GPS/BDS接收机端系统偏差实时估计方法

针对GPS-BDS系统偏差会导致GPS和BDS系统间的混合双差模糊度不具有整数特性,且其不完全稳定的问题,该文提出一种GPS/BDS系统偏差实时在线估计方法。通过将双差模糊度以单差模糊度之差的形式进行求解,然后再将以周为单位的单差模糊度投影为双差模糊度,以此消除GPS和BDS不同波长的影响;在此基础上,采用Kalman滤波对系统偏差进行实时动态估计。实验结果表明,该方法采用较少历元的观测数据便可使系统偏差收敛,并且收敛后十分稳定,可以将其作为校正参数;加入系统偏差改正的GPS/BDS紧组合定位在恶劣环境下表现良好,可将模糊度固定平均所需时间缩短29%,模糊度固定成功率提高45%。     

固定GEO卫星为参考的BDS与GPS紧组合定位方法

针对BDS二代系统与GPS没有重叠的频率,受其影响,差分系统间偏差DISB无法事先标定的问题,该文提出了固定BDS的GEO卫星为参考星的策略,详细推导了BDS与GPS短基线紧组合相对定位模型,分析了BDS-B1、BDS-B2与GPS-L1、GPS-L2频点的相同接收机与不同接收机间DISB值的稳定性。结果表明:即使是相同类型的接收机,BDS与GPS差分系统间偏差亦不为0。当BDS系统参考星固定为GEO卫星时,载波与伪距DISB值随时间变化稳定,可以事先进行标定。最后利用不同高度截止角对遮挡环境进行模拟,短基线实验结果表明,当卫星数目较少时,紧组合模型相较于传统的松组合,定位精度有20%以上的提升,并且使用改正DISB后的紧组合模型,能够显著缩短模糊度的初始化时间,从而提高在高遮挡环境下定位的性能以及可用性。     

恶劣环境下GPS/BDS混合双差模糊度固定性能分析

针对在恶劣观测环境下每个GNSS系统只观测到较少的几颗卫星,采用标准双差模型很难实现整周模糊度固定的问题,该文对GPS/BDS系统间混合双差模型进行研究,利用该模型计算出GPS/BDS系统偏差。在此基础上,利用实验分别对模拟和真实恶劣观测环境下的模糊度固定性能进行分析,实验结果表明,恶劣环境下GPS/BDS系统间混合双差模型表现良好,相较于经典的双差模型可将模糊度固定平均所需时间分别缩短43%和33%,模糊度固定成功率分别提高107%和31%。     

基于单差模糊度的 GPS／GLONASS 组合相对定位模型研究

采用频分多址技术(FDMA),GLONASS系统双差模糊度固定存在两个问题:不同卫星波长不一致,双差后不能保持模糊度整数特性;共视卫星频率不同,不同卫星之间存在大小不同的频间偏差(IFB)。传统的双差不能很好处理GLONASS相对定位模糊度固定问题。文中考虑将双差所涉及的两颗卫星的站间单差模糊度分别求解,不受共视卫星波长不一致的影响。同时采用参数估计法消除不同厂商接收机的频间偏差影响。试验结果表明采用文中方法可以正确固定GLONASS模糊度,并且达到与GPS相当的解算精度,GPS/GLONASS组合定位精度和可靠性也比GPS单系统有所提高。     

GNSS接收机伪距偏差确定方法及其对定位的影响

全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）接收机伪距偏差是指卫星导航信号非理想特征导致的不同接收机的伪距测量常数偏差。研究表明,接收机伪距偏差无法被钟差参数吸收,将影响GNSS精密应用。选取了多GNSS实验全球跟踪网的9条零/短基线,将基线按照接收机类型分为3组,即相同厂商相同型号、不同厂商以及相同厂商不同型号,通过双差法确定了每组基线GPS/北斗卫星导航系统(BeiDou satellite navigation system,BDS)/伽利略卫星导航系统（Galileo satellite navigation system,Galileo）的接收机伪距偏差,并分析了接收机伪距偏差的稳定性及其对整周模糊度解算和伪距相对定位的影响。结果表明,不同厂商接收机构成的基线,伪距偏差可达160 cm,即使同一厂商不同型号的接收机间也存在不可忽略的伪距偏差;对于GPS、BDS和Galileo,Galileo伪距偏差最小,BDS伪距偏差最大。此外,接收机伪距偏差具有良好的稳定性,60 d标准差不超过12 cm。接收机伪距偏差改正后,GPS、...     

