泸沽湖沉积物有机质碳同位素组成与气候变迁记录

泸沽湖沉积物有机质碳同位素组成与气候变迁记录＊肖保华万国江（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词泸沽湖沉积物有机碳同位素气候变迁记录湖泊沉积物中有机碳的来源十分复杂，形态差异大，可粗略地分为来自湖泊生物（藻类、浮游生物和水生植物）的内部...     

末次冰期以来南海东北部陆坡-深海盆沉积有机质的来源及古环境意义

<正>利用有机地球化学方法可以从海洋沉积有机质中提取出丰富的用于重建海陆古气候和古环境的指标。其中海洋沉积物的总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)含量及其稳定同位素组成(δ13Corg、δ15N)被广泛运用于判识有机质的来源,进而探讨海洋中碳、氮的生物地球化学循环过程以及地质历史时期的古气候/环境的变化。随着南海古海洋学研究的不断深入,已有学者对南海陆架—陆坡区末次冰期以来的沉积有机质的来源、组成变化以及控制因素等进行了探讨,发现沉积有机质的有机碳、氮含量及其稳定同位素在冰期/间冰期旋回中存在周期性变化规律。然而,对于南海超深水的下陆坡乃至深海盆区的沉积有机质尚未进行过此类研     

北极楚科奇海-北白令海表层沉积物陆源有机质示踪与埋藏效应

大陆边缘贮存了全球海洋约80%以上的沉积有机碳,在海洋埋藏的有机质中占有至关重要的地位,同时,其也是陆源有机质的一个重要汇区。北极陆架是全球最大的陆架,因而,弄清楚北极沉积物中有机质的分布与来源,对增进全球碳循环的认识具有重大意义。目前北极在有机质来源方面的研究还较少,且所使用的指示参数较为单一[1]。由于大陆边缘沉积有机质的复杂性以及各个指示参数(包括整体性参数和生物标志物)本身的限制,多参数估算有机质来源的工作变得越来越重要。本文旨在应用多参数指标(有机C/N值,有机碳稳定同位素δ13C和BIT指数)示踪陆源沉积有机质,从而进一步了解楚科奇海和白令海北部陆源有机质的埋藏过程。表层沉积物样品来自西北冰洋楚科奇海与北白令海的20个站位的箱式表层样品。样品采集后置于-20℃冰柜中保存,带回实验室进行上述参数的分析。有机碳氮以及有机碳稳定同位素δ13C的测定分别使用Elementar元素分析仪(德国)以及Thermo的同位素比质谱仪(美国)。BIT指数是甘油二烷基甘油四醚酯(GDGT)中土壤来源的支链GDGT与海洋来源奇古菌醇Crenarchaeol的比例,可以指示土壤有机质在沉积有机质中的含量[2]。GDGT萃取液通过高效液相色谱质谱仪进行测定。研究区有机C/N值高值出现在白令海东南和楚科奇海南部;有机碳稳定同位素δ13C值分布情况与C/N值相似,偏轻的同位素值分布在研究区域东侧。根据支链GDGT的含量与奇古菌醇含量计算得到的BIT指数平均值约为0.150,分布为在东部较高,且在北部靠近海盆方向逐渐降低。这个结果也与王寿刚等(2013)[3]和Park等(2014)[4]的结果相近。结合上面的结果,通过二端源混合模型可以计算沉积有机碳中陆源有机碳的相对含量。δ13C值的计算结果与Naidu等(2000)[1]的相近,他们得到的海源比例约为50%。有机C/N比值计算的陆源有机质含量较低,这可能与矿物吸附的无机氮或者沉积物中微生物的降解有关。而BIT指数计算的值是最低的,这与Hopmans等(2004)[2]所述的相一致,即BIT指数指示的是一个土壤来源。以上陆源有机质的分布与研究区分布在东西侧的阿纳德尔流和阿拉斯加沿岸流密切相关。     

日本大沼湖沉积物碳氮比值、有机碳同位素特征及其近400年的古气候环境意义

通过对日本大沼湖沉积物样品总有机碳含量(TOC)及其稳定同位素、总氮含量(TN)和C/N值的测定,结合沉积岩芯火山灰和1℃年代,分析了大沼湖沉积物中有机质的来源,探讨了沉积物有机碳同位素的主要影响因素.结果表明:大沼湖沉积物中有机质主要来源于自生藻类,受陆源输入的影响较小;沉积物δ13C值指示了夏季温度的变化.过去400年来,大沼湖地区存在1660～ 1730年和1780～ 1860年两个明显的冷期,与邻近地区冰芯、树轮和湖泊沉积物记录的冷期基本一致,分别对应于Maunder和Dalton太阳黑子极小期.     

