GPS/Galileo/BDS-3试验星短基线紧组合相对定位性能初步评估

北斗全球卫星导航系统(简称北斗三号系统,BDS-3)的试验星播发了与GPS L1/L5、欧洲的伽利略(Galileo)系统E1/E5a/E5b频率重叠的新体制信号B1C/B2a/B2b,这为GPS/Galileo/BDS-3试验星重叠频率的紧组合相对定位提供了条件。首先评估了GPS/Galileo/BDS-3试验星重叠频率差分系统间偏差(differential inter-system bias,DISB)的大小与时域稳定性,结果表明,相同类型接收机的DISB接近于0,在紧组合相对定位中可以忽略其影响。然后初步评估了GPS/Galileo/BDS-3试验星短基线单历元紧组合相对定位性能,结果表明,相较于传统的松组合模型,紧组合模型能够显著提高模糊度固定的成功率与可靠性。尤其是在单系统可观测卫星数较少、仅单频观测值可用的情形下,模糊度固定成功率可提高约25%～45%。     

固定GEO卫星为参考的BDS与GPS紧组合定位方法

针对BDS二代系统与GPS没有重叠的频率,受其影响,差分系统间偏差DISB无法事先标定的问题,该文提出了固定BDS的GEO卫星为参考星的策略,详细推导了BDS与GPS短基线紧组合相对定位模型,分析了BDS-B1、BDS-B2与GPS-L1、GPS-L2频点的相同接收机与不同接收机间DISB值的稳定性。结果表明:即使是相同类型的接收机,BDS与GPS差分系统间偏差亦不为0。当BDS系统参考星固定为GEO卫星时,载波与伪距DISB值随时间变化稳定,可以事先进行标定。最后利用不同高度截止角对遮挡环境进行模拟,短基线实验结果表明,当卫星数目较少时,紧组合模型相较于传统的松组合,定位精度有20%以上的提升,并且使用改正DISB后的紧组合模型,能够显著缩短模糊度的初始化时间,从而提高在高遮挡环境下定位的性能以及可用性。     

GNSS接收机伪距偏差确定方法及其对定位的影响

全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）接收机伪距偏差是指卫星导航信号非理想特征导致的不同接收机的伪距测量常数偏差。研究表明,接收机伪距偏差无法被钟差参数吸收,将影响GNSS精密应用。选取了多GNSS实验全球跟踪网的9条零/短基线,将基线按照接收机类型分为3组,即相同厂商相同型号、不同厂商以及相同厂商不同型号,通过双差法确定了每组基线GPS/北斗卫星导航系统(BeiDou satellite navigation system,BDS)/伽利略卫星导航系统（Galileo satellite navigation system,Galileo）的接收机伪距偏差,并分析了接收机伪距偏差的稳定性及其对整周模糊度解算和伪距相对定位的影响。结果表明,不同厂商接收机构成的基线,伪距偏差可达160 cm,即使同一厂商不同型号的接收机间也存在不可忽略的伪距偏差;对于GPS、BDS和Galileo,Galileo伪距偏差最小,BDS伪距偏差最大。此外,接收机伪距偏差具有良好的稳定性,60 d标准差不超过12 cm。接收机伪距偏差改正后,GPS、...     

BDS/Galileo紧组合系统间偏差估计与模糊度固定效果分析

多个卫星导航系统采用相同频率播发信号,使得不同系统之间可以通过紧组合方式进行数据处理。文中简要介绍了不同系统紧组合双差观测模型;利用零短基线观测数据估计了BDS/Galileo间小数ISB(Inter-System Bias);对其时变稳定性进行了分析并利用单历元相对定位解算进行了验证。实验结果表明,小数ISB具有较好的时间稳定性,能够进行长期预报。相对于松组合相对定位模型,采用紧组合模型能够显著提高模糊度固定的成功率。     

BDS-3/Galileo重叠频率短基线紧组合相对定位性能初步评估

为评估松组合和紧组合模型在BDS-3/Galileo短基线相对定位的适用性,本文以自采集短基线实测数据为例,分别进行了双频、单频紧组合和松组合短基线解算实验。实验结果表明,紧组合在一定程度上可以改善松组合卫星可见数与卫星空间几何构型,2种模型下B1CB2a/E1E5a和B1C/E1短基线相对定位水平精度都优于1 cm,高程精度都优于2 cm,模糊度固定率都在95%以上,而紧组合模型相比松组合模型在这几方面略有提升,提升量在5%以内。     