GPS/BDS/GLONASS双频RTK定位算法研究

针对GLONASS采用频分多址技术导致双差观测方程中双差模糊度失去整周特性的问题，提出了一种基于站间单差模糊度分别求解的方法，并结合附加模糊度参数的卡尔曼滤波模型，实现了GPS/BDS/GLONASS组合RTK定位。通过自编RTK程序对GPS、BDS与GLONASS双频实测短基线数据进行测试，并对比分析其他RTK模式下的稳定性与定位精度。结果表明，GLONASS单频和双频定位的模糊度固定率分别为99.8%、99.7%，其定位精度与BDS、GPS相差不大。在单频或双频RTK定位中，双系统、三系统组合定位的稳定性和定位精度明显高于单系统，其中三系统组合定位的稳定性最好，精度最高。随着频率增加，初始化时间明显减少，为实现单历元获得固定解提供了可能性。     

北斗接收机初始相位偏差特性分析

研究接收机初始相位偏差对于恢复模糊度的整数特性具有重要意义。本文推导了北斗接收机间单差的频率间接收机初始相位偏差计算公式,利用零基线数据对其特性进行分析,并得出以下结论:单差频率间相位偏差具有短期稳定性,并不随卫星高度角变化而变化;接收机刚开始跟踪卫星时,单差频率间相位偏差需要一定的收敛时间才能达到稳定值;单差频率间相位偏差并不具有长期稳定性,接收机重新跟踪卫星后,其值会发生变化;接收机间单差的频率间相位偏差针对不同卫星在相同频率组合上是一致的。     

CDMA+FDMA非差非组合区域PPP-RTKEI北大核心CSCD

为顺应多频多模发展趋势,PPP-RTK技术正逐步由传统的消电离层组合数据处理模式发展为非差非组合模式。现有非差非组合PPP-RTK研究多针对码分多址(CDMA)系统,而频分多址(FDMA)PPP-RTK受频率间偏差的影响难以实现。本文针对区域参考网,提出了一种CDMA+FDMA多系统非差非组合PPP-RTK模型,该模型能灵活处理多频多模两类信号体制的数据。为了实现FDMA PPP-RTK,本文利用整数可估理论保证了模糊度固定的严密性,该FDMA PPP-RTK模型适用于同款接收机的参考网。本文采集了香港地区连续运行参考网的GPS、BDS、Galileo、GLONASS数据进行试验,数据采样率为30 s。服务端结果表明,由于各产品之间高度相关,对组合产品进行精度评估是有必要的。组合卫星钟差、卫星相位偏差和电离层产品后,精度达到毫米级,满足用户精密改正的要求。用户端仿动态定位结果表明,GPS、BDS和Galileo单系统PPP-RTK分别在5、1和3 min实现了模糊度首次固定,定位误差收敛至厘米级。GLONASS组合GPS实现了首历元模糊度固定,定位精度比GPS单系统提升了9%、12%、14%(东、北、天3个方向)。BDS组合GPS同样能实现首历元模糊度固定,定位精度比GPS单系统提升了29%、22%、18%,额外加入Galileo观测值,定位精度进一步提升了12%、8%、16%。再加入GLONASS观测值,定位精度仍有小幅提升(4%、3%、8%)。     

