古海洋生产力地球化学指标的研究

寻求反映古海洋生产力变化的指标是古海洋学研究的重要内容.主量元素地球化学与微量元素地球化学以及相关的同位素指标已成为追溯古海洋生产力演化的有力工具.从古生产力替代指标的示踪原理和应用的角度,综述了主量元素(A1、Fe、P),微量元素(Ba、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cd、Sr/Ca、Mo),同位素(碳、氮同位素)等在古生产力研...     

海相碳酸盐岩中的铁: 烃源岩古生产力评估的新指标

准确评估古生产力变化对了解古气候、古海洋演化, 探索石油、天然气的形成机制及分布规律十分重要.尽管众多的地球化学指标被用于表征海洋生产力, 但大多指标容易受后期地质作用的改造而导致信息失真, 其应用仅限于第四纪沉积物.在现代海洋研究的基础上, 本文从海水铁制约海洋生产力的生物地球化学原理出发, 提出了碳酸盐中的铁作为古生产力的一个新指标.该指标用于广西来宾蓬莱滩二叠纪瓜德鲁普统-乐平统全球界限附近海相碳酸盐的研究, 发现它与响应生产力变化的δ13C有相同的变化, 说明海相碳酸盐中的铁可以表征地质历史时期的海洋生产力.      

海洋沉积物中生物成因Ba的海洋生产力研究

一直以来,对海洋古生产力的研究是古海洋学研究领域中一个非常重要的分支,因而寻求反演海洋古生产力替代性指标成为了海洋工作者的首要任务.沉积物中有机碳、钙质生物、硅质生物及其碳、氧同位素组成等经典的海洋生产力指标早已确立,但这些与浮游生物直接相关的替代指标因其在海底沉积物中低的保存率,限制了它们在广阔海域中的应用.一些与生...     

古海洋研究中的地球化学新指标

有机地球化学与微量元素地球化学古环境指标及其相关的同位素指标已成为追溯古全球变化与古海洋生物地球化学演化的有力工具。从古环境替代指标的示踪原理和应用的角度，综述了有孔虫碳同位素、有机地球化学整体指标、生物标志化合物、单体有机分子同位素、微量元素等在古海洋古环境研究中的应用及相关的研究动态与进展。指出古海洋研究正从以恢复古海洋的物理参数（温度、盐度、古洋流等）为主，向着揭示古水团演化、古生产力、古营养状况、碳贮库及碳循环等古生物地球化学演化过程方向纵深发展。     

南冲绳海槽7000aB.P.以来基于长链不饱和烯酮指标的古海洋生产力变化及其与气候的关系

古生产力的精确重建对于了解地质历史时期的碳循环具有非常重要的作用,高分辨率有机地球化学记录在重建古海洋生产力上有独到的优势。基于17个AMS14C年代分析数据,本文分析了冲绳海槽南端MD05-2908孔(24°48.04′N,122°29.35′E)沉积柱状样中的长链不饱和烯酮含量以及物质通量,并结合沉积物有机碳同位素数据恢复评价了南冲绳海槽古海洋生产力的变化。结果显示近7000aB.P.以来南冲绳海槽古生产力存在着显著波动。将海洋古生产力指标与全新世ITCZ南北移动记录的对比分析,发现其变化与ITCZ的南北移动有密切的关系,一方面ITCZ南北移动影响陆源物质的输入,从而改变海洋营养物质的供应状况,造成生产力的高低变化;另一方面,ITCZ南北移动所造成的陆源物质输入冲淡了海洋生产力输入对沉积有机质的贡献,因此在高陆源物质影响区单用生物标志化合物相对有机碳的丰度评价古海洋生产力存在着一定的不可靠性。此外,通过与高纬度气候记录的对比发现,南冲绳海槽海洋生产力的低值变化与北半球高纬度地区的气候冷事件基本一致,显示出高低纬度气候环境变化之间的强相关性。     

末次冰期以来南海东北部陆坡-深海盆沉积有机质的来源及古环境意义

<正>利用有机地球化学方法可以从海洋沉积有机质中提取出丰富的用于重建海陆古气候和古环境的指标。其中海洋沉积物的总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)含量及其稳定同位素组成(δ13Corg、δ15N)被广泛运用于判识有机质的来源,进而探讨海洋中碳、氮的生物地球化学循环过程以及地质历史时期的古气候/环境的变化。随着南海古海洋学研究的不断深入,已有学者对南海陆架—陆坡区末次冰期以来的沉积有机质的来源、组成变化以及控制因素等进行了探讨,发现沉积有机质的有机碳、氮含量及其稳定同位素在冰期/间冰期旋回中存在周期性变化规律。然而,对于南海超深水的下陆坡乃至深海盆区的沉积有机质尚未进行过此类研     

