豫西小秦岭地区太华杂岩斜长角闪岩Sm-Nd等时线年龄及其地质意义

小秦岭地区太华杂岩以多种产状出露于表壳岩系和花岗质片麻岩中,经历了角闪岩相变质作用。其空间上的密切共生和地球化学演化特征说明它们是弧后盆地扩张不同阶段的产物。不同产状的斜长角闪岩几乎具有一致的Sm－Nd等时线年龄（2542±57）Ma,表明斜长角闪岩形成于新太古代,不支持太华杂岩时代二分为太古古和古元古代的观点。（2542±57）Ma代表了华北地由南缘新太古代张裂事件的年代。     

华北克拉通晚太古代末-古元古代初的岩浆事件及构造热体制

华北克拉通变质基底中广泛出露岩浆成因的正片麻岩。本文将华北克拉通分为11个变质地区,对其中新太古代末-古元古代初的正片麻岩的产状、岩性、形成时代进行了讨论。通过对这11个变质地区的对比可以看出,华北克拉通新太古代末-古元古代初的正片麻岩具有以下特征:(1)新太古代末-古元古代初的岩浆事件分布广泛,该期岩浆事件所形成的正片麻岩不仅在东部陆块、西部陆块广泛分布,而且在中部造山带也有广泛出露,在各变质地区该期的正片麻岩通常占变质基底总面积的70%以上;(2)该期岩浆事件主要集中在从2540Ma到2490Ma的50Ma期间。目前的年龄数据统计该期间形成的正片麻岩占2600Ma到2450Ma所形成的正片麻岩的75%;(3)该阶段形成的钠质片麻岩和钾质片麻岩在形成时间上几乎一致,在各变质地区不同成分的正片麻岩不具分带性。但钾质花岗岩在辽宁鞍山、辽西绥中、冀东秦皇岛和鲁西傲徕山分布相对集中;(4)该期岩浆事件与变质事件几乎同时发生,变质事件通常较岩浆事件晚10～15Ma,在有些地区几乎同时,表明岩浆事件和变质事件是同一构造热事件的产物;(5)该期岩浆事件所产生片麻岩的εHf(t)值绝大多数为正值,表明它们是有地幔物质加入的新生地壳再造的产物。综合以上特征,我们认为在华北克拉通新太古代末-古元古代初广泛的岩浆事件是地幔柱底侵导致的,该期广泛的岩浆事件造就了华北克拉通的基本形态。     

华北克拉通的组成及其变质演化

华北克拉通早前寒武纪变质基底主要由五套不同类型的变质岩系组成。克拉通在形成过程中经历了多期构造活动、多期岩浆侵位、多期变质作用以及不同程度的混合岩化和深熔作用,岩石已遭受多次不同地质作用的叠加改造,因此华北克拉通具有复杂的演化历史。从太古宙到古元古代末的克拉通形成,华北克拉通主要经历了五期区域变质作用。鞍山地区的古—中太古代经历了角闪岩相变质作用改造,尚未获得变质年龄数据。但在TTG岩系中已获得3 560 Ma和3 000~3 300 Ma早期的变质年龄。河南鲁山太华杂岩的中太古代斜长角闪岩中获得2 776~2 792 Ma和2 671~2 651 Ma两期变质作用年龄信息,代表了新太古代早期的变质作用。新太古代麻粒岩-TTG岩系和新太古代花岗-绿岩系都经历了新太古代晚期—古元古代初的变质作用改造。在古元古代阶段,在华北克拉通北缘在1 965~1 900 Ma期间发生了中低压/高压麻粒岩相变质,局部发生超高温变质,这期变质作用与陆块间的俯冲碰撞及其后的地幔上涌有关。在古元古代晚期(1 890~1 800 Ma)在华北克拉通的中部及东部的胶—辽—吉带发生了高压麻粒岩相-角闪岩相的区域变质,代表了陆块间的碰撞拼合过程。不同变质岩系类型经历的变质作用反映了不同的构造背景。太古宙晚期大量的TTG岩系及呈面状分布的中/低压麻粒岩主要出露在华北克拉通的中北部,普遍具有逆时针的p-T轨迹,反映了地幔柱底板垫托的构造环境。新太古代的花岗-绿岩系在新太古代晚期—古元古代早期经历的变质作用多为顺时针的p-T演化轨迹,反映其发生可能与弧后+地幔柱联合作用的构造背景。古元古代晚期的两期变质作用多表现为高压麻粒岩相的顺时针p-T演化轨迹,反映了不同陆块(地块)之间碰撞拼合的过程,意味着类似显生宙的板块构造体制已经出现。     