GPS/BDS组合定位对短基线模糊度搜索空间的影响

整周模糊度固定是GNSS高精度动态定位的关键问题,为研究GPS/BDS(北斗卫星导航系统)组合定位对短基线模糊度搜索效率和固定成功率的提高效果,利用基于模糊度方差-协方差阵特征值平方根的模糊度搜索空间对比方法分别对短基线条件下GPS单系统、BDS单系统和GPS/BDS组合系统下的模糊度搜索空间进行对比分析。实验数据表明:GPS/BDS组合定位对各单系统的方差-协方差阵均有影响,从整体上可以缩小GPS和BDS单系统的模糊度搜索空间。最后对模糊度固定成功率进行了统计,结果表明,在单、双频条件下组合系统均可显著提高模糊度固定成功率和搜索效率。     

BDS/GPS单历元多频定向算法性能对比

针对多频多系统定向的不同需求,该文采用了BDS/GPS单历元双差非组合定向算法以及附有基线长约束的最小二乘降相关平差模糊度固定方法。4组实测数据的处理结果表明,单频GPS、单频BDS的模糊度平均固定成功率分别为55.9%、84.3%;单频双系统、多频(双频三频)单系统及多频(双频或三频)双系统定向时,其模糊度固定成功率均可达98%以上;在模糊度固定正确的情况下,BDS/GPS组合定向的精度最高,且与单GPS较为相近,但两者都略高于单BDS,频率差异所带来的精度差异并不明显。     

Combined GPS and BDS for single-frequency continuous RTK positioning through real-time estimation of differential inter-system biases

Double-differenced (DD) ambiguities between overlapping frequencies from different GNSS constellations can be fixed to integers if the associated differential inter-system biases (DISBs) are well known. In this case, only one common pivot satellite is sufficient for inter-system ambiguity resolution. This will be beneficial to ambiguity resolution (AR) and real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning especially when only a few satellites are observed. However, for GPS and current operational BDS-2, there are no overlapping frequencies. Due to the influence of different frequencies, the inter-system DD ambiguities still cannot be fixed to integers even if the DISBs are precisely known. In this contribution, we present an inter-system differencing model for combined GPS and BDS single-frequency RTK positioning through real-time estimation of DISBs. The stability of GPS L1 and BDS B1 DISBs is analyzed with different receiver types. Along with parameterization and using the short-term stability of DISBs, the DD ambiguities between GPS and BDS pivot satellites and the between-receiver single-difference ambiguity of the GPS pivot satellite can be estimable jointly with the differential phase DISB term from epoch to epoch. Then the inter-system differencing model can benefit from the near time-constant DISB parameters and thus has better multi-epoch positioning performance than the classical intra-system differencing model. The combined GPS and BDS single-frequency RTK positioning performance is evaluated with various simulated satellite visibilities. It will be shown that compared with the classical intra-system differencing model, the proposed model can effectively improve the positioning accuracy and reliability, especially for severely obstructed situations with only a few satellites observed.     

BDS–GPS inter-system bias of code observation and its preliminary analysis

Navigation applications will benefit significantly from the improved reliability, availability, and accuracy offered by combining BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and Global Positioning System (GPS). In the BDS/GPS navigation data fusion model, the effect of inter-system bias (ISB) must be considered. We present a detailed analysis of the pseudorange measurements for BDS and GPS and demonstrate the existence of code ISB in BDS/GPS measurements. The ISB mainly consists of the time system offset, the coordinate system difference, and the inter-system hardware delay bias. A method based on statistical hypothesis testing is proposed to assess the stability and difference of the BDS–GPS ISB. Real data from 18 stations equipped with six types of receivers are used to compute the ISB. The results illustrate that (a) receiver-dependent ISBs are evident and comparatively consistent, with the maximum ISB observed in our experiments being ?1516 ns, (b) these receiver-dependent ISBs exhibit great stability in terms of their standard deviation and intra-day variation, and (c) the estimated ISBs for each BDS satellite type with respect to GPS are consistent.     