海洋沉积物的锌同位素地球化学及其应用

锌同位素体系是海洋地球化学研究的新示踪剂,应用于示踪海水中锌元素的来源及其运移过程.海洋沉积物作为锌元素重要的"源"与/或"汇",其锌同位素组成的研究有助于理解海洋锌元素的地球化学循环.海洋沉积物记录了海水组成的信息,可以反演古海水锌同位素组成的变化,前提是理解沉积物与海水之间的分馏.对海水及海洋不同储库锌同位素研究进行系统总结,包括河流输入、热液体系、不同类型海洋沉积物(如富碳酸盐的沉积物、陆源硅酸盐碎屑、硅质沉积物、铁锰结核、贫氧-缺氧沉积物)的锌同位素组成,阐述了海洋沉积物锌同位素组成变化在古气候、古环境重建以及古海洋学等领域的应用以及重要性.      

石笋碳酸盐假性热释光:古环境的新指标

海相碳酸盐热释光灵敏地响应冰期-间冰期地球气候变化,是一个新的古海洋代用指标,但是否适用于陆地沉积物,尚缺少研究.通过测定湖北清江穿心洞石笋(CX-1)碳酸盐热释光和氧同位素组成,探讨石笋热释光的发光机制,开发热释光作为陆地古环境的替代指标,发现空气环境中检测的石笋碳酸盐热释光主要是发光有机质氧化产生的化学发光,为假性热释光.石笋中发光有机质来源于土壤中有机物的降解,其含量与太阳辐射调控的土壤温度有关;热释光曲线与其对应的氧同位素曲线变化趋势相似.因而,石笋碳酸盐假性热释光是反映过去环境变化的一个新指标.      

湖泊沉积物有机质碳同位素研究

自从Stuiver~([1])首次使用湖泊沉积物有机质碳同位素(δ~(13)Corg)恢复湖泊生产力变化以来,湖泊沉积物有机质碳同位素被广泛应用于古气候和古环境重建.     

生物硅早期成岩作用研究进展

硅质浮游生物是海洋初级生产力的主要提供者,其死亡后所产生的硅质残骸(生物硅)向海底的传输,是保持海洋硅循环动态平衡的重要环节。由于海洋沉积物中的硅质微体生物化石记录了古海洋初级生产力的变化及其时空分布,因而生物硅也成为古环境重建的重要替代指标。本文对生物硅在水柱沉降和表层沉积物埋藏过程中所发生的早期成岩转变及其主要影响因素进行了综述,为全面了解最近几十年来该领域的研究进展提供参考。     

热液活动对东二沟剖面玉尔吐斯组烃源岩形成的影响

研究热液活动是否会破坏烃源岩的形成。对塔里木盆地东二沟剖面玉尔吐斯组进行地球化学分析,利用δEu、Fe/Ti和（Fe+Mn）/Ti比值研究热液活动,Al/Ti比值替代古生产力,V/Cr、V/（V+Ni）和Ni/Co比值代表氧化还原环境,进而探讨热液活动与古生产力、氧化还原条件以及有机质含量之间的关系。玉尔吐斯组沉积时古生产力水平较低,为贫氧-厌氧环境,下部具有较强的热液活动,中上部热液活动较弱。下部的热液活动虽然促进了古生产力的提高,但TOC含量整体较低,为0.01%～3.58%,平均值为0.64%;中上部热液活动较弱,古生产力水平较低,TOC含量却较高,为0.06%～12.19%,平均值为8.95%,是较好的烃源岩层。岩石薄片显示,与热液活动相关的硅质岩中含有大量的藻类。研究结果表明,较强的热液活动会带来大量的富硅流体,稀释沉积物中的有机质,对烃源岩的形成起破坏作用。     

沉积物微量金属元素在重建水体环境变化中的意义

沉积物所记录的微量金属含量与形态的变化是指示人类活动影响下水体环境变化的有效指标,主要用于指示沉积物重金属污染、水体初级生产力变化和氧化还原条件等方面的水体环境状况。总体而言,沉积物中微量金属含量在近一个世纪以来显著上升,反映了采矿、冶金、污水排放、化肥使用、煤炭和石油燃烧等各种人类活动造成水体和沉积物重金属污染的记录作为浮游植物微量营养元素,Cu、Zn、Ni、Ba、Cd等在沉积物中的记录可以指示水体初级生产力水平。U、Mo、V、Cu、Cd、Mn等氧化还原敏感元素在沉积物中的富集或贫化,及其比值(如Re/Mo、Cd/U、Th/U和V/Sc)的变化,是指示水体和沉积物氧化还原环境的有效指标。但需要指出的是,在受人类活动影响的水体中,这些生产力和氧化还原指标很少能指示水体生产力或氧化还原状况,可能主要与人类活动同时造成这些金属元素大量污染输入而掩盖了其自生来源和内在变化的沉积记录有关。所以,对沉积物中微量金属元素来源的判别(陆源碎屑输入、人为输入和水体自生来源)是重建水体环境变化的重要前提。本文总结了多种化学和统计学方法(包括同位素示踪法、化学提取法、富集因子法和主成分分析法等)在沉积物金属来源判别中的应用另外,成岩作用等多种因素会干扰沉积物金属记录对环境变化的指示作用,所以构建多元素指标来综合判断沉积物记录所反映的环境信息是今后的研究所必须关注的     

