离心试验中的地下水模拟控制研究

为了通过离心模型试验研究地下水位变化对边坡稳定性的影响,设计和使用了一套地下水模拟控制系统。这套系统包括了供水系统以及水位控制系统。通过设置孔压传感器,反馈水位信息以及旋转中电磁阀的开合,可以控制地下水位的上升与下降。由于离心机旋转的特性,孔压的测定以及传感器位置确定存在一定误差,研究了这些误差对试验结果的影响。通过一个地下水上升的砂土边坡离心模型试验,成功应用了该套地下水模拟控制系统。     

强降雨对库岸堆积体边坡稳定性影响的离心模型试验和数值模拟研究

堆积体广泛分布于我国西南大江大河的河谷地带,在降雨条件下其稳定性直接关系到大坝的安全稳定。设计了水库库岸堆积体边坡强降雨离心模型试验系统,开展了强降雨诱发库岸堆积体边坡失稳离心模型试验,对降雨作用下滑坡地质演化及灾变过程进行研究。基于试验结果,进一步开展数值模拟研究,分析了满库容不同降雨强度下强降雨对不同库水位及堆积体渗透性的边坡稳定性影响。结果表明：水库蓄水阶段堆积体边坡前缘在浮托力和泡水软化作用下造成抗滑力下降。但指向坡体内的渗透压力对坡体起到加固作用。两种竞争机制作用下产生的后缘细微裂缝对降雨阶段边坡变形发展产生重要影响。降雨主要造成坡表侵蚀及径流,少部分从裂缝入渗造成后缘浅层下沉。若不加处理,则边坡有可能发生推移式整体破坏。因此,库岸堆积体边坡后缘裂缝的处置是地质灾害防治的关键。     

降雨条件下松散堆积体边坡稳定性离心模型试验研究

采用新型介质雾化喷嘴离心场降雨模拟设备,进行了模拟降雨及格栅支护措施条件下松散堆积体边坡的离心模型对比试验。离心机模型与原型试验比尺为1:80,试验过程通过非接触定点高速摄影系统并结合粒子图像测速（particle image velocimetry）技术分析了试验过程中边坡的位移场变化。试验结果表明,松散堆积体边坡在未降雨条件下是十分稳定的;在进行模拟降雨后,边坡顶部沉降及坡面水平位移随降雨量的增大逐渐发展,尤其边坡表面区域发生明显变形;边坡的破坏模式有别于传统的圆弧滑动,在持续强降雨作用下,坡面逐层产生破坏,最终形成泥石流形态;通过采取坡面土工防护格栅支护条件后,堆积体边坡在降雨条件下稳定性显著提高,故采用边坡防护格栅是提高松散堆积体边坡稳定性的有效途径。     

雨滴溅蚀下压实黄土变形破坏规律研究

针对工程建设中存在的裸露黄土路堤边坡水土流失现象,为进一步研究降雨条件下雨滴击溅对路堤边坡的破坏作用,本文通过室内模拟单雨滴溅蚀试验,观测试件表面溅蚀坑深度随时间的变化情况,分析不同地表压实度和雨滴击溅速率两种因素作用下压实黄土的溅蚀破坏规律。在此基础上,研究了压实度、含水率对黄土耐溅蚀性的影响,分析了降雨强度与土体溅蚀破坏的关系。结果表明:当溅蚀坑内存在薄层积水时,短历时降雨易使土体发生表层破坏;反之,容易产生二次溅蚀,二次溅蚀易造成黄土路堤边坡的深层破坏。     

降雨冲刷对黄土公路边坡植物防护影响的试验研究

通过对裸露黄土公路边坡、厚层基材植草公路边坡、三维网植草公路边坡以及平台植树公路边坡的现场降雨冲刷试验,阐述了不同防护型式的公路黄土边坡在降雨条件下的坡面径流、含泥量以及坡面冲刷情况,得出了降雨对边坡坡面的侵蚀过程,首先是从雨滴直接打击土体开始,进而引起溅蚀,分散土粒,紧接着发生超渗径流造成坡面冲刷。以及对坡面破坏最大的是坡顶上方来水等重要结论。验证了坡面植物防护以及平台植树等防护方法可以有效降低降雨冲刷对坡面的侵蚀破坏,为黄土地区公路边坡植物防护的设计施工以提供了可靠的依据。     