现代湖泊沉积有机氮同位素与废水氮输入演化

湖泊沉积有机氮同位素组成与有机质的来源有关。沉积有机氮降解过程中一般不发生氮同位素分图1红枫湖现代沉积物有机氮同位素组成变化Ｆｉｇ.1Ｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆδ15ＮｏｒｇｗｉｔｈｄｅｐｔｈｓｉｎａｍｏｄｅｒｎｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｃｏｒｅｏｆＨｏｎｇｆｅｎｇＬａｋｅ.馏,降解前后有机质氮同位素组成基本相同。由于现代湖泊陆源有机质输入稳定,因此沉积有机氮同位素组成主要取决于水生有机质(水生生物)。而水生生物的氮同位素组成又取决于其同化吸收的ＤＩＮ的氮同位素组成和同化吸收率。受人类活动的影响,湖泊外源ＤＩＮ输入发生了较大的变化,其结果反映在湖泊水体ＤＩＮ负荷和^δ15Ｎ值的变化。随     

渤海东海海洋沉积物中碳氮稳定同位素标准物质研制

海洋沉积物中碳氮稳定同位素因其能够确定有机质的来源,有助于了解碳循环、气候变化、有机质迁移转化而备受关注,但其分析测试过程中尚缺乏海洋沉积物碳氮稳定同位素标准物质进行质量监控。本文依据ISO导则35和国家《一级标准物质技术规范》(JJG1006—1994),研制了三个海洋沉积物碳氮稳定同位素标准物质(MSCNI-1、MSCNI-2和MSCNI-3),候选物样品分别采自我国渤海锦州湾湿地、东海闽浙近岸和东海冲绳海槽,定值组分为总碳氮同位素(δ~(13)C-TC、δ~(15)N-TN)和有机碳氮同位素(δ~(13)C-C~(org)、δ~(15)N-N~(org)),定值方法采用元素分析-同位素比值质谱法(EA-IRMS)多家实验室协同定值。经检验,三个标准物质候选物均匀性良好,一年内定值组分均无显著变化,具有良好的稳定性;δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N的标准不确定度分别小于0.15%和0.24%,标准值和标准不确定度合理。该套标准物质是我国以海底沉积物为介质的基体型碳氮稳定同位素标准物质,定值方法准确可靠,可供海洋、地质及环境等相关领域实验室用于仪器校准、方法评价和质量监控等。     

东海内陆架有机碳的源—汇过程及其沉积记录

大陆边缘海是不同来源、不同性质有机碳沉积和埋藏的主要场所,在全球碳的生物地球化学循环过程中具有重要地位。东海内陆架接收大量陆源有机碳,并且具有较高的海洋生产力,是研究沉积有机碳来源、输运和埋藏的理想场所,已取得大量研究成果。在对相关文献进行系统整理的基础上,以沉积学的视角对前人研究成果进行了梳理,旨在为后续相关研究提供参考。全样分析（如TOC/TN、δ13C等）和生物标志化合物（如正构烷烃、甾醇类、木质素等）方法揭示东海内陆架有机碳的来源受沉积环境影响,由海向陆方向陆源组分整体显著增加,并具有季节性特征。东海内陆架沉积物在沿岸方向具有“夏储冬输”的宏观输运格局,该动力过程影响着陆源有机碳沿岸的输运路径和最终归宿;在东海29° N附近存在一个“舌形”的跨陆架输运通道,可能会存在陆源有机碳的跨陆架输运,影响深海有机碳的源—汇过程;另外,人类活动和极端气候事件也显著影响东海内陆架沉积物和有机碳的沉积过程和沉积记录,需要进一步研究。东海内陆架泥质区是陆源有机碳的重要埋藏区域,其埋藏效率受区域沉积有机碳含量和沉积速率控制,并与早期成岩过程中有机质矿化路径有关。沉积物中埋藏有机碳的地球化学特征可以用来重建长时间尺度的海平面变化、初级生产力、古海洋和古气候演化等,相关研究为理清东海内陆架地质历史时期的环境演化提供了依据。     

