准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷二叠系下乌尔禾组烃源岩类型与热演化研究

沙湾凹陷下组合油气资源丰富,下乌尔禾组烃源岩被证实是凹陷内主要的油气来源。然而,由于烃源岩埋深较大、勘探程度低,烃源岩类型、热演化以及生烃史尚不清楚,制约了下组合油气成藏规律的认识。本研究基于烃源岩地球化学参数,认识下乌尔禾组烃源岩基本特征,利用盆地模拟恢复烃源岩热演化以及生烃演化史,在此基础上对油气成藏过程进行分析。结果表明：沙湾凹陷下乌尔禾组烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅱ型为主,平均有机碳含量(TOC)为0.82%,生烃潜量(S₁+S₂)为5.32 mg/g,为中等烃源岩,平均成熟度(Ro)为1.27%,处于成熟—高成熟阶段。热演化模拟显示下乌尔禾组烃源岩于晚三叠世晚期进入生烃门限(Ro=0.5%),晚侏罗世—晚白垩世达到生油高峰(Ro=1.0%)。白垩纪末期,有机质热演化进入了高成熟演化阶段(Ro>1.3%)。沙湾凹陷超深层储层经历多期油气充注,油气的多期混合以及断层活动的不均一性造成不同层位多种相态油气藏共存。研究认识为准噶尔盆地超深层油气成藏过程和机理研究奠定了坚实的基础。     

论南方海相层系有效供烃能力的主要控制因素

通过对烃源条件和天然气成藏过程的动力学分析,从高有机质丰度海相碎屑岩层段发育、构造沉积类型特征、高—过成熟阶段烃源灶性质演变形成的气源接替效应以及生烃强度与非构造性散失强度(速率)在地质历史中数量关系等若干方面,探讨了影响中国南方海相层系天然气成藏的有效供烃能力的主要地质-地球化学因素。指出有效供烃效率是烃源岩性质、构造-沉积类型、烃源灶类型及其叠合、生烃强度历史演化和天然气散失速率诸控制要素的综合效应。提出烃源条件分级评价指标,并对南方海相层系的有效供烃能力进行了初步评价。     

中国海相碳酸盐岩层系油气贫化与次生成藏

我国海相层系经过多期构造运动的叠加,油气地质条件除受"先天条件"的影响外,"后天因素"的影响更加突出,表现在现今油气成藏虽仍以海相烃源为主,但油气成藏与油气主要生烃高峰多已不匹配; 油气相态多已发生变化,如四川盆地从含油盆地转为含气盆地; 油气富集过程受构造影响而发生了改变,油气藏规模因此发生了变化,表现出油气藏的破坏规模缩小,或随断层的切割,油气发生泄露,向上运聚到浅层形成次生油气藏,导致油气贫化。因此,具有多期成藏、多期改造、相态转化及晚期就位的特点。现今海相层系发现的油气藏实际上已经是经过"变位、变相"的残留及次生油气藏。针对这一特性,在海相层系油气勘探中更应注意后期油气藏演化所带来的特殊性,进一步深化整体保存环境对油气藏形成、保持的影响。     

塔里木盆地凝析气田的地质特征及其形成机制

塔里木盆地凝析油气资源丰富,已发现了二十余个凝析气田,包括库车坳陷的陆相油气来源的凝析气田和台盆区海相烃源岩来源的凝析气田;储层有碎屑岩,也有碳酸盐岩;时代自奥陶系至新生代均有分布。这些凝析气田的气油比分布在600~19900m³/m³,凝析油含量40~750g/m³;储层温度在78~155℃;地层压力在37~111MPa。研究认为,塔里木盆地凝析气藏的成因类型可以分为原生凝析气藏和次生凝析气藏。其中,以库车坳陷迪那2凝析气田为代表的煤系烃源岩在高演化阶段(镜质体反射率Ro为1.2%~2.0%),即凝析油和湿气生成带所形成的原生腐植型凝析气藏或煤成型凝析气藏。次生凝析气藏包括两类:陆相油气来源的多期充注,晚期干气对早期油藏发生混合改造,形成了以牙哈为代表的陆相油气成因的次生凝析气藏;以海相油气来源,多期油气充注与晚期干气气侵,造成蒸发分馏,在运移、聚集和成藏过程中烃体系分异、富化,发生反凝析作用,从而导致次生凝析气藏的形成。随着塔里木盆地勘探向深层转化,地层的温度和压力逐渐增高,烃类演化程度的升高,不同生烃阶段的烃体系混合也将更为普遍,次生凝析气藏也将更为普遍,因此,以海相油气来源的次生成因型凝析气藏将成为勘探的主体。     