边坡破坏过程离心模型试验的应力位移场研究

提出了一种确定离心模型试验过程中边坡的应力和位移场及其变化过程的方法。基于物理测量与数值模拟相结合的思路,首先采用离心场非接触位移测量技术测量出边坡的位移场;然后通过数值模拟和反演分析等途径算出边坡的应力场。该方法已成功用于多个边坡离心模型试验中的应力位移场的确定,表明了该方法可以较好地得出离心模型试验过程中边坡的应力和位移场。边坡离心模型试验结果表明,边坡的破坏过程与应变局部化和应力集中的过程有着密切联系。     

降雨条件下土坡变形机制的离心模型试验研究

自行研制了离心场降雨模拟设备,进行了降雨条件下边坡的离心模型试验。试验模型在离心机中加载到50g,然后开始降雨。采用非接触位移测量系统测量了试验过程中边坡的位移场变化,通过T5张力计测量边坡中典型点的吸力变化。试验结果表明,边坡的位移随降雨量的增大逐渐发展,发生明显变形的区域也逐渐变大,主要集中在边坡表面。边坡某处应变迅速变化的时刻与土体含水率迅速增大的时刻相一致。边坡某点的应变随降雨量的增加不断增大,并存在2个拐点,形成湿润锋和稳定锋2个锋面,并把边坡分成3个区域,通过锋面的变化反映降雨条件下边坡的变形过程。     

降雨条件下道路边坡地下水渗流分析

降雨是影响道路边坡稳定的主要因素之一,根据岩土饱和-非饱和渗流理论,考虑降雨入渗的影响,利用有限元方法,对强降雨条件下公路边坡地下水渗流场动态进行了数值模拟,得到了边坡地下水压力水头、总水头变化、流速的变化规律,为道路边坡的稳定性分析和滑坡预测提供重要的分析数据。     

FLAC3D在边坡变形过程可视化中的应用

利用FLAC3D对边坡进行数值模拟,分别对对沙子岭边坡降雨前及降雨后的边坡变形过程进行模拟,显示处了边坡的变形发生在基岩中软弱层的位置,因受地表水体入渗造成软弱层软化现象,而导致力学性能迅速降低,坡体并沿着物质分异面发生剪切破坏的过程,该模拟过程与边坡实际变形基本一致,反映了FIAC3D在边坡变形预测预报中具有较好的应用前景。     

模拟降雨条件下寒旱地区边坡土体位移及土压力特征

为深入研究降雨条件下寒旱地区植物边坡与裸坡浅层位移及土压力特征,定量评价植物护坡效应,以位于西宁盆地的青海大学自建试验区为例,通过对柠条锦鸡儿边坡与裸坡开展原位模拟降雨试验,系统分析两种边坡浅层土体的土压力值及其水平、垂直方向上位移量变化规律;在此基础上评价这两种类型边坡的稳定性。得到以下主要结论:降雨前后,柠条锦鸡儿边坡a层（边坡表层以下0~20 cm）、b层（边坡表层以下（20~40 cm）土体含水率增加幅度均较裸坡降低32.03 %、13.63 %,反映出模拟降雨过程中植物茎叶起到降雨截流作用;降雨后两种边坡平均土压力值均较降雨前略高,其中裸坡增加0.125 kPa,柠条锦鸡儿边坡增加0.129 kPa。降雨前后柠条锦鸡儿边坡在水平、垂直方向的平均位移量分别为0.031,0.027 cm,裸坡坡面的分别为0.196,0.158 cm,说明柠条锦鸡儿根系在一定程度上起到有效抑制坡面土体变形效果,达到了提高边坡稳定性的作用。     

A device for rainfall simulation in geotechnical centrifuges

Rainfall-induced slope instabilities are ubiquitous in nature, but simulation of this type of hazards with centrifuge modelling still poses difficulties. In this paper, we introduce a rainfall device for initiating slope failure in a medium-sized centrifuge. This rainfall system is simple, robust and affordable. An array of perforated hoses is placed close above the model slope surface to generate the raindrops. The rainfall intensity depends on the centrifuge acceleration and the flow rate of the water supply, which is controlled by the size and number of the tiny pinholes in the hose walls. The rainfall intensities that are tested range from 2.5–30 mm/h, covering the intensity range of moderate, heavy and torrential rainfall events. Our model test with rainfall-induced slope failure shows that this system is capable of generating relatively uniform rainfall of wide intensities and leads to various patterns of slope failure.

