北秦岭新元古代北北西向碰撞造山带存在的可能性及两侧陆块的汇聚与裂解

在北秦岭北西一北西西向显生宙造山带核部鉴别出与其斜交的北西向古构造带,可能为被改造了的北北西向新元古代造山带的残迹.强烈的区域变形(959～889Ma)和变质特别是高压变质(996～750Ma)以及S→I→A型花岗岩演化(959～725Ma)揭示,该造山带可能经历了同碰撞、晚碰撞到碰撞后伸展的碰撞造山旋回.由此推测,在该区新元古代时期可能发生了陆块的汇聚与裂解;当时造山带的原始方位及两侧汇聚陆块的边界可能是北北西向,汇聚方向可能是北东东向.     

江南造山带东段新元古代至早中生代多期造山作用特征

新元古代江南造山带远离晚中生代活动大陆边缘,是研究华南地区新元古代至早中生代多期造山作用的理想对象。文章通过对江南造山带东段沉积建造、岩浆活动、构造变形以及同位素年代学数据的综合分析,总结了其晋宁期、广西期以及印支期造山作用的特征。江南造山带东段在晋宁期经历了南北两侧大洋俯冲和两期碰撞造山作用。新元古代早期(880~860 Ma)双溪坞岛弧与扬子陆块东南缘发生弧-陆碰撞作用,形成淡色花岗岩、高压蓝片岩、NNE向褶皱-逆冲构造以及弧后前陆盆地。新元古代中期(约850 Ma),扬子陆块北缘开始发育由北向南的大洋俯冲。随着俯冲作用的进行,弧后盆地发生关闭,扬子陆块与华夏陆块发生陆-陆碰撞并形成新元古代(820~810Ma)江南造山带,导致近E-W走向褶皱-逆冲构造、韧性变形以及过铝质花岗岩的发育。江南造山带东段在约810Ma开始发生后造山垮塌和裂谷作用,以发育南华纪早期(805~750 Ma)花岗岩、中酸性火山岩、基性岩以及裂谷盆地为特征。江南造山带东段万载—南昌—景德镇—歙县断裂带以南地区卷入了华南广西期造山作用,发育近E-W走向由南向北的逆冲构造(465~450 Ma)、NNE向正花状构造(449~430 Ma)以及后造山近E-W走向韧性走滑剪切带(429~380 Ma)。印支期造山作用导致了NNE向褶皱-逆冲构造和花岗岩的发育,并奠定了江南造山带东段的基本构造面貌。     

秦岭造山带核部新元古代碰撞变形及其时代--强变形同碰撞花岗岩与弱变形脉体锆石SHRIMP年龄限定

已有的研究表明,主要形成于显生宙的秦岭造山带发生过新元古代碰撞造山作用,但确切的碰撞时间尚需研究。综合物质组成、S→I→A型花岗岩演化、强烈的变形改造、区域变质作用和地质演化等多方面的证据,进一步论证了秦岭造山带核部以牛角山岩体为代表的片麻状过铝质S型花岗岩体为同碰撞岩体;其中,牛角山岩体可能为同碰撞早期岩体。该岩体的15个锆石SHRIMP测年点给出2 0 6 Pb/ 2 38U加权平均年龄为95 5±13Ma。该年龄可代表陆壳下冲深埋、碰撞增厚的时间。在同一地点侵入于岩体中的弱变形花岗岩脉的锆石SHRIMP年龄为92 9±2 5 Ma,从而证明,该片麻状花岗岩体记录的同碰撞变形主要发生于95 5～92 9Ma。这为确定新元古代同碰撞造山作用及其时代提供了有利证据。该碰撞时间滞后于全球格林威尔碰撞造山的时间(130 0～10 0 0 Ma) ,与华南陆块汇聚时间大致相同。根据花岗岩演化特点推测,该事件可能是华北南缘或扬子地块北缘的一次小陆块汇聚增生。     

秦岭造山带中-新元古代(早期)地质演化

秦岭造山带是位于中国大陆中部并夹持于华北与扬子陆块之间的大陆造山带,是加里东期至印支期的碰撞造山带。对前加里东期演化虽然亦积累了不少资料,但认识上存在较大分歧。本文着重介绍秦岭造山带自中元古代晚期武关裂谷的打开(1243Ma±46Ma),中元古代末期松树沟洋盆的形成(1084Ma±73Ma～1030Ma±46Ma)以及新元古代早期同造山期花岗岩的侵入(960～840Ma)等自1.25Ga至0.84Ga期间的一系列热-构造事件,反映扬子大陆边缘前加里东期曾经历过一次“威尔逊构造旋回”,表明该区存在中—新元古代造山带的地质记录。但这次造山作用不是华北与扬子大陆的汇聚,而是曾属于扬子大陆边缘的“北秦岭变质地体”与其南的扬子大陆的一次汇聚过程。     

