Galileo双频/三频SPP定位精度分析

针对Galileo系统双频与三频组合三频单点定位（SPP）精度分析问题，本文基于MGEX跟踪站Galileo多频实测数据，分析了Galileo系统双频与三频组合SPP定位精度.发现Galileo系统E1/E5a和E1/E5b双频组合SPP定位精度较高，而E5a/E5b和E1/E6双频组合SPP定位精度过差，不适合进行定位，三频SPP定位精度较双频组合有明显提升，X和Y方向定位精度优于0.8 m，Z方向精度优于2.3 m，可为今后Galileo系统多频组合定位研究提供一定参考.      

BDS-3新频点B1C/B2a动态数据特性及PPP精度分析

通过载噪比(CNR)、数据完整率、伪距与载波相位观测值噪声和伪距多路径效应四个指标对北斗三号卫星导航系统(BDS-3)新频点B1C/B2a车载动态数据的特性进行了分析,测试了BDS-3新频点动态精密单点定位(PPP)的性能,并与其它全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)进行了对比. 试验结果表明,BDS-3新频点B2a平均CNR优于北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)其它频率,但略差于GPS L5;相较于其它GNSS,BDS数据完整率相对较高,其中BDS-3 B2a新频点数据完整率最高;BDS-3 B2b伪距观测值噪声最小,B1C和B2a伪距观测值噪声约为B2b信号的3倍,但不同频率相位观测值噪声处于同一量级;对于伪距多路径而言,BDS-3 B1C/B2a 信号略小于B2b 信号. 总体而言,GPS L5信号抑制多路径效应的能力最强. 在动态PPP性能方面,BDS-3 B1C/B2a双频组合动态PPP定位精度最优,其三维(3D)均方根(RMS)误差为0.439 m,相比BDS B1I/B3I、GPS L1/L2、GLONASS G1/G2和Galileo E1/E5a双频组合PPP,其精度改善率分别为49%、56%、81%和42%.      

BDS-3多频伪距定位性能分析

北斗卫星导航系统（BeiDou navigation system, BDS）正式开通全球服务,为详细评估BDS-3全球定位性能,以全球16个MGEX跟踪站多天实测数据为基础,采用Net＿Diff软件进行了全球范围内BDS-3单频、双频无电离层组合与双频非组合模型下双频、三频非组合模型和三频无电离层两两组合模型三频伪距单点定位解算试验,并与GPS、Galileo部分频率进行对比。结果表明,在亚欧非地区,BDS-3卫星数与空间几何构型优于GPS和Galileo。BDS-3单频中,B1C、B1I、B2a、B3I的水平与高程定位精度均在米级,与GPS和Galileo对比的定位精度关系为B1C>B1I>L1>B3I> B2a>E1>L2>E5a;BDS-3双频组合中,B2aB3I定位精度较差,不适合进行定位,B1CB2a、B1CB3I、B1IB2a、B1IB3I定位精度较优,与GPS和Galileo对比的定位精度关系为B1CB2a>B1CB3I>L1L2>B1IB3I>B1IB2a>E1E5a>B2aB3I;BDS-...     

GPS/Galileo/BDS-3试验星短基线紧组合相对定位性能初步评估

北斗全球卫星导航系统(简称北斗三号系统,BDS-3)的试验星播发了与GPS L1/L5、欧洲的伽利略(Galileo)系统E1/E5a/E5b频率重叠的新体制信号B1C/B2a/B2b,这为GPS/Galileo/BDS-3试验星重叠频率的紧组合相对定位提供了条件。首先评估了GPS/Galileo/BDS-3试验星重叠频率差分系统间偏差(differential inter-system bias,DISB)的大小与时域稳定性,结果表明,相同类型接收机的DISB接近于0,在紧组合相对定位中可以忽略其影响。然后初步评估了GPS/Galileo/BDS-3试验星短基线单历元紧组合相对定位性能,结果表明,相较于传统的松组合模型,紧组合模型能够显著提高模糊度固定的成功率与可靠性。尤其是在单系统可观测卫星数较少、仅单频观测值可用的情形下,模糊度固定成功率可提高约25%～45%。     