BeiDou+GLONASS+Galileo多系统组合SPP稳定性和精度分析

利用间接平差法和最小二乘法原理推导了BeiDou+GLONASS+Galileo三系统组合标准单点定位(SPP)的数学模型;然后采用MGEX站的部分测站的观测数据,综合分析了BeiDou/GLONASS/Galileo不同组合模式的可见卫星数、DOP值、定位稳定性和定位精度等方面内容。试验结果表明:相比单系统(BeiDou、GLONASS、Galileo)、双系统(BeiDou+GLONASS、BeiDou+Galileo、GLONASS+Galileo),BeiDou+GLONASS+Galileo三系统组合的DOP值分别减少30%~55%、10%~50%;可见卫星数分别增加60%~120%、10%~110%。此外,在截止高度角大于30°的情况下,单系统和双系统的DOP值都较大且波动不稳定,定位可靠性和历元可用率会显著降低,而BeiDou+GLONASS+Galileo组合仍能获得比较理想的定位结果,这对于建筑物密集区、山区和卫星遮挡较为严重的恶劣条件下具有实际应用价值。     

BDS-3和Galileo组合的RTK定位性能分析

北斗三号卫星导航系统（BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system, BDS-3）已全面建成并向全球用户提供可靠的定位、导航和授时（positioning, navigation and timing, PNT）服务。为了实现与其他全球卫星导航系统（global navigation satellite system, GNSS）的兼容性和互操作性,BDS-3在BDS-2的基础上调制了B1C和B2a两个新信号,与伽利略系统（Galileo）的E1和E5a实现了频率的复用。系统间偏差（inter-system bias, ISB）对于实现不同GNSS之间的融合处理至关重要,为此提出了基于单差模型的ISB估计与应用算法,并对BDS-3与Galileo重叠频率之间的ISB进行了分析。基于可跟踪BDS-3新信号的几类接收机,揭示了BDS-3和Galileo之间的ISB的特性,在此基础上分析了BDS-3和Galileo组合的实时动态（real-time kinematic, RTK）定位性能。结果表明,基于相同类型的接收机B1C-E1和B2a-E5a之间是不存在ISB...     

BDS-3/GPS/Galileo超长基线解算性能评估

由于当前对BDS-3超长基线单历元解算性能研究较少,为进一步详细分析BDS-3超长基线定位性能,将IGS站组成的一组超长基线作为实验数据,以BDS-3系统B1C/B2a组合为基础,分别进行了与GPS系统L1/L5、Galileo系统E1/E5a双组合和三系统组合解算实验。实验结论表明,双系统和三系统组合卫星可见数与PDOP相比BDS-3单系统改善量约为2倍左右,在定位性能方面相比BDS-3单系统也有明显提升。BDS-3超长基线定位性能较差,而其他系统的加入能有效改善这一情况,可为今后超长基线单历元解算研究提供参考。     

北斗三号卫星导航信号接收机端伪距偏差建模与验证

接收机端伪距偏差是指非理想的卫星导航信号在接收机前端带宽和相关器间隔不同时产生的伪距测量系统性偏差。研究表明,北斗二号、GPS和Galileo系统均存在与接收机类型相关的伪距偏差,影响基于混合类型接收机站网的精密数据处理。本文基于iGMAS网和MGEX网观测数据,采用MW组合、伪距残差和伪距无几何距离无电离层组合3种方法分析北斗三号接收机端伪距偏差特性。试验结果表明,北斗三号同样存在与接收机类型相关的伪距偏差,且无电离层组合的伪距偏差可以达到6 ns。根据偏差特性,按接收机类型建立了8类伪距偏差改正模型。将上述模型应用于卫星差分码偏差(DCB)估计与单频伪距单点定位,结果表明,模型改正后可以显著提升不同接收机类型估计的卫星DCB一致性,其中基于iGMAS网和MGEX网两个不同接收机站网估计得到的北斗三号C2I-C6I、C1P-C5P和C2I-C7D DCB差值分别平均降低了91.6%、64.7%和71.9%;模型改正后单频伪距单点定位水平方向和高程方向精度分别提升了13.9%和11.0%。     

GPS/BDS接收机端系统偏差稳定性对整周模糊度固定的影响

GNSS接收机端的UPD与接收到的信号频率有关,这导致GPS和BDS系统间的双差模糊度不具有整数特性,为了恢复其整数特性,两系统间的系统偏差需要进行估计或改正。在顾及GPS和BDS之间的时间系统、坐标系统和频率间偏差的基础上,推导出GPS/BDS系统偏差计算模型,并利用不同实验对系统偏差的稳定性进行验证。实验结果表明,不同品牌接收机在GPS/BDS系统偏差方面在一定条件下均具有稳定性;天线类型和天线连接线长度没有对GPS/BDS系统偏差产生显著影响。加入系统偏差改正的GPS/BDS紧组合定位在恶劣环境下表现良好,可将模糊度固定平均所需时间缩短33%,模糊度固定成功率提高31%。     