古海洋生产力指标研究进展

寻求反映古海洋生产力变化的指标是古海洋学研究的重要内容。生物沉积物、营养元素、微量元素和同位素、古生物资料等与古海洋生产力具有一定的关系,常用于古海洋生产力的重建工作:(1)生物沉积物主要包括有机碳、生物碳酸盐和生物硅质沉积等,其埋藏速率在很大程度上受到古海洋生产力的控制,常常用作古海洋生产力的替代性指标;(2)在地质时间尺度上,古海洋生产力主要受到大洋中营养元素可利用程度的控制,因此营养元素的相关记录可以提供古海洋生产力状况的重要信息;(3)海洋中某些微量元素的地球化学行为或者与有机质的改造有关,或者受到氧化还原条件变化的控制,或者受到某种浮游生物的生长的影响,从而能够直接或者间接地指示古海洋生产力的变化;(4)海相碳酸盐和有机质的碳同位素记录,海相有机物的氮同位素比值也用以再造古生产率等古海洋学参数;(5)可以利用对微体化石丰度值及其组合反映古生产力的变化。     

辽东半岛东岸泥区有机碳来源及其对流域和海岸环境变化的响应

通过对北黄海中北部31个表层样和LD柱样中的沉积物总有机碳、总氮、碳稳定同位素、氮稳定同位素和木质素的测定,分析了该区域有机物的来源、分布特征及其对人类活动和流域变化的响应.结果表明,辽东半岛东岸泥质区表层沉积物中的有机物整体上以海源为主,陆源有机物则主要来自近岸中小河流的输入.C/N比值、沉积物干样中的木质素含量∑8...     

南黄海柱状沉积物中烃类化合物的地球化学特征及其对沉积环境的指示

重点探讨了南黄海柱状沉积物中烃类化合物的分子组成特征及其对沉积环境的指示意义,结果显示,沉积柱中总有机碳（TOC）和总氮（TN）具有较好的正相关性,无机氮的影响较弱,这可能跟本区受径流输入的陆源物质的影响较弱有关。上层样品（0～10 cm）中长链正构烷烃占优势,奇偶优势显著,反映了陆源高等植物贡献;藿烷、甾烷的组成则显示该段样品中有机质具有较高的热成熟度;且姥鲛烷（Pr）/植烷（Ph）比值大于1.0,指示沉积环境以氧化为主,这相对不利于海洋源有机质的保存,从而凸显了陆源有机质的贡献。在10～20 cm之间,沉积环境由相对偏氧化向偏还原过渡;20 cm以下表现为强还原性的沉积环境,有机质成熟度较低。中、下层样品中正构烷烃多呈现双峰分布,短链烷烃具有一定的偶奇优势,这可能主要跟海洋浮游生物、藻类及微生物的贡献有关。与渤海烃类化合物的沉积记录进行对比,发现渤海沉积柱中烃类化合物主要跟历史时期不同来源物质的输入及人类活动的影响有关,而南黄海沉积柱中烃类化合物的特征则主要反映了沉积环境和微生物作用对有机质的埋藏保存有重要影响。     

泰国湾百年来有机碳埋藏记录及环境响应

受热带季风气候和周边陆源输入的影响,低纬泰国湾海—陆相互作用强烈,是研究海洋沉积有机碳与陆源输入、海洋初级生产力等气候环境变化响应关系的理想区域.通过对泰国湾泥质区T43柱样中总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、稳定碳同位素(δ13C)以及粒度等指标的分析,基于210Pb建立的高分辨年代地层框架,重建了该区百年来有机碳的...     

Spatial and Temporal Variations in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrodinium bahamense</Emphasis> Cyst Concentrations in the Sediments of Bioluminescent Mangrove Lagoon,St. Croix,USVI