Geochemical characterisation of the Xiagou Formation carbonate-bearing mudstone in southwestern Jiuquan Basin,China: implications for paleo-environment reconstruction and the origin of organic matter

Since the Xiagou Formation was confirmed to be the primary source rock of the crude oil discovered in the Yumen oilfield, geologists have performed many studies on the sedimentology of the formation, source rock evaluation and migration, as well as petroleum accumulation. In this study, the carbonate-bearing mudstones were investigated using synthetic organic and inorganic geochemical analyses to reconstruct the paleo-environment and study the origin of organic matter during deposition in correlation with organic matter enrichment. The analysed samples have total organic carbon (TOC) and S₁ + S₂ values in the range of 0.20–3.39 wt% and 0.07–19.50%, respectively, which indicate fair to good hydrocarbon potential. Biomarker studies on the pyrolysis data of the samples suggest that the predominant origin of the organic matter is terrigenous high plants with partial aquatic algae and micro-organisms, primarily oil- and gas-prone. The trace elements P and Ba are considered to be the main proxies for paleoproductivity, and values for the two elements hosted in samples range from 48 to 1724 ppm (a mean of 658 ppm) and from 322 to 1701 ppm (a mean of 550.34 ppm), respectively, which indicates that the sediments in the Xiagou Formation have high paleoproductivity. Additionally, organic geochemical studies reveal that the sediments were deposited in a lacustrine environment with brackish water (low C₃₁-22R-homohopane/C₃₀-hopane ratios; moderate gammacerane and β-carotane), which is consistent with the medium degree of the Sr/Ba ratio, which ranges from 0.22 to 1.42 (a mean of 0.64). Furthermore, the wide range of Cu/Zn and Rb contents are important indicators of a suboxic to relatively anoxic paleoredox condition. This outcome is consistent with the biomarker parameter Pr/Ph, which ranges from 0.05 to 1.37. Moreover, the major oxides and trace elements [high Fe/Mn, low Mg/Ca, low CIA and the plot of SiO₂ vs (Al₂O₃ + K₂O + Na₂O)] also indicate that the sedimentary paleoclimate was semiarid to arid. Lack of correlation between TOC content and paleo-environment (suboxic, brackish and semiarid) or productivity indicators indicates that the accumulation of organic matter was controlled by combined action, rather than a single factor, such as redox condition or productivity.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987115000407

The western continental margin of India is one of the highly productive regions in the global ocean.Primary productivity is induced by upwelling and convective mixing during the southwest and northeast monsoons respectively.Realizing the importance of high primary productivity,a sediment core was collected below the current oxygen minimum zone(OMZ) from the southwestern continental margin of India.This was dated by AMS radiocarbon and as many as 60 paleoclimate/paceoceanographic proxies,such as particle size,biogenic components,major,trace and rare earth elements(REEs) which were measured for the first time to determine sources of sediment,biogeochemical processes operating in the water column and their variations since the last glacial cycle.R-mode factor analysis of comprehensive data indicates that the dominant regulator of paleoproductivity is the southwest monsoon wind induced upwelling.Other paleoproductivity related factors identified are the marine biogenic component and biogenic detritus(as an exported component from the water column added to the bottom sediment).All paleoproductivity components increased significantly during the marine isotope stage-1(MIS-1)compared to those accumulated from MIS-4 to MIS-2.The second group of factors identified are the terrigenous sediments with heavy minerals like zircon and ilmenite.The terrigenous sediment,in particular,increased during MIS-2 when the sea-level was lower;however,the heavy mineral component fluctuated over time implying pulsed inputs of sediment.The diagenetic fraction and reducing component are the third group of factors identified which varied with time with increased accumulation during the MIS transitions.The primary productivity along the southwestern continental margin of India seems to have been controlled principally by the upwelling during the southwest monsoon season that was weaker from MIS-4 to MIS-2,as relative to that during the MIS-1.In contrast,increased glacial productivity noticed in sediments deposited below the current oxygen minimum zone(OMZ) along the north of the study area that can be linked to entrainment of nutrients through the intensified convective mixing of surface water during the northeast monsoon.The sequestration of greenhouse gases by the western continental margin of India was higher during glacial than interglacial cycles.     

