、6纲、26目、43科、73属、134种, 可培养细菌的优势类群为放线菌门, 占所有分离菌株数量的60%; 而且还发现18个16S rRNA 基因序列相似性低于97%的潜在新种。本研究使用改良优化的寡营养培养基进行分离, 较好地显示出样品中微生物的群落组成, 且获得了大量潜在的稀有新物种资源。研究结果表明, 岛礁珊瑚砂样品的可培养细菌资源十分丰富、细菌群落所涉及的生态功能完整、潜在新种比例较高, 为后期岛礁微生物资源挖掘打下了良好的基础, 也为后期开发应用积累了丰富且稀有的菌种资源。     

Marine geology of the Sodwana Bay shelf, southeast Africa

The geostrophic current-controlled northern Zululand shelf displays a unique assemblage of interesting physical, sedimentological and biological phenomena. The shelf in this area is extremely narrow (3 km) and is characterised by submarine canyons, coral reefs, and steep gradients on the continental slope. Three submarine canyons occur in the study area and are classified as mature- or youthful-phase canyons depending on the degree to which they breach the shelf. These canyons originated as mass-wasting features which were exploited by palaeo-drainage during sea-level regressions. Shelf lithology is dominated by a series of coast-parallel patch coral reefs which have colonised beachrock and aeolianite sequences that extend semi-continuously from −5 to −95 m, and delineate late Pleistocene palaeocoastline events. The unconsolidated sediment on the shelf is either shelf sand (mainly terrigenous quartz grains) or bioclastic sediment. Large-scale subaqueous dunes commonly form in the unconsolidated sediment on the outer-shelf due to the Agulhas Current flow. These dunes occur as two distinct fields at depths of −35 to −70 m; the major sediment transport direction is towards the south, but occasional bedload parting zones exist where the bedform migration direction changes from south to north.     

南沙群岛珊瑚礁砾洲地貌特征

通过对南沙群岛永暑礁、西门礁和安达礁3个砾洲的现场调查,基于理论最低潮面和平均海面分别计算了砾洲的可能分布范围和平均出露范围,获得了砾洲的地形地貌特征。3个砾洲均为向西北凸出的弧形,呈北东-南西向展布。永暑礁和西门礁砾洲周边地势较高,中部相对低洼,分布有多条砾脊,边缘向海侧主砾脊高度最大,内部多条较低的次砾脊相交于主砾脊并汇聚于砾洲东部;安达礁砾洲则中部凸起地势较高,周边较低,无多重砾脊分布。推断砾洲的发育由最初珊瑚枝块堆积于中部形成凸起,逐渐向北东和南西两侧以砾脊形式扩展,最终形成砾洲由内向外的洼地-砾脊-砾滩的地貌分带模式。砾洲的地形地貌特征表明,南沙群岛砾洲的发育主要受北东-南西向水动力条件季节性交替的控制,反映了南海海区盛行季风的影响。南沙群岛珊瑚礁砾洲的地貌特征为深入研究南海珊瑚礁灰沙岛地貌发育演化及动力机制提供了基础数据。     

Late Quaternary evolution of coral reefs on a cool-water carbonate margin: the Abrolhos Carbonate Platforms, southwest Australia

Late Quaternary coral reefs have developed on the southwestern Australian margin, which has otherwise been characterised by cool-water carbonates since the Eocene. The Houtman Abrolhos coral reefs are at the limits of existence, extending, with the assistance of the Leeuwin Current, a poleward-flowing, warm water stream, into a region dominated by more temperate communities. Coring in the Easter Group reefs, supported by high precision dating, by both U/Th TIMS and ¹⁴C methods, has shown vigorous coral growth, with reefs over 26 m thick in the Holocene and over 15 m thick in the Last Interglacial. Each of the three Abrolhos platforms consists of a central platform composed of Last Interglacial reefs, about which windward and leeward Holocene reefs developed asymmetrically. Reef, peritidal and eolian facies comprise the emergent Last Interglacial limestones which are extensively calcretized, with reef facies up to 5 m above MSL. The Last Interglacial high stand lasted for at least 10 ka from 130 to 120 ka, and possibly 15 ka, from 132 to 117 ka. Holocene reef facies are also emergent by 0.5 m, and are overlain by peritidal and storm ridge facies in an upward-shallowing sequence. Windward (10 m thick) and leeward (26 m thick) Holocene reefs in the Easter Group show contrasting lithofacies. The wave-exposed windward reefs consist of a slow-growing association of coralline algal bindstones and coral framestones, whereas fast-growing coral framestones dominate the more protected leeward reefs. The leeward reefs commenced growth 10,000 years ago and grew to the present sea level by 6500 years ago, generating Holocene constructional topography consisting of ‘blue-hole’ terrain in the leeward parts of the platforms.     

西沙群岛珊瑚藻科的研究Ⅰ

珊瑚藻科都是海生藻类,其细胞壁中含有大量的碳酸钙,外形犹如动物珊瑚,分枝或不分枝,还有些呈片状或块状。紧贴在基质上,故有珊瑚藻之称。珊瑚藻科通常分两个亚科:藻体的直立部分分节,即钙化的节间(intergenicula)和不钙化的节(genicula)接连相间的,属于有节珊瑚藻亚科(Corallinoideae);藻体不分节而全面钙化,紧贴生长在基质上,有的种类其藻体表面并具各式各样甚至是分枝状的突起的,属于无节珊瑚藻亚科(Melo besioideae)。 由于珊瑚藻类的藻体内含有大量的钙质,同其他的红藻相比较,在进行其形态研究和种类鉴定的工作中就必然会遇到一些额外的困难,需要多作些处理,也即是说,首先需要用各种含酸的去钙剂溶解掉其藻体内的钙质,而后才能进行组织观察或切片,并作出比较正确的种类鉴定。正由于存在着这些困难,早期的藻类学家多偏于根据珊瑚藻的外部形态特征来鉴定其种类。这当然是很不够的,以致造成了珊瑚藻类在分类学研究上的混乱现象。 藻类研究工作者们过去对我国的珊瑚藻类还没有进行过比较系统的研究。通过近几年的调查,我们更加感到这项研究工作是很有现实意义的。我们发现在一些海区,例如山东黄县一带所产的药用海浮石竟全都是块状珊瑚藻类。另外,根据近两年来中国科学院海洋研究所的同志赴我国西沙群岛进行实地调查,带回来的丰富资料完全证实了我们过去的推断,在我国南海诸岛珊瑚礁的造礁过程中除了动物珊瑚外,还有一些珊瑚藻,特别是皮壳状的珊瑚藻类确实是起了相当重要的作用的一一在一些珊瑚环礁迎浪一面的礁缘上,这些珊瑚藻繁生特盛,形成了所谓“藻脊”(algal-ridge)。这同Taylor在马绍尔群岛以及 Womersley和Bailey在所罗门群岛所发现并描述的情况基本上是一致的。本文所用的材料就是中国科学院海洋研究所1956-1958年,特别是近两年来先后在我国西沙群岛进行调查时采获的珊瑚藻标本所鉴定的一部分种类。鉴定工作还在进行中,有关的研究结果今后将陆续发表。