Initial assessment of the COMPASS/BeiDou-3: new-generation navigation signals

The successful launch of five new-generation experimental satellites of the China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, namely BeiDou I1-S, I2-S, M1-S, M2-S, and M3-S, marks a significant step in expanding BeiDou into a navigation system with global coverage. In addition to B1I (1561.098 MHz) and B3I (1269.520 MHz) signals, the new-generation BeiDou-3 experimental satellites are also capable of transmitting several new navigation signals in space, namely B1C at 1575.42 MHz, B2a at 1176.45 MHz, and B2b at 1207.14 MHz. For the first time, we present an initial characterization and performance assessment for these new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites and their signals. The L1/L2/L5 signals from GPS Block IIF satellites, E1/E5a/E5b signals from Galileo satellites, and B1I/B2I/B3I signals from BeiDou-2 satellites are also evaluated for comparison. The characteristics of the B1C, B1I, B2a, B2b, and B3I signals are evaluated in terms of observed carrier-to-noise density ratio, pseudorange multipath and noise, triple-frequency carrier-phase ionosphere-free and geometry-free combination, and double-differenced carrier-phase and code residuals. The results demonstrate that the observational quality of the new-generation BeiDou-3 signals is comparable to that of GPS L1/L2/L5 and Galileo E1/E5a/E5b signals. However, the analysis of code multipath shows that the elevation-dependent code biases, which have been previously identified to exist in the code observations of the BeiDou-2 satellites, seem to be not obvious for all the available signals of the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites. This will significantly benefit precise applications that resolve wide-lane ambiguity based on Hatch–Melbourne–Wübbena linear combinations and other applications such as single-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) based on the ionosphere-free code–carrier combinations. Furthermore, with regard to the triple-frequency carrier-phase ionosphere-free and geometry-free combination, it is found that different from the BeiDou-2 and GPS Block IIF satellites, no apparent bias variations could be observed in all the new-generation BeiDou-3 experimental satellites, which shows a good consistency of the new-generation BeiDou-3 signals. The absence of such triple-frequency biases simplifies the potential processing of multi-frequency PPP using observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites. Finally, the precise relative positioning results indicate that the additional observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites can improve ambiguity resolution performance with respect to BeiDou-2 only positioning, which indicates that observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites can contribute to precise relative positioning.     

Galileo双频/三频SPP定位精度分析

针对Galileo系统双频与三频组合三频单点定位（SPP）精度分析问题，本文基于MGEX跟踪站Galileo多频实测数据，分析了Galileo系统双频与三频组合SPP定位精度.发现Galileo系统E1/E5a和E1/E5b双频组合SPP定位精度较高，而E5a/E5b和E1/E6双频组合SPP定位精度过差，不适合进行定位，三频SPP定位精度较双频组合有明显提升，X和Y方向定位精度优于0.8 m，Z方向精度优于2.3 m，可为今后Galileo系统多频组合定位研究提供一定参考.      

伽利略卫星导航系统信号质量及定位性能分析

伽利略系统(Galileo)是全球四大卫星导航系统之一,目前已初步具备全球定位能力。研究Galileo的信号质量和双／三频定位性能不仅对Galileo系统应用具有重要价值,对多全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）融合定位也有重要促进作用。在使用基准站网(MGEX)地面跟踪站的基础上,分析了伽利略信号的载噪比、多路径、以及双／三频精密单点定位(PPP)的定位精度。结果表明,Galileo与GPS相比,载噪比E5> E5a≈E5b≈L5>E1≈L1>L2,多路径误差E5      

BeiDou、Galileo、GLONASS、GPS多系统融合精密单点

随着中国BeiDou系统与欧盟Galileo系统的出现以及俄罗斯GLONASS系统的恢复完善,过去单一的GPS导航卫星系统时代已经逐步过渡为多系统并存且相互兼容的全球性卫星导航系统(multi-constellation global navigation satellite systems,multi-GNSS)时代,多系统GNSS融合精密定位将成为未来GNSS精密定位技术的发展趋势。本文采用GPS、GLONASS、BeiDou、Galileo 4大卫星导航定位系统融合的精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)实测数据,初步研究并分析了4系统融合PPP的定位性能。试验结果表明:在单系统观测几何构型不理想的区域,多系统融合能显著提高PPP的定位精度和收敛速度。4大系统融合的PPP收敛速度相对于单GNSS可提高30%~50%,定位精度可提高10%~30%,特别是对高程方向的贡献更为明显。此外,在卫星截止高度角大于30°的观测环境下,单系统由于可见卫星数不足导致无法连续定位,而多系统融合仍然可以获得PPP定位结果,尤其是水平方向具有较高的定位精度。这对于山区、城市以及遮挡严重的区域具有非常重要的应用价值。     