     

Advances in Microphysical features and Measurement Techniques of Raindrops

The size, fall velocity, shape, axis ratio, oscillation, orientation, and their spatial distributions of raindrops are the key parameters for study of rainfall physics, which also have great significance in these fields such as research on the mechanism of soil erosion, calibration of weather radar, classification of present weather, evaluation of rainfall enhancement, and determination of channel in radio communication and navigation systems. This paper reviews the history of measurement technology and method of raindrops’ microphysical features firstly, discusses the status and shortcomings of laboratory wind tunnel experiment, optical disdrometer, and other measurement techniques and theory for the raindrops’ microphysical features, and then the shape, fall velocity, oscillation, and orientation of raindrops are analyzed. Existing disdrometers cannot measure the all the micro-physical characteristics of raindrops, which limit the application of raindrops micro physical characteristics in related area. At last from the point of view of relative area and application, the prospect of the future development trend of raindrops microphysics measurement techniques is concluded.     

Centrifuge modelling of landslides and landslide hazard mitigation: A review

Landslides are serious geohazards that occur under a variety of climatic conditions and can cause many casualties and significant economic losses. Centrifuge modelling, as a representative type of physical modelling, provides a realistic simulation of the stress level in a small-scale model and has been applied over the last 50 years to develop a better understanding of landslides. With recent developments in this technology, the application of centrifuge modelling in landslide science has significantly increased. Here, we present an overview of physical models that can capture landslide processes during centrifuge modelling. This review focuses on (i) the experimental principles and considerations, (ii) landslide models subjected to various triggering factors, including centrifugal acceleration, rainfall, earthquakes, water level changes, thawing permafrost, excavation, external loading and miscellaneous conditions, and (iii) different methods for mitigating landslides modelled in centrifuge, such as the application of nails, piles, geotextiles, vegetation, etc. The behaviors of all the centrifuge models are discussed, with emphasis on the deformation and failure mechanisms and experimental techniques. Based on this review, we provide a best-practice methodology for preparing a centrifuge landslide test and propose further efforts in terms of the seven aspects of model materials, testing design and equipment, measurement methods, scaling laws, full-scale test applications, landslide early warning, and 3D modelling to better understand the complex behaviour of landslides.     

Advances in Measurement Techniques and Statistics Features

Rain Drop Size Distribution (DSD) is one of the key parameters to micro physical process and macro dynamical structure of precipitation. It provides useful information for understanding the mechanisms of precipitation formation and development. Conventional measurement techniques include momentum method, flour method, filtering paper, raindrop camera and immersion method. In general, the techniques havelarge measurement error, heavy workload, and low efficiency. Innovation of disdrometer is a remarkable progress in DSD observation. To date, the major techniques are classified into impacting, optical and acoustic disdrometers, which are automated and more convenient and accurate. The impacting disdrometer transforms the momentum of raindrops into electric impulse, which are easy to operate and quality assured but with large errors for extremely large or small raindrops. The optical disdrometer measures rainfall diameter and its velocity in the same time, but cannot distinguish the particles passing through sampling area simultaneously. The acoustic disdrometer determines DSD from the raindrop impacts on water body with a high temporal resolution but easily affected by wind. In addition, the Doppler can provide DSD with polarimetric techniques for large area while it is affected by updrafts, downdrafts and horizontal winds.DSD has meteorological features, which can be described with the Marshall Palmer (M-P), the Gamma, the lognormal or the normalized models. The M P model is suitable for steady rainfall, usually used for weak and moderate rainfall. The gamma model is proposed for DSD at high rain rate. The lognormal model is widely applied for cloud droplet analysis, but not appropriate for DSD with a broad spectrum. The normalized model is free of assumptions about the shape of the DSD. For practical application, statistical comparison is necessary for selection of a most suitable model. Meteorologically, convective rain has a relatively narrow and smooth DSD spectrum usually described by the M P model. Stratiform rain has a broad DSD spectrum described with the Gamma model. Stratocumulus mixed rain has relatively large drop diameter but small mean size usually described by the Gamma model. The continent rainfall is altitude dependent and it differs from the maritime cloud rainfalls in terms of rain rate and drop diameter. Overall, the meteorological features are useful to improve our understanding of precipitation formation but also important to development of precipitation retrieval techniques with a high accuracy.     