江南造山带是否格林威尔期造山带?——关于华南前寒武纪地质的几个问题

本世纪初这几年利用SHRIMP和La-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法及其他新的定年方法已获得的定年结果表明,扬子与华夏板块的拼合发生在870～820Ma之间,形成格林威尔造山带的"陆-陆碰撞"发生在1190～980Ma期间,江南造山带的碰撞事件要滞后320～160Ma。江南造山带形成过程中普遍发生绿片岩相的区域变质作用,未找到格林威尔造山带中广泛存在的麻粒岩相的高级变质记录。根据这两点,目前无法确认江南造山带是格林威尔期造山带。江南造山带可能是Rodinia向Gondwana超级大陆过渡过程中两相邻陆块拼合的产物。在江南造山带西段,作为基底出露的四堡群、梵净山群、冷家溪群等曾被认为是中元古代地层,这些地层中砂岩的碎屑锆石定年表明,这些基底地层的最大沉积年龄为870～860Ma,属于新元古代。沿着江南造山带分布的S-型花岗岩可作为板块间碰撞、造山事件的岩石学记录,并非地幔柱岩浆作用的产物。江南造山带西段～760Ma的部分基性火山-侵入岩、扬子地块周边及华夏地块某些新元古代"双峰式火山岩"(803～818Ma)中的基性火山岩具OIB的地球化学特征,它们的规模很小,是造山后伸展阶段、软流圈局部上侵形成的,不能作为Rodinia裂解的岩石学证据。     

雪峰造山带新元古代构造演化框架

目前对江南造山带新元古代构造演化存在不同认识。本文在系统收集近年来大量高精度年龄数据及岩石地球化学研究成果基础上,重塑了雪峰造山带（江南造山带西段）及其东南缘新元古代构造演化过程：880～820Ma期间雪峰造山带为岛弧岩浆作用阶段,东南缘城步地区为弧前盆地;820～810Ma期间雪峰造山带为弧-陆（主）碰撞阶段,城步地区处于弧前盆地向岛弧发展的过渡时期;810～800Ma期间雪峰造山带进入后碰撞环境,城步地区形成新的岛弧;800～630Ma整体进入裂谷盆地阶段。上述过程反映出扬子陆块东南缘的岛弧增生过程,同时暗示雪峰造山带南东面的雪峰期和南华纪沉积叠覆于华南残留洋盆之上。     

甘肃北山西部新元古代陆块汇聚与裂解事件的岩石记录

甘肃北山西部地处塔里木、柴达木和华北 (阿拉善 )三个前寒武纪地块的交汇部位 ,是受显生宙天山造山带、祁连造山带和阿尔金造山带多次叠加改造的地区。近几年 ,随着新元古代榴辉岩、花岗岩的新发现 ,结合新元古代伟晶岩脉群、辉绿岩墙群和震旦纪未变质沉积盖层 ,初步确定了该地区新元古代陆块汇聚与裂解的地质事件框架。在新元古代早期 ,塔里木地块与柴达木地块可能发生斜向汇聚 ,并以深层次韧性剪切带进行焊接 ,其时间在 913Ma左右。稍后 ,在塔里木地块北部的柳园一带 ,塔里木地块与另一个地块发生碰撞 ,形成了榴辉岩和大面积带状分布的花岗岩 ,其时间在 86 0～ 880Ma左右。之后 ,在经过汇聚的大陆块内部发生裂解 ,形成了两期辉绿岩墙群。随着裂解作用的进一步加强 ,该地区进入到陆相砂砾岩和海相碳酸盐沉积阶段 ,形成了安南坝群沉积建造 ,其时间在 70 0Ma左右。     

华北陆块东北缘张三沟岩组SHRIMP锆石U－Pb年代学研究及其地质意义

出露于华北陆块东北缘的张三沟岩组为一套变质火山－沉积岩系,前人根据变质程度和地层对比将其划归古元古代。本文通过SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学研究,获得2517±9 Ma 、2518±7 Ma 和2534±26Ma原岩年龄,2439±24Ma、2464±73Ma和2433±71Ma变质年龄。这表明该套变质岩层形成于新太古代晚期,变质时代在新太古代末－古元古代初。结合区域资料,其变质年龄可能代表了古龙岗陆块与位于其北东侧的其它陆块（如佳木斯陆块）碰撞造山的时代,表明华北克拉通在新太古代末－古元古代初期经历过一次重要的克拉通化。     