Combined GPS and BDS for single-frequency continuous RTK positioning through real-time estimation of differential inter-system biases

Double-differenced (DD) ambiguities between overlapping frequencies from different GNSS constellations can be fixed to integers if the associated differential inter-system biases (DISBs) are well known. In this case, only one common pivot satellite is sufficient for inter-system ambiguity resolution. This will be beneficial to ambiguity resolution (AR) and real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning especially when only a few satellites are observed. However, for GPS and current operational BDS-2, there are no overlapping frequencies. Due to the influence of different frequencies, the inter-system DD ambiguities still cannot be fixed to integers even if the DISBs are precisely known. In this contribution, we present an inter-system differencing model for combined GPS and BDS single-frequency RTK positioning through real-time estimation of DISBs. The stability of GPS L1 and BDS B1 DISBs is analyzed with different receiver types. Along with parameterization and using the short-term stability of DISBs, the DD ambiguities between GPS and BDS pivot satellites and the between-receiver single-difference ambiguity of the GPS pivot satellite can be estimable jointly with the differential phase DISB term from epoch to epoch. Then the inter-system differencing model can benefit from the near time-constant DISB parameters and thus has better multi-epoch positioning performance than the classical intra-system differencing model. The combined GPS and BDS single-frequency RTK positioning performance is evaluated with various simulated satellite visibilities. It will be shown that compared with the classical intra-system differencing model, the proposed model can effectively improve the positioning accuracy and reliability, especially for severely obstructed situations with only a few satellites observed.     

基于相对定位模型的GPS-Galileo组合定位研究

随着Galileo系统的逐步建成并投入使用,以及GPS的现代化,如何利用双系统多频率的组合观测值进行高精度定位已成为目前业内关注的热点问题。本文从传统的GPS双差观测方程出发,推导出了GPS-Galileo组合定位的数学模型,提出了其组合定位中的多频周跳探测方法和整周模糊度快速求解的方法。最后利用模拟软件对GPS、Galileo以及GPS-Galileo三种定位方式对不同长度基线的解算精度进行了比较分析,实验结果证明了所提方法的正确性和可行性。     

BDS-3新频点B1C/B2a动态数据特性及PPP精度分析

通过载噪比(CNR)、数据完整率、伪距与载波相位观测值噪声和伪距多路径效应四个指标对北斗三号卫星导航系统(BDS-3)新频点B1C/B2a车载动态数据的特性进行了分析,测试了BDS-3新频点动态精密单点定位(PPP)的性能,并与其它全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)进行了对比. 试验结果表明,BDS-3新频点B2a平均CNR优于北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)其它频率,但略差于GPS L5;相较于其它GNSS,BDS数据完整率相对较高,其中BDS-3 B2a新频点数据完整率最高;BDS-3 B2b伪距观测值噪声最小,B1C和B2a伪距观测值噪声约为B2b信号的3倍,但不同频率相位观测值噪声处于同一量级;对于伪距多路径而言,BDS-3 B1C/B2a 信号略小于B2b 信号. 总体而言,GPS L5信号抑制多路径效应的能力最强. 在动态PPP性能方面,BDS-3 B1C/B2a双频组合动态PPP定位精度最优,其三维(3D)均方根(RMS)误差为0.439 m,相比BDS B1I/B3I、GPS L1/L2、GLONASS G1/G2和Galileo E1/E5a双频组合PPP,其精度改善率分别为49%、56%、81%和42%.      

Assessment of GPS + Galileo and multi-frequency Galileo single-epoch precise positioning with network corrections

Several processing strategies that use dual-frequency GPS-only solution, multi-frequency Galileo-only solution, and finally tightly combined dual-frequency GPS + Galileo solution were tested and analyzed for their applicability to single-epoch long-range precise positioning. In particular, a multi-system GPS + Galileo solution was compared to GPS double-frequency solution as well as to Galileo double-, triple-, and quadruple-frequency solutions. Also, the performance of the strategies was analyzed under clear-sky and obstructed satellite visibility in both single-baseline and multi-baseline modes. The results indicate that tightly combined GPS + Galileo instantaneous positioning has a clear advantage over single-system solutions and provides an accurate and reliable solution. It was also confirmed that application of multi-frequency observations in case of Galileo system has an advantage over a dual-frequency solution.