湿度效应及其对降水中δ18O季节分布的影响

提出了湿度效应的概念,即降水中稳定同位素比率与大气的温度露点差ΔT_d存在显著的正相关关系.对两个气候特征完全不同的取样站乌鲁木齐和昆明降水中δ¹⁸O与温度露点差之间的关系进行了分析,尽管两站的δ¹⁸O与ΔT_d的季节变化存在差异,但它们的湿度效应是显著的.利用稳定同位素动力分馏模型并根据500hPa月平均温度的季节分布对昆明站云中凝结物中δ¹⁸O进行了模拟,模拟的月平均δ¹⁸O与月平均温度的变化具有非常好的一致性,说明昆明站云中凝结物中的氧稳定同位素具有温度效应.这个结果与地面降水中氧稳定同位素的降水量效应截然不同.昆明站降水中δ¹⁸O一定程度上指示大气的干湿状况,同时也间接地指示降水量的多寡或季风的强弱.湿度效应的存在,影响降落雨滴中稳定同位素蒸发富集的强度以及雨滴与大气之间稳定同位素物质迁移的方向.它不仅改变降水中稳定同位素比率的大小,也改变其季节分布的特点.     

Numerical simulation of the seismic response of tunnels in sand with an elastoplastic model

The number of larger tunnels in seismic regions has grown significantly over the last decades. The behaviour of tunnels under seismic actions may be assessed using simplified or more complex approaches. Plane–strain centrifuge tests with dynamic loading on a model tunnel are used as experimental benchmark on the seismic behaviour of tunnels, with the ultimate aim of calibrating numerical and analytical design methods. Two models with dry uniform fine sand were prepared at two different densities, in which an aluminium-alloy tube was installed. This paper describes the numerical simulation of these tests with an elastoplastic model. The tunnel response recorded in the centrifuge tests is compared with the numerical prediction, showing the evolution of accelerations and internal forces along the tunnel lining during the model earthquakes. In general, the numerical simulation diverges from the recorded at the centrifuge tests. The numerical simulation largely amplifies the motion at the fundamental frequency of the soil deposit, while this effect is not significant in the centrifuge tests. It is shown that the peak increments in lining forces during dynamic loading measured in the centrifuge test disagree with the values from the numerical simulation and from the Wang’s elastic solution. The divergence observed between simulation and centrifuge tests may result mainly from the real initial stiffness of the sand in the centrifuge tests which are lower than those measured in laboratory tests and to the insufficient knowledge of all relevant stress paths to be imposed to soil for the calibration of model parameters.     

预加固高填方边坡滑动破坏的离心模型试验研究

2009年10月3日,攀枝花机场260×104 m3万方的高填方预加固边坡整体失稳,沿基覆界面下滑,并超覆于其下方的易家坪老滑坡之上,使易家坪老滑坡再次复活。这一填方边坡失稳事件最终导致机场停航两年。通过大型离心模型试验,再现了攀枝花机场预加固高填方边坡的滑动失稳过程,获得了边坡变形破裂的特征参量,阐明了边坡的滑动失稳机制。研究表明：天然工况下,边坡变形以坡顶沉降和沿基覆界面软弱层的蠕滑为主,坡体总体处于蠕滑变形状态;降雨和地下水工况下,坡体中后部拉张破裂和中前部挤压变形显著,具有塑性流动及推移式破坏特征,并最终产生溃滑失稳;预加固抗滑桩承受较大的边坡变形推力,且越靠近坡体后部的桩推力越大,最终从后向前逐排产生累进性剪断破坏,说明该填方边坡多排抗滑桩的平面布置和受力确定欠合理;降雨和地下水工况下,坡体的最大孔隙水压力是天然工况下的3.7倍,孔隙水压力对坡体失稳有重要作用;通过模型和原型的综合对比分析,该边坡的滑动失稳机制为推移式蠕滑-累进性折断-溃滑与超覆。