塔里木台盆区下古生界天然气甲烷氢同位素组成特征及地质意义

塔里木台盆区下古生界海相碳酸盐岩地层是我国深层油气勘探的热点领域，但深层-超深层天然气的成因来源判识及成藏过程分析至今仍是天然气地球科学的难点问题。本次研究对塔里木台盆区下古生界天然气的组分及同位素组成进行了测定，结合前人研究成果及地质条件，认为甲烷氢同位素组成(δ²H₁)是研究区更可信的成熟度评价指标，并建立了利用δ²H₁值、烷烃气碳同位素值及干燥系数讨论天然气成因来源、生气机理及次生作用的新模式。研究表明：塔里木台盆区下古生界富集了由不同热演化程度、不同成因类型和不同地球化学组成特征的烃源岩生成的天然气，且大部分天然气藏来源于相对开放的生烃系统的贡献，原油裂解气的贡献相对较低，但受控于碳酸盐岩储层和疏导体系发育的强非均质性，也有部分天然气藏来源于相对封闭的生烃环境且具有较高的原油裂解气的贡献。这些成因来源复杂多样的天然气在运聚成藏过程中还发生了以混合和氧化蚀变为主的次生改造作用。     

中国海相碳酸盐岩层系油气地质特点、战略选区思考及需要解决的主要地质问题

中国海相碳酸盐岩层系油气资源量大,但探明程度低,是油气资源战略接替的重要领域.中国海相碳酸盐岩层系具有形成时代老、改造强烈、沉积中心与生烃中心不吻合、储层具有多样性且非均质性强、多烃源层、多期生烃、多期成藏、多期调整与改造等显著特点,与陆相碎屑岩层系有明显差别,又有别于国外海相碳酸盐岩层系.在对不同地区海相碳酸盐岩层系油气地质条件进行分析解剖的基础上,分别对四川盆地、中下扬子及滇黔桂地区、塔里木盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、渤海湾盆地和青藏地区的海相碳酸盐岩层系油气勘探战略选区急需解决的地质问题进行了讨论.     

中国海相碳酸盐岩层系油气地质特点、战略选区思考及需要解决的主要地质问题

中国海相碳酸盐岩层系油气资源量大,但探明程度低,是油气资源战略接替的重要领域。中国海相碳酸盐岩层系具有形成时代老、改造强烈、沉积中心与生烃中心不吻合、储层具有多样性且非均质性强、多烃源层、多期生烃、多期成藏、多期调整与改造等显著特点,与陆相碎屑岩层系有明显差别,又有别于国外海相碳酸盐岩层系。在对不同地区海相碳酸盐岩层系油气地质条件进行分析解剖的基础上,分别对四川盆地、中下扬子及滇黔桂地区、塔里木盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、渤海湾盆地和青藏地区的海相碳酸盐岩层系油气勘探战略选区急需解决的地质问题进行了讨论。     

中国海相碳酸盐岩层系油气地质特点、战略选区思考及需要解决的主要地质问题

中国海相碳酸盐岩层系油气资源量大,但探明程度低,是油气资源战略接替的重要领域.中国海相碳酸盐岩层系具有形成时代老、改造强烈、沉积中心与生烃中心不吻合、储层具有多样性且非均质性强、多烃源层、多期生烃、多期成藏、多期调整与改造等显著特点,与陆相碎屑岩层系有明显差别,又有别于国外海相碳酸盐岩层系.在对不同地区海相碳酸盐岩层系油气地质条件进行分析解剖的基础上,分别对四川盆地、中下扬子及滇黔桂地区、塔里木盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、渤海湾盆地和青藏地区的海相碳酸盐岩层系油气勘探战略选区急需解决的地质问题进行了讨论.     