皖东南黄片麻岩的锆石U—Pb年龄

在皖东嘉山南黄地区新元古代张八岭岩群之下,隐伏一套角闪岩相的TTG质片麻岩类。单颗锆石U-Pb法年龄测定得到其不一致线上交点年龄为2493±19Ma,代表了片麻岩原岩的形成年龄。这是扬子陆块北东缘首次发现的新太古代基底,证实扬子陆块北缘存在较广泛的新太古代—古元古代基底。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西北缘晚三叠世早期物源组成

利用碎屑锆石LA?ICP?MS U?Pb测年方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北部贺兰山炭井沟、插旗沟和中部磁窑堡3个地区晚三叠世早期的物源进行分析。结果表明:研究区部分碎屑锆石阴极发光（CL）图像具有环带结构,大部分锆石Th/U值大于0.4,极少部分小于0.1,表明锆石来源以岩浆为主,变质为次。3个地区锆石年龄分布均有三组年龄峰值:古元古代早期—新太古代（2 204.3~2 610.1 Ma）、古元古代（1 667~2 171.8 Ma）和晚古生代（245.1~322.6 Ma）,这3组年龄分别与新太古代末华北克拉通化的基本完成、古元古代晚期华北克拉通三大陆块（阴山陆块、鄂尔多斯陆块和东部陆块）之间的相互碰撞拼合以及晚古生代古亚洲洋向华北板块俯冲而形成的构造岩浆事件相对应。结合锆石年龄对比和岩相古地理分析得知,鄂尔多斯盆地西北缘晚三叠世早期物源来自北部和西北部地区,主要为古元古代孔兹岩带和阿拉善地块的变质岩和岩浆岩,其次为华北板块西部基底的岩浆岩和阿拉善地块海西期的岩浆岩。     

河南洛宁太华岩群斜长角闪岩的锆石^207Pb／^206Pb和角闪石^40Ar／^39Ar年龄

运用单颗粒锆石逐层蒸发法和角闪石40Ar/39Ar阶段加热法研究了河南洛宁太华岩群斜长角闪岩的同位素年龄.获得锆石207Pb/206Pb年龄为2675±2 Ma,角闪石40Ar/39Ar坪年龄和等时线年龄分别为2372.98±47.46 Ma和2349.10±46.98 Ma.锆石207Pb/206Pb年龄代表了斜长角闪岩原岩的形成时代,而角闪石40Ar/39Ar年龄则为其变质时代,与Sm-Nd等时线年龄(2351±103Ma)相一致.上述年龄数据表明河南洛宁地区太华岩群形成于新太古代,在古元古代遭受过一次角闪岩相变质作用.     

华北克拉通阜平杂岩新太古代-古元古代多期地质事件及其构造性质

本文收集了阜平杂岩新太古代早期-古元古代晚期基底岩石的岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学、同位素地球化学和变质作用资料,以期对阜平杂岩早寒武纪演化历史进行初步总结.阜平新太古代早期~2.7 Ga片麻岩原岩为英云闪长岩,具有TTG质片麻岩的地球化学特征;其锆石ε_Hf（t）具有较高的正值（+5.44~+7.50）,单阶段模式年龄为2 745~2 824 Ma,表明新太古代早期为阜平杂岩强烈的地壳生长时期.新太古代晚期片麻岩的时代集中于2 543~2 484 Ma,主要岩石类型为英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩（TTG）,同时区域内还存在二长花岗岩.TTG质片麻岩的ε_Nd（t）值为-1