中天山北缘华力西期造山作用——变质岩锆石U-Pb年代学限定

笔者对中天山微陆块北缘托克逊干沟地区角闪岩相变质岩中的锆石进行了U-Pb年代学研究,结果证明变质沉积岩中的碎屑锆石记录了从太古宙至元古宙(3320～530 Ma)的源区岩浆热事件,变质火成岩中的岩浆锆石记录了新元古代晚期(550 Ma)的岩浆作用,而变质锆石记录了晚泥盆纪(385～360 Ma)的变质作用。这一定年结果表明,中天山微陆块北缘的造山作用很可能发生在华力西期,中天山微陆块形成于新元古代以前,但并没有经历前寒武纪变质作用,具有与塔里木克拉通明显不同的前寒武纪构造演化历史。因此,中天山微陆块很可能是一个独立的块体,并不支持其是从塔里木板块分离出来的观点。     

湖南城步火成岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及其对江南造山带新元古代构造演化的约束

目前对新元古代中期江南造山带构造演化及钦杭结合带南西段构造性质存在不同认识。本文对湘西南城步地区新元古代火山岩和花岗岩进行了锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄测定并厘定其构造环境,从而为区域构造演化提供了约束。城步新元古代花岗岩侵入于云场里组变质火山-沉积地层中。云场里组变质火山岩与花岗岩的锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄分别为828±10Ma和805.7±9.2Ma。构造环境的地球化学判别图解表明花岗岩形成于岛弧环境;区域地质背景指示云场里组可能形成于活动陆缘弧前盆地。以城步火山岩和花岗岩研究为基础,结合区域地质资料,提出新元古代中期江南造山带西段构造演化过程:872～835Ma期间为陆缘盆地;835～820Ma期间俯冲造山,江南造山带形成基性—超基性岩和早阶段岛弧花岗闪长岩,东侧的城步地区为弧前盆地;820～810Ma期间江南造山带发生弧-陆碰撞;810～800Ma期间江南造山带进入后碰撞环境并形成晚阶段强过铝(黑云母)花岗岩,东侧城步地区因华南洋洋壳俯冲而形成新的岛弧;800Ma后华南进入伸展裂陷盆地演化阶段。上述认识揭示出扬子陆块东南缘的连续岛弧增生过程,同时为钦杭结合带南西段雪峰期"残留洋盆"属性提供了新证据。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.     

共和盆地层状地貌系统与青藏高原隆升及黄河发育

利用卫星遥感影像,结合实地调查和测年结果,对共和盆地层状地貌系统进行了解译、分析。研究表明,共和盆地层状地貌系统由山麓剥蚀面、洪积扇面、盆地面以及黄河阶地面构成,其空间结构、物质组成对发生于早更新世早期的青藏运动C幕和中更新世末期的共和运动反映清晰。青藏运动C幕使青藏高原主夷平面在高原差异性隆升中彻底解体,垂直变形量高达1700m。共和运动使黄河在0.11Ma进入共和盆地,其后黄河平均以3.5mm/a的侵蚀速率下切盆地,同时在盆地边部的山前古冲洪积扇以大致相近的速率被抬升,最终导致高差在2000m左右的层状地貌系统的出现。     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Evolution of the paleogeodynamic settings of the formation of the Lower and Middle Riphean sedimentary sequences of the Uchur-Maya region and the Bashkir meganticlinorium

The possibility to use some widely known standard discrimination diagrams such as the K₂O/Na₂O-SiO₂/Al₂O₃, SiO₂-K₂O/Na₂O, (Fe₂O₃* + MgO)-TiO₂, F1-F2, Th-La-Sc, Sc-Th-Zr/10, and Sc/Cr-La/Y for deciphering the paleogeodynamic settings of sedimentary sequences is considered with reference to the Lower and Middle Riphean (Mesoproterozoic) deposits of the Uchur-Maya region (Far East) and the Bashkir meganticlinorium (South Urals). It was shown that only some of them can be used with a certain degree of confidence for reconstructing the settings of the platform sedimentary sequences made up of both sandstones and fine-grained terrigenous rocks.     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.