松辽盆地十屋断陷深层油气成藏过程与模式

松辽盆地十屋断陷深层油气藏经历了多期成藏与多期演化,根据烃源岩生排烃史模拟结合储层流体包裹体分析,十屋断陷深层油气藏主要经历了3期油气成藏过程,登娄库期末是早期原生油气藏的主要形成期,以形成油藏为主;泉头期末是十屋断陷深层油气藏大规模形成期,形成的油藏和气藏并重,早期油气藏继续接受本区成熟源岩生成的油气而不断扩大,同时早期原油在此阶段逐渐裂解成气;嫩江期末十屋断陷深层油气藏强烈改造,以形成次生油气藏和大量天然气藏为主。十屋断陷发育2类油气成藏模式:一类是中央隆起带"多期成藏中晚期强调整型"油气成藏模式,这是十屋断陷的主要成藏模式;另一类是位于深凹带和斜坡带"早期成藏晚期弱调整型"油气成藏模式。     

海相膏盐岩层系烃源岩形成演化特征初探

勘探实践和地质地球化学分析显示,膏盐岩作为一种化学沉积岩虽然本身不具备生烃能力,但其岩系组合中不同程度富含的生烃物质,使得膏盐岩层系可作为海相盆地非常重要的烃源岩,因此,我国的高演化、低有机质丰度的海相膏盐岩层系也可以作为良好的烃源岩。分析表明:海相膏盐岩层系烃源岩具有多元化的生烃物质、异常活跃的有机-无机相互作用和膏盐岩层系特殊的物理化学条件,这些因素共同影响着其生烃物质来源、有机质热演化进程、产物的组分及产率、稳定同位素组成等特征,因此研究膏盐岩层系烃源岩的形成演化特征,对于我国海相膏盐岩层系源-藏匹配、生烃机理、烃源岩评价等问题具有重要的勘探实践和理论研究意义。此外,由于海相膏盐岩层系在成源和矿物组成方面的特殊性,传统的烃源岩评价指标如TOC、氯仿沥青"A"、S1+S2等难以适用于海相膏盐岩层系烃源岩,而采用总生烃碳的概念评价烃源岩演化及生烃潜力应该更为客观可靠。     

Research Progress in the Petroleum and Natural Gas Geological Theory of China

The Chinese landmass, as a composite region, consists of multiple small continental blocks, such as Sino-Korea, Yangtze, Tarim, etc., and orogenic belts. Because of its distinctive tectonosedimentary evolution, China’s oil/gas-bearing regions differ remarkably from that elsewhere in the world. For instance, in comparison to the Middle East oil/gas-bearing regions which are characterized by Mesozoic-Cenozoic marine oil/gas-bearing beds, early oil and gas discoveries in China are distributed mainly in Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental sedimentary basins. Generation of oil from terrestrial organic matter, or terrestrial oil generation, and the formation of large oil/gas fields in continental sedimentary basins were previously the major characteristics of petroleum geology of China. However, in the past 20 years, a series of major oil and gas discoveries from marine strata have been made. Marine oil/gas fields in China are mainly distributed in the Tarim, Sichuan, and Ordos basins, which are tectonically stable and covered with Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits. In these basins, hydrocarbon-bearing strata are of old age and the oil/gas fields are commonly deeply-buried. Cumulatively, 995 oil/gas fields have been found so far, making China the fourth largest oil-producing country and the sixth largest gas-producing country in the world. In terms of petroleum and natural gas geology, theories of hydrocarbon generation from continental strata, such as terrestrial oil generation and coal-generated hydrocarbons, etc., have been established. Significant progress has been made in research on the sequence stratigraphy of continental strata, formation mechanisms of ultra-deep clastic reservoirs, and hydrocarbon accumulation in the continental subtle reservoir. Regarding research on the marine petroleum geology of China, with respect to the major characteristics, such as deeply-buried reservoirs, old strata, and multiple phases of transformation, important advances have been made, in areas such as the multiple-elements of hydrocarbon supply, formation of reservoirs jointly controlled by deposition, tectonic activities, and diagenetic fluid-rock reactions, and oil/gas reservoirs formed through superimposed multi-stage hydrocarbon accumulation. As more and more unconventional hydrocarbon resources are discovered, unconventional oil and gas reservoirs are under study by Chinese petroleum geologists, who endeavor to come up with new discoveries on their formation mechanisms.     