北斗三号最简系统卫星信号质量分析

截至2018年5月,中国共发射了8颗北斗三号(BDS-3)中圆地球轨道(medium Earth orbit, MEO)卫星,组成北斗三号最简系统,播发了B1C、B2a和B2b新卫星信号,仅有17个国际全球导航卫星系统监测评估系统(international global navigation satellite system monitoring and assessment system, iGMAS)跟踪站能够接收到BDS-3卫星信号。选用17个iGMAS观测站10 d的观测数据,从数据完整率、信噪比、多路径效应、电离层延迟和周跳方面进行质量分析,并与GPS L1/L5和Galileo E1/E5a重叠频率对比,评价当前BDS-3卫星信号性能以及iGMAS测站的接收能力。结果表明,装有GNSS_GGR接收机的iGMAS测站的伪距观测值含有较大的粗差,个别装有CETC-54-GMR-4011接收机的跟踪站的周跳现象较严重。通过分析多路径效应可知,BDS-3卫星各个信号中不存在与高度角有关的系统偏差。BDS-3最简系统卫星观测数据质量与GPS L1/L5和Galileo E1/E5a相当,能够满足北斗卫星导航系统正常的工作需求。     

北斗三号MEO组网卫星数据质量评估

自2017年11月以来,北斗三号导航卫星开始进入高密度组网发射阶段。截止到2018年3月,已有4颗北斗三号中圆轨道(MEO)卫星投入试运行。本文选取全球分布的7个国际GNSS监测评估系统(i GMAS)跟踪站数据,从信号载噪比、观测噪声和多路径效应3个方面,对C19、C20、C27、C28这4颗北斗三号MEO卫星数据质量进行分析评估,并与同时段观测的北斗二号MEO导航卫星、GPS Block IIF导航卫星和Galileo FOC导航卫星的观测数据进行对比。结果显示,北斗三号MEO卫星数据质量良好,性能较优。其全球各地区测站信号平均载噪比高于42 d BHz,中高纬度地区观测站信号平均载噪比能够保持在45 d BHz左右;伪距观测噪声基本在0.5米以内;各测站各频点的多路径效应RMS值均不超过0.4米。     

BDS-3和Galileo组合的RTK定位性能分析

北斗三号卫星导航系统（BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system, BDS-3）已全面建成并向全球用户提供可靠的定位、导航和授时（positioning, navigation and timing, PNT）服务。为了实现与其他全球卫星导航系统（global navigation satellite system, GNSS）的兼容性和互操作性,BDS-3在BDS-2的基础上调制了B1C和B2a两个新信号,与伽利略系统（Galileo）的E1和E5a实现了频率的复用。系统间偏差（inter-system bias, ISB）对于实现不同GNSS之间的融合处理至关重要,为此提出了基于单差模型的ISB估计与应用算法,并对BDS-3与Galileo重叠频率之间的ISB进行了分析。基于可跟踪BDS-3新信号的几类接收机,揭示了BDS-3和Galileo之间的ISB的特性,在此基础上分析了BDS-3和Galileo组合的实时动态（real-time kinematic, RTK）定位性能。结果表明,基于相同类型的接收机B1C-E1和B2a-E5a之间是不存在ISB...     

BDS／Galileo系统观测数据质量分析

卫星导航系统观测数据质量的好坏直接影响到该系统全球化应用进程．本文重点分析评估了BDS／Galileo系统观测数据的质量,选用21个分布在全球各地MGEX观测站2019年年积日66-76日的观测数据,主要从数据可用率、数据完整率、多路径效应等方面对BDS／Galileo系统观测数据进行了质量评估,同时与GPS系统观测数据质量进行对比分析．实验结果表明:BDS／Galileo系统已具备全球定位能力,Galileo系统数据质量稍优于BDS／GPS,BDS和GPS基本上处于同一水平.      

BDS三频长基线RTK定位性能分析

实时动态定位(real-timekinematic, RTK)技术作为不可替代的精密定位技术之一,在很多领域发挥着重要作用。BDS多频信号的播发将提供多种三频RTK组合定位方式,因此本文进行了多种BDS三频组合长基线RTK解算实验,并与GPS和Galileo系统三频组合进行对比。实验结果表明,BDS卫星可用性优于另外2种系统。BDS B1I/B2b/B3I三频组合长基线RTK定位性能最优,优于GPS和Galileo,模糊度固定率在90%以上,模糊度固定初始时间在60 min以内,定位精度可以达到厘米级;其余3种BDS-3三频组合长基线RTK定位性能低于GPS和Galileo,或者与其相当。     

BDS-3/GPS/Galileo组合动态差分定位算法研究

为研究北斗三号系统新频点B1C、B2a的双频动态差分定位性能,该文提出一种基于B1C、B2a原始观测值的站间单差模糊度参数的求解方法和实时动态定位获得卡尔曼滤波参数的方法,从而实现北斗三号系统联合全球定位系统(GPS)、伽利略卫星导航系统(Galileo)的动态差分定位.对在北京房山地区采集的北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)...     