BDS/GPS融合定位中系统偏差补偿模型及其性能分析

多系统的融合定位可有效提高用户导航定位的连续性、可靠性及定位精度。针对BDS、GPS观测量间存在系统间偏差的实际情况,建立了顾及系统误差的BDS/GPS融合定位模型,即在函数模型中增加附加参数来吸收系统间偏差,构造了新的顾及先验信息的融合定位模型,分析了这种新融合模型的特点及其对定位结果的影响。利用不同品牌接收机在中国不同地域对新的融合模型进行试验,试验结果表明:BDS、GPS观测量存在系统间偏差,且不同接收机的系统间偏差量值并不一样;增加系统参数的融合定位模型能较好地吸收BDS、GPS观测量的系统间偏差的影响,改善其融合导航定位性能;在观测卫星数不足、单系统不能定位的情况下,考虑先验信息的融合定位模型仍能获得较好的定位结果。     

GPS,Galileo, QZSS and IRNSS differential ISBs: estimation and application

Knowledge of inter-system biases (ISBs) is essential to combine observations of multiple global and regional navigation satellite systems (GNSS/RNSS) in an optimal way. Earlier studies based on GPS, Galileo, BDS and QZSS have demonstrated that the performance of multi-GNSS real-time kinematic positioning is improved when the differential ISBs (DISBs) corresponding to signals of different constellations but transmitted at identical frequencies can be calibrated, such that only one common pivot satellite is sufficient for inter-system ambiguity resolution at that particular frequency. Recently, many new GNSS satellites have been launched. At the beginning of 2016, there were 12 Galileo IOV/FOC satellites and 12 GPS Block IIF satellites in orbit, while the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) had five satellites launched of which four are operational. More launches are scheduled for the coming years. As a continuation of the earlier studies, we analyze the magnitude and stability of the DISBs corresponding to these new satellites. For IRNSS this article presents for the first time DISBs with respect to the L5/E5a signals of GPS, Galileo and QZSS for a mixed-receiver baseline. It is furthermore demonstrated that single-frequency (L5/E5a) ambiguity resolution is tremendously improved when the multi-GNSS observations are all differenced with respect to a common pivot satellite, compared to classical differencing for which a pivot satellite is selected for each constellation.     

估计接收机差分码偏差的GPS/BDS非组合精密单点定位模型

在传统多系统非差非组合精密单点定位（precise point positioning，PPP）模型中，电离层延迟会吸收部分接收机码硬件延迟，其估计值可能为负数。提出了一种估计接收机差分码偏差（differential code bias，DCB）参数的GPS（Global Positioning System）/BDS（BeiDou Navigation Satellite System）非组合PPP模型，将每个系统第1个频率上的接收机码硬件延迟约束为零，对接收机DCB进行参数估计，达到了分离电离层延迟和接收机码硬件延迟的目的，降低了接收机钟差和电离层延迟的相关程度。利用4个多星座实验（multi-GNSS experiment，MGEX）跟踪站的GPS/BDS数据进行了静态和动态PPP试验，结果表明，与不估计DCB参数的PPP模型相比，采用估计DCB参数PPP模型后，静态模式下定位精度和收敛速度平均提高了29.3%和29.8%，动态模式下定位精度和收敛速度平均提高了15.7%和21.6%。     