叠合盆地成藏流体源类型、演化及控藏意义——以中国南方中、古生界海相地层为例

中国南方经历了多阶段构造演化的历史，具有典型叠合盆地性质，海相地层以次生油气藏为主，成藏流体源成为首要控藏要素。结合中国南方8个典型油气藏的实例，总结了叠合盆地成藏流体源类型，分析了其随时空的演化规律及其对油气分布的控制作用。认为中国南方海相地层的成藏流体源包括烃源岩热解烃、原油裂解气、二次生烃、水溶气、无机气及混合气等多种。在印支期之前以烃源岩热解烃为主，印支-燕山期主要形成原油裂解气和水溶气，燕山-喜马拉雅期主要形成由各种气源构成的混合气。受成藏流体源控制，混源型气藏主要分布干上扬子区（四川盆地）；原生型油（气）藏主要形成干江南等古隆起区，但大多已演化为古油藏；二次生烃型气藏主要分布干下、中扬子白垩系-古近系覆盖区，及楚雄盆地、十万大山、南盘江等地；无机型气藏形成干张性构造区。     

复合生烃系统--陆相断陷盆地烃源岩评价和油气预测的重要概念

复合生烃系统是指凹陷(或洼陷)具有两套或两套以上有机地球化学特征不同的有效烃源岩,它们具有多个成烃阶段和多期排烃运聚过程,形成了多种油气藏和多源油气藏。其特点可概括为“多套源岩、多阶段成烃、多源(混源)成藏的新模式”。渤海湾盆地油气勘探实践证明,丰富的油气资源及其分布特征与富含有机质生烃洼陷中存在的复合生烃系统具有十分密切的关系。渤海湾盆地复合生烃系统的组合特征可分为盐湖咸水湖相欠充填湖泊类型模式、半咸水微咸水深湖相平衡充填湖泊类型模式和淡水三角洲湖相过充填湖泊类型模式3种典型的湖相组合,其中所发育的烃源岩代表了复合生烃系统的基本特征。复合生烃系统发育在多幕式断陷活动的地质背景下,与不同油气储集性砂体相配合,通过不同的排烃方式和运移通道聚集成藏,形成了不同层系、不同区带和不同圈闭类型的复式油气聚集带,从而在空间上控制了盆地内各种油气藏的形成和分布。     

Types, Evolution and Pool-Controlling Significance of Pool Fluid Sources in Superimposed Basins： A Case Study from Paleozoic and Mesozoic in South China

Having multiple tectonic evolution stages, South China belongs to a superimposed basin in nature. Most marine gas pools became secondary pools. The pool fluid sources serve as the principal pool-controlling factors. On the basis of eight typical petroleum pools, the type, evolution in time-space, and the controlling of petroleum distribution of pool fluid sources are comprehensively analyzed. The main types of pool fluid sources include hydrocarbon, generated primarily and secondly from source rocks, gas cracked from crude oil, gas dissolved in water, inorganic gas, and mixed gases. In terms of evolution, the primary hydrocarbon was predominant prior to Indosinian; during Indosinian to Yen- shanian the secondary gas includes gas cracked from crude oil, gas generated secondarily, gas dissolved in water, and inorganic gas dominated; during Yenshanian to Himalayan the most fluid sources were mixed gases. Controlled by pool fluid sources, the pools with mixed gas sources distributed mainly in Upper Yangtze block, especially Sichuan (四川) basin; the pools with primary hydrocarbon sources distributed in paleo-uplifts such as Jiangnan (江南), but most of these pools became fossil pools; the pools with secondary hydrocarbon source distributed in the areas covered by Cretaceous and Eogene in Middle-Lower Yangtze blocks, and Chuxiong (楚雄), Shiwandashan (十万大山), and Nanpanjiang (南盘江) basins; the pools with inorganic gas source mainly formed and distributed in tensional structure areas.     

新构造运动对中国天然气成藏的控制作用

由于天然气扩散速率比石油快而不易保存,所以晚期成藏对天然气成藏来说有利于天然气的保存。新构造运动是中国构造史上最后一次大规模的造山运动,对天然气的成藏有着十分重要的控制作用。对于在晚期生气的烃源岩来说,新构造运动产生有效圈闭与晚期供气形成良好匹配,有利于天然气晚期成藏;对于早期成藏的天然气来说,新构造运动使气藏在纵向、横向发生调整,形成新的气藏,另外还可对部分气藏的储层进行优化、改造;新构造运动不仅使圈闭形成,并且还产生断裂系统,沟通烃源岩与储集层,导致幕式成藏,天然气充注效率提高,有利于天然气成藏;另外,新构造运动在构造强烈地区会对已形成的气藏起破坏作用。     

Main Controlling Factors on Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Distribution in Marine Sedimentary Sequences in South China