冲绳海槽千年来陆源物质输入历史与东亚季风变迁

为解决近1000年以来东海沿岸地区气候演化及其对南冲绳海槽陆源物质输入的影响, 对取自南冲绳海槽的MD05-2908孔上部(0~810cm) 共78份孢粉样品和199份有机碳同位素样品进行了分析.结果显示, 近1000年以来南冲绳海槽陆源物质输入存在着显著波动, 其中1100~1040aBP、960~880aBP和800~480aBP期间, 陆源物质输入比例增加; 1040~960aBP和480~230aBP期间, 陆源物质输入比例减少.将陆源物质输入指标与陕西佛爷洞δ13C含量记录对比分析, 发现陆源物质输入比例变化与季风的变化密切相关.当夏季风减弱时, 导致降雨带长时间集中在南部地区, 增强的降雨量提高了风化剥蚀以及沉积物向海洋搬运的能力, 使得陆源物质供应量增加.      

鄂尔多斯盆地南部长7页岩沉积特征和有机质富集因素研究

对鄂尔多斯盆地南部瑶科1（YK1）井延长组长7段页岩45件样品进行了总有机碳、Rock-Eval热解分析,并且对其中的15个样品进行了有机碳同位素组成分析、氯仿沥青“A”含量和微量元素分析。结果显示,长7段有机质丰度指标（TOC、氯仿沥青“A”、生烃潜量）之间具有良好的相关性,长73有机质丰度高于长71,长72有机质丰度最低;有机碳同位素指示长73层有机质类型好,以Ⅰ型为主,长72和长71层有机质以Ⅰ和Ⅱ型为主;氧化还原指标U/Th、δU和V/(V+Ni)值指示长7沉积时期水体整体为还原-强还原环境,其中,相比长72和长71的沉积环境,长 73的沉积环境还原性更强,可能达到厌氧、硫化细菌发育的程度。页岩中高P元素含量,指示YK1井长7段页岩沉积时期具有高古生产力特征。有机碳含量（TOC）与氧化还原指标和P元素呈良好的正相关关系,表明有机质含量的变化同时受控于古生产力高低和氧化还原的保存条件。因此,长7段页岩有机质富集模式可能属于“生产力模式”,即长7页岩有机质的富集是由于较高的初始生产力通过消耗水体中的氧气而形成易于保存有机质的缺氧环境。综合前人的页岩气研究成果,认为富有机质的长73层是鄂尔多斯盆地南部页岩气富集的最有利层段。     

无机地球化学参数与有效烃源岩发育环境的相关研究

探索海相有效烃源岩判识指标仍是我国油气勘探中尚待解决的重要科研任务之一。古生产力及氧化还原条件是研究全球变化和海洋环境的重要内容,也是重塑有效烃源岩发育环境的主要参数。Si、Ba是古生产力的替代指标,Cd对古营养盐的反演具良好前景。过渡金属及其相关比值是缺氧环境的有效判识指标,可用其推断有机质保存条件。δ13Ccarb正偏移指示有机质埋藏量增加,是底部水体缺氧的响应。过渡金属同位素（δ65Cu、δ66Zn、δ97Mo）受生物活动及氧化还原条件的影响发生较大分馏,示踪环境变化具灵敏、高效性。将这些无机参数对古环境的示踪意义引入油气地质研究,从环境角度分析某一套地层能否发育有效烃源岩,进而探讨高演化海相有效烃源岩的判识,就更具特殊意义。     

Do paleoclimate proxies agree? A test comparing 19 late Holocene climate and sea‐ice reconstructions from Icelandic marine and lake sediments

Geochemical, mineralogical and biological indicators preserved in sediments are widely used to reconstruct past climate change, but proxies differ in the degree to which their utility as climate indicators has been validated via laboratory experiments, modern spatial calibrations, or down‐core comparisons with instrumental climate data. Multi‐proxy studies provide another means of evaluating interpretations of proxies. This paper presents a multi‐proxy assessment comparing 19 sub‐centennially resolved late Holocene proxy records, covering the period 300–1900 AD, from seven Icelandic marine and lacustrine core sites. We employ simple statistical comparisons between proxy reconstructions to evaluate their correlations over time and, ultimately, their utility as proxies for regional climate. Proxies examined include oxygen isotopic composition of benthic and planktonic foraminifera, abundance of the sea‐ice biomarker IP₂₅, allochthonous quartz in marine sediments (a proxy for drift ice around Iceland), marine carbonate abundance, total organic carbon concentration, chironomid assemblages, lacustrine biogenic silica and carbon/nitrogen ratios in lake sediments. Most of the examined proxy records, including temperature and sea‐ice proxies, correlate strongly with each other over multi‐centennial timescales, and thus do appear to record changes in regional climate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.