Multi-GNSS precise point positioning (MGPPP) using raw observations

A joint-processing model for multi-GNSS (GPS, GLONASS, BDS and GALILEO) precise point positioning (PPP) is proposed, in which raw code and phase observations are used. In the proposed model, inter-system biases (ISBs) and GLONASS code inter-frequency biases (IFBs) are carefully considered, among which GLONASS code IFBs are modeled as a linear function of frequency numbers. To get the full rank function model, the unknowns are re-parameterized and the estimable slant ionospheric delays and ISBs/IFBs are derived and estimated simultaneously. One month of data in April, 2015 from 32 stations of the International GNSS Service (IGS) Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) tracking network have been used to validate the proposed model. Preliminary results show that RMS values of the positioning errors (with respect to external double-difference solutions) for static/kinematic solutions (four systems) are 6.2 mm/2.1 cm (north), 6.0 mm/2.2 cm (east) and 9.3 mm/4.9 cm (up). One-day stabilities of the estimated ISBs described by STD values are 0.36 and 0.38 ns, for GLONASS and BDS, respectively. Significant ISB jumps are identified between adjacent days for all stations, which are caused by the different satellite clock datums in different days and for different systems. Unlike ISBs, the estimated GLONASS code IFBs are quite stable for all stations, with an average STD of 0.04 ns over a month. Single-difference experiment of short baseline shows that PPP ionospheric delays are more precise than traditional leveling ionospheric delays.     

北斗卫星伪距偏差标定及对用户定位精度影响

伪距偏差是指卫星导航信号非理想特征导致的不同技术状态接收机产生的伪距测量常数偏差。本文将伪距偏差作为一种用户段误差,提出基于并置接收机的伪距偏差计算方法和基于DCB参数的伪距偏差计算方法,以实现伪距偏差与其他误差的分离。然后利用实测数据测量了北斗卫星伪距偏差,结果表明伪距偏差标定序列波动STD约为0.1 m,不随时间明显变化,不同地点接收机测量的伪距偏差具有较好的一致性。在1.5 G频段,北斗卫星B1I频点伪距偏差最大。北斗卫星新体制信号B1C伪距偏差最小,较北斗卫星B1I频点伪距偏差明显改善,也明显好于GPS卫星L1C/A频点伪距偏差。在其他频段,GPS卫星L2C伪距偏差略大于北斗卫星B3I伪距偏差,L5C频点伪距偏差次之,B2a频点伪距偏差最小。最后,利用实测数据分析了伪距偏差对定位精度的影响。结果表明伪距偏差与卫星群延迟参数高度相关。若用户接收机与群延迟参数计算采用的接收机技术状态差异较大,用户接收机定位精度将明显恶化。     

Characterization of GPS/GIOVE sensor stations in the CONGO network

The Cooperative Network for GIOVE Observation (CONGO) is a global network of real-time capable multi-constellation GNSS receivers, which has been established by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the German Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (BKG) as a test bed for experimentation with the new Galileo signals. The CONGO network employs a variety of different antennas and receivers which have become available for public use over the last 2 years. Following an overview of the network and the employed user equipment, the paper discusses the achieved GPS/GIOVE tracking performance. This includes a characterization of antenna gain patterns as well as receiver noise and multipath errors. Special attention is given to the discussion of inter-system biases. The nature and variation of these biases is illustrated based on a set of three different receivers operated in a zero-baseline configuration at the Wettzell site.     

BeiDou B2/Galileo E5b短基线紧组合相对定位模型及性能评估

随着GPS和GLONASS系统的现代化以及Galileo和BeiDou卫星导航系统的建设,GNSS正朝多频多系统的方向发展。本文对BeiDou B2/Galileo E5b短基线紧组合相对定位的模型与算法进行了研究,详细推导了BeiDou B2/Galileo E5b短基线紧组合相对定位的模型与算法,并对其定位性能进行了分析。重点分析了BeiDou B2与Galileo E5b频点的接收机间差分系统间偏差的长期稳定性,结果表明:基线两端的接收机类型(包括固件版本)相同时,差分系统间偏差接近于0;基线两端的接收机类型不同时,差分系统间偏差较大,但具有长期稳定性,因此能够事先标定并作为改正数用于后续的定位中。最后基于BeiDou B2/Galileo E5b单频单历元相对定位试验对系统间紧组合模型的定位效果进行了比较验证。结果表明,相对于传统的松组合模型,使用改正系统间偏差的紧组合模型能够显著提高模糊度固定的成功率,尤其是在遮挡比较严重、单系统可观测到的卫星数较少的情况下,模糊度固定成功率可以提高10%~25%。