Multiple source rock assemblages were deposited in the sedimentary provinces in South China in geologic history,and some of them were destructed by and some survived against multiple tectonic movements.Therefore,multiple sources,mixed sources,and uneven distribution of sources occurred in the marine sedimentary basins in South China during the late stage of hydrocarbon pooling.Epidiagenesis of the marine carbonate reservoirs and its modification to reservoir poroperm characteristics determined the formation and the scale of natural gas pools.The exploration practices show that the large to medium gas fields mainly occur in areas with high-quality reservoirs.Detailed study of the paleo-oil accumulations and typical oil and gas reservoirs reveals that the basins experienced multiphase superimposition and modification,leading to the distribution of the Paleozoic paleo-oil accumulations and bitumen in the peripheral areas.The phenomenon that oil and gas production concentrates in the Sichuan basin indicates that the overall sealing conditions of a basin determine the oil/gas potentials and the scale of oil and gas production.This is a critical factor controlling the accumulation and distribution of gas in the marine sequences in South China.The early oil and gas pools in the Yangtze platform left billions of bitumen in the peripheral areas due to the destruction of seals.Since the Himalayan,"late-generation and late-accumulation" gas pools represented by the gas pools in the Sichuan (四川) basin were formed in the marine sedimentary sequences in South China as a result of the change of the sealing conditions.Current gas discoveries appear to be "paleo-generation and paleo-accumulation" gas pools but actually are "late-generation and late-accumulation" gas pools.These patterns of hydrocarbon pooling clearly depict themselves in western Sichuan basin and Weiyuan (威远)gas field.It is revealed that the gas pools in the Sichuan basin were mainly formed as a result of hydrocarbon phase change (thermal cracking of oil to gas),miscible migration,and dynamic equilibration since the Himalayan.A large number of gas pools were formed in the Himalayan and the gas pools in the marine sequences are characterized by late pooling; this kind of gas fields/pools are controlled by:(1) effectiveness of modification and superimposition of the marine basins,(2) effectiveness of the source rocks,(3) effectiveness of the overall preservation conditions,and (4) effectiveness of plays.     

陆相生油及其衍生热点

对陆相生油而言,关键性的问题是何种地质背景是形成优质油源层和向成油转化的环境。认识之一是古气候和占构造有利因素的叠加,如“陆相、潮湿、拗陷”的学说。70年代以来陆相牛油地球化学研究在陆相油源岩的质、量,成烃转化特征、油气源对比等方面确证了陆相沉积中存在优质源岩和向成油转化的条件,并足以保证陆相大、中型油气田形成的油源供给。陆相有机质的特性衍生出近年油气地学的2个热点,即煤成气、煤成油、未熟-低熟油气,并取得了理论和实践的双丰收。笔者在文中提出了陆相生油的地质构架——环境控源、源控藏。     

南盘江盆地油气成藏过程及天然气勘探前景分析

本文采用多种研究手段探讨了南盘江盆地的多期成藏、破坏过程。根据有机质成油、成气和油成气的化学动力学模型,计算了南盘江盆地主要烃源岩的油气演化过程;并通过对沥青充填期次、包裹体研究和胶结物期次与沥青的关系,研究了古油藏经历的多期次充注、破坏过程,据此初步建立了南盘江盆地古油藏演化模式。从南盘江盆地古油藏演化过程来看,南盘江盆地油气勘探应以原油裂解的天然气为主,但是由于该地区具有聚气早、破坏时间长的特征,尤其是三叠系沉积之后的巨厚剥蚀使原油裂解气保存的可能性变小,因此在该地区形成大中型天然气藏的难度很大,天然气勘探前景需要进一步研究。     

含油气盆地中高地温的地质意义

本文以渤海湾油区南部含油气盆地为例,讨论了地温对盆地生油、砂岩孔隙性和特殊油、气藏形成的地质作用和意义。地热研究不仅限于学科自身的范围,而且已向石油、天然气等流体矿藏的成藏领域突入,并从已知的深层原生天然气藏、高含二氧化碳的天然气藏、特高压油藏和特稠油油藏的成藏实例中,找到了某些结合点。     

塔里木盆地轮南低凸起:一个复式油气聚集区

轮南低凸起是塔里木盆地塔北隆起上的一个次级构造单元,多年的勘探开发实践表明,该地区具有多个产层、多种油气藏类型和多期油气充注的特点;多种类型的油气藏,垂向上复合叠置,横向上连片成带,共同构成了一个典型的复式油气聚集区。渤海湾盆地油气勘探和研究的实践中总结出来的复式油气聚集区的理论,已经成功地指导了我国东部和南方含油气盆地的勘探,轮南复式油气聚集区的认识,表明该理论在我国西部挤压型含油气盆地也有广泛的应用和发展前景