Precise position determination using a Galileo E5 single-frequency receiver

The European Galileo system offers one dedicated signal that is superior to all other signals currently available in space, namely the broadband signal E5. This signal has a bandwidth of at least 51 MHz using an AltBOC modulation. It features a code range noise at centimeter level. Additionally, the impact of multipath effects on this signal is significantly lower compared to all other available GNSS signals. These unique features of Galileo E5 drastically improve the precision of code range measurements and hence enable precise single-frequency positioning. Certain scientific and non-scientific applications in the positioning domain could likely benefit from the exploitation of E5 measurements. A positioning approach based on an additive combination of code range and carrier phase measurements (CPC—“code-plus-carrier”) to eliminate the ionospheric delay could be used to perform precise positioning over long distances. Unfortunately, this derived observable contains the ambiguity term as an additional unknown what normally requires longer observation windows in order to allow sufficient convergence of the ambiguity parameters. For this reason, a rapid convergence algorithm based on Kalman filtering was implemented in addition to the conventional CPC approach that is also discussed. The CPC-based results yield a positioning precision of 2–5 cm after a convergence time of about 3 h. The rapid convergence filter allows fixing the ambiguity terms within a few minutes, and the obtained position results are at the sub-decimeter level. Regarding one selected test, real data from Galileo experimental satellite GIOVE A were used in order to confirm our assumptions. However, since the current Galileo constellation is not sufficient for real-world positioning trials yet, all major results are based on simulated data.     

Precise ionosphere-free single-frequency GNSS positioning

Ionospheric delays can be efficiently eliminated from single-frequency data using a combination of carrier phases and code ranges. Unfortunately, GPS and GLONASS ranges are relatively noisy which can limit the use of the positioning method. Nevertheless, position standard deviations are in the range of 6–8 cm (horizontal) and 7–9 cm (3d) obtained from diurnal data batches from selected IGS reference stations can be further reduced to 2–3 cm (3d) for weekly smoothed averages. GPS data sets collected in Ghana (Africa) reveal a typical level of 10 cm of deviation that must be anticipated under average conditions. Looking at the future of GNSS, the European Galileo system will, in contrast to GPS, provide the broadband signal E5 that is by far less affected by multipath thus providing rather precise range measurements. Simulated processing runs featuring both high ionospheric and tropospheric delay variations show a 3d position precision of 4 cm even for a data batch as short as just 1 h, whereas GPS L1/Galileo E1 performance is close to 13 cm for the same data set.     

Initial assessment of the COMPASS/BeiDou-3: new-generation navigation signals

The successful launch of five new-generation experimental satellites of the China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, namely BeiDou I1-S, I2-S, M1-S, M2-S, and M3-S, marks a significant step in expanding BeiDou into a navigation system with global coverage. In addition to B1I (1561.098 MHz) and B3I (1269.520 MHz) signals, the new-generation BeiDou-3 experimental satellites are also capable of transmitting several new navigation signals in space, namely B1C at 1575.42 MHz, B2a at 1176.45 MHz, and B2b at 1207.14 MHz. For the first time, we present an initial characterization and performance assessment for these new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites and their signals. The L1/L2/L5 signals from GPS Block IIF satellites, E1/E5a/E5b signals from Galileo satellites, and B1I/B2I/B3I signals from BeiDou-2 satellites are also evaluated for comparison. The characteristics of the B1C, B1I, B2a, B2b, and B3I signals are evaluated in terms of observed carrier-to-noise density ratio, pseudorange multipath and noise, triple-frequency carrier-phase ionosphere-free and geometry-free combination, and double-differenced carrier-phase and code residuals. The results demonstrate that the observational quality of the new-generation BeiDou-3 signals is comparable to that of GPS L1/L2/L5 and Galileo E1/E5a/E5b signals. However, the analysis of code multipath shows that the elevation-dependent code biases, which have been previously identified to exist in the code observations of the BeiDou-2 satellites, seem to be not obvious for all the available signals of the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites. This will significantly benefit precise applications that resolve wide-lane ambiguity based on Hatch–Melbourne–Wübbena linear combinations and other applications such as single-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) based on the ionosphere-free code–carrier combinations. Furthermore, with regard to the triple-frequency carrier-phase ionosphere-free and geometry-free combination, it is found that different from the BeiDou-2 and GPS Block IIF satellites, no apparent bias variations could be observed in all the new-generation BeiDou-3 experimental satellites, which shows a good consistency of the new-generation BeiDou-3 signals. The absence of such triple-frequency biases simplifies the potential processing of multi-frequency PPP using observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites. Finally, the precise relative positioning results indicate that the additional observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites can improve ambiguity resolution performance with respect to BeiDou-2 only positioning, which indicates that observations from the new-generation BeiDou-3 satellites can contribute to precise relative positioning.     