Mangrove Lagoon, located on the island of St. Croix, US Virgin Islands (USVI), is one of few actively bioluminescent lagoons in a location experiencing significant anthropogenic impacts. The bioluminescence is due to an abundance of the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense in the water column. We recovered surface sediments and sediment cores from Mangrove Lagoon to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal variability of P. bahamense cysts in this system. Surface sediment P. bahamense cyst concentrations ranged from 0 to 466 cysts g^?1 dry sediment, with higher abundances associated with elevated surface water nutrient concentrations and a mixed terrestrial–marine organic matter source regime. In combination with available bioassay data, we hypothesize that phytoplankton utilize nutrients rapidly and subsequent decay of organic matter makes nutrients available for dinoflagellates at the sediment–water interface in the eastern and northern quadrants of the lagoon. However, the nutrients are rapidly exhausted during counterclockwise lagoon circulation resulting in the decline of primary productivity and dinoflagellate abundance in the western quadrants. Downcore profiles suggest that P. bahamense blooms have been occurring for decades, declining in recent years. No cysts were present in sediments predating dredging activities of the 1960s that created Mangrove Lagoon. Recent reductions in cyst abundance may be the result of limited primary productivity caused by restricted water exchange with Salt River Bay due to shallowing of a sill at the mouth of the lagoon. This research highlights the need for more comprehensive geochemical and fossil analyses to better understand long-term ecological variability and inform conservation efforts of these unique habitats.     

埃及Burullus潟湖沉积生源要素变化:百年来人类活动影响

Burullus是尼罗河河口高封闭性潟湖,其生源要素主要来源于尼罗河,是研究Aswan大坝建成以来流域变化如何影响河口湖泊环境的最佳区域。研究通过对Burullus潟湖B1岩芯的210Pb测年、粒度、以及TOC、TN、TP、BSi生源要素的测试分析,结合历史资料,试图揭示Aswan建坝前后河口湖泊营养盐的差异变化,以及这些变化对生态环境的影响。结果表明:1）沉积物中TOC、TN和TP含量自下而上总体增加,表明尽管Aswan大坝导致营养盐通量急剧减少,但由于下游人类排放N、P通量大大增加,导致下游湖泊N、P浓度并没减少;且沉积TN/TP均小于16,表明湖泊仍为P限制。2）但BSi和BSi/ TOC自下而上总体呈减少趋势,表明Aswan大坝引起的水沙减少导致湖泊中硅藻的生物量及其总初级生产力占比都在减少,潟湖水体生态环境将趋于恶化。     

Benthic fluxes and porewater concentration profiles of dissolved organic carbon in sediments from the North Carolina continental slope

Numerous studies of marine environments show that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in sediments are typically tenfold higher than in the overlying water. Large concentration gradients near the sediment–water interface suggest that there may be a significant flux of organic carbon from sediments to the water column. Furthermore, accumulation of DOC in the porewater may influence the burial and preservation of organic matter by promoting geopolymerization and/or adsorption reactions. We measured DOC concentration profiles (for porewater collected by centrifugation and “sipping”) and benthic fluxes (with in situ and shipboard chambers) at two sites on the North Carolina continental slope to better understand the controls on porewater DOC concentrations and quantify sediment–water exchange rates. We also measured a suite of sediment properties (e.g., sediment accumulation and bioturbation rates, organic carbon content, and mineral surface area) that allow us to examine the relationship between porewater DOC concentrations and organic carbon preservation. Sediment depth-distributions of DOC from a downslope transect (300–1000 m water depth) follow a trend consistent with other porewater constituents (ΣCO₂ and SO₄²⁻) and a tracer of modern, fine-grained sediment (fallout Pu), suggesting that DOC levels are regulated by organic matter remineralization. However, remineralization rates appear to be relatively uniform across the sediment transect. A simple diagenetic model illustrates that variations in DOC profiles at this site may be due to differences in the depth of the active remineralization zone, which in turn is largely controlled by the intensity of bioturbation. Comparison of porewater DOC concentrations, organic carbon burial efficiency, and organic matter sorption suggest that DOC levels are not a major factor in promoting organic matter preservation or loading on grain surfaces. The DOC benthic fluxes are difficult to detect, but suggest that only 2% of the dissolved organic carbon escapes remineralization in the sediments by transport across the sediment-water interface.     

铁元素对海相沉积物早期成岩作用的影响

铁元素是地壳中丰度最高的元素之一,在海相沉积物成岩过程中起着非常重要的作用.铁元素作为海洋初级生产力的微营养元素,影响海相沉积物中有机质的输入,其在早期成岩阶段与硫化物和磷元素的耦合关系,可以促进或者降低有机质的保存;铁元素在海相沉积物早期成岩过程中可以改变孔隙水的化学性质,影响亚稳定碳酸盐矿物的保存,导致碳酸盐沉积物...     

Organic contamination identification in sediments from a Mediterranean coastal ecosystem: The case of the Nador lagoon (Eastern Morocco)

The Nador lagoon ecosystem (North-East of Morocco) displays a major socioeconomic interest. In fact, it is essential to evaluate consequences of anthropogenic activities in the lagoon especially by organic matter studies (nature and distribution) in the sedimentary compartment. Surface sediments show variable rates in total organic carbon and in sulfur, high in some cases (7.5 and 1.8% respectively). These high contents are recorded in the center of the lagoon. Their distributions are controlled by the hydrodynamism and the anthropogenic degree. The molecular biomarkers analyses and especially n-alkanes distribution reveal: a zone of marine influence; and a zone of continental influence. The occurrence of pentacyclic triterpanes with a typical distribution of a thermally mature organic matter reveals a contamination due to petroleum products in the entire lagoon except for the center. Coprostanol occurrence near cities indicates wastewater effluents inputs and reducing conditions underlined by high values of stanols/sterol ratios. Thus, the organic contamination (petroleum by-products and wastewater effluents) occurs in the vicinity of the cities whereas the littoral edge and center remain weakly affected by these contaminations.     

The effect of sedimentation on the primary production of benthic microflora

During February 1978, 20 cm of rain over a seven day period caused an enormous deposition of fine-grained sediments in the eastern arm of Mugu Lagoon, California. For February–July 1978, this deposition decreased the net primary production of the benthic community by an estimated 6.5 fold. The persistence of the fine-grained sediment over much of the lagoon will continue to render these areas lower in exportable organic carbon.     

黄河三角洲内陆到潮滩土壤中碳、氮元素的梯度分布规律

黄河三角洲是我国典型的通过黄河冲积泥沙填海造陆形成的近代沉积区。区域受到黄河冲积、沉积等自然过程和农业耕种熟化等人类活动的双重影响。本研究通过在黄河三角洲地区内陆到河口海湾不同距离采集典型土壤类型剖面发生层样品,探讨土壤有机碳、总氮等生源要素的空间分布规律,为阐明我国典型海岸带地区陆源碳、氮的输送及循环特征提供基础依据。研究结果表明,黄河三角洲内陆与河口地区呈现出完全不同的土壤碳、氮分布规律。表层土壤碳、氮含量在黄河沿岸及三角洲南部均表现出由陆向海逐级递减的空间分布特征,而在黄河刁口流路和清水沟流路沿行水方向有梯度升高的趋势。内陆地区土壤碳、氮与盐分呈一定的负相关关系,表明土壤碳、氮主要受到耕作熟化过程的影响;而在河口地区两者呈显著的正相关关系（p〈0.01）,表明靠近海湾地区土壤碳、氮积累可能受到细颗粒泥沙沉积和滩涂湿地厌氧等环境影响。表层土壤碳、氮比变幅在3.6~8.6之间,说明该地区土壤有机质分解较快,不利于有机碳的积累。土壤剖面中,一些特殊发生层如红色夹黏层、黑色泥炭层对土壤碳、氮的富集具有明显的作用,其中红色夹黏层的土壤碳、氮含量接近耕层土壤。总之,黄河三角洲土壤在耕作垦殖、泥沙沉积等综合作用下形成的空间分布格局以及剖面特征发生层是影响碳、氮封存、释放和增汇等循环过程的关键驱动因素。     

Burial of organic carbon and carbonate on inner shelf of the northern South China Sea during the postglacial period

Two vibrocores from the inner shelf off Hong Kong are investigated to compare the contents of organic and inorganic carbon in postglacial sediments. The compositions of organic elements and carbonate are highly variable in the core sediments, but overall drop within the compositional ranges of modern seabed sediments in the Zhujiang estuarine and its shelf area. The Holocene sediments in the inner shelf have never been subject to subaerial exposure and the organic matter and carbonate can be preserved well. The burial of carbon in river-dominated shelf environments is highly dependent on the river flux with time. Nevertheless, it is difficult to establish a simple relationship between carbon burial in sediments in relation to climatic changes of basin-wide scale due to complex controls of production, transport and deposition of organic matter and carbonate. Our study suggests that the organic carbon to nitrogen ratio can not reliably identify the sources of depositional organic matters because of selective decomposition of organic matter components during humification and sedimentation. Caution is therefore needed in using organic elemental compositions as indicators of organic matter sources and paleoenvironmental changes in the East Asian continental shelves where intense river-sea interaction and variable carbon flux in geologic record occur.