基于GNSS多径信号的反射面参数估计算法

全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）多径信号广泛存在于城市峡谷等复杂导航定位场景中. 多径信号在干扰GNSS接收机并造成系统定位精度下降的同时,也为接收机提供了周边反射面环境信息. 在码相位延迟幅度联合跟踪算法（CADLL）实现GNSS多径信号感知和特征参数提取的基础上,设计实现了基于粒子滤波的反射面参数估计算法. 该算法可以在GNSS多径环境中增强接收机的环境感知能力,相关环境信息可应用于场景感知、避障、路径规划和定位增强等领域. 静态环境下进行GNSS多径信号采集和算法测试,实验结果表明该算法能够有效估计反射面位置参数,反射面方位角均方根误差（RMSE）小于10°,反射面俯仰角RMSE小于5°,反射面距离RMSE小于10 m.      

Performance evaluation of MSK and OFDM modulations for future GNSS signals

The objective of this work is to investigate the performances of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and minimum frequency shift keying (MSK) modulations as potential future global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) signal modulation schemes. MSK is used in global system for mobile communications because of its spectral efficiency, while OFDM is used in WLAN and digital video broadcast-terrestrial because of its multipath mitigation capability. These advantages of MSK and OFDM modulations render them as promising modulation candidates for future GNSS signals to offer enhanced performances in challenging environments. Gabor bandwidth and multipath error envelopes of these two modulations were computed and compared with those of the current global positioning system (GPS), Galileo, and Beidou signal modulations. The results show that OFDM modulation demonstrated promises as a viable future GNSS modulation, especially for signals that require pre-filtering bandwidths larger than 2 MHz, while MSK modulation is more desirable for pre-filtering bandwidth below 2 MHz where it exhibits the largest Gabor bandwidth.     

GPS／GLONASS／BDS／Galileo系统载波相位观测值质量对比分析

目前,全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)已进入以GPS、GLONASS、BDS、Galileo四系统为代表的多系统并存的时代,多系统多频率观测值的综合应用极大地提升了GNSS的服务能力. GNSS自身的数据质量是取得高精度结果的先决条件之一,也是多系统精密定位随机模型构建的关键. 为避免码分多址和频分多址机制不同的影响,本文采用几何无关和M-W组合方法,基于科廷大学实测零基线数据对四系统的载波相位单差残差序列对比分析,并利用高度角随机模型中的正弦模型和指数模型对载波相位观测值精度随高度角变化建模,获得适用于不同系统不同频率观测值的随机模型. 实验分析表明,单差残差序列随高度角变化情况在不同系统不同频率表现出不同特性;Galileo系统L1、L2观测值精度相当,均在0.9 mm左右,其他系统则表现出L2精度比L1精度更差的性质. 高度角加权模型拟合结果表明,正弦模型和指数模型对GPS和Galileo系统的L1、L2精度序列拟合一致性较好,而BDS系统使用正弦模型拟合效果略差,GLONASS系统则不适合采用正弦模型评估L2观测值精度.      

基于载波相位差分的多频多GNSS测速精度评估

基于载波相位历元间差分测速方法,建立了全球卫星导航系统（global navigation satellite system, GNSS）单点测速的数学模型,分析了其误差源,并结合实测数据对多GNSS系统各频点及其无电离层组合、不同系统组合的测速精度进行了对比分析。实验结果表明：不同系统不同频点的测速精度有所差异,BDS(BeiDou navigation satellite system)的B1I、B1C、B3I、B2a频点和Galileo(Galileo positioning system)的E1、E5a、E6、E5b、E5频点的测速精度相当,水平方向优于1.5 mm/s,高程方向优于3 mm/s;BDS的B2I和GPS的L1、L2、L5频点的测速精度相当,水平方向在1.5～2 mm/s,高程方向在3～4mm/s;GLONASS(globalnavigationsatellitesystem)的G1、G2频点测速精度最差,水平方向在3～4 mm/s,高程方向在5～5.5 mm/s;双频无电离层组合由于放大了观测值噪声,其测速精度低于单频。此外,多GNSS组合增加了可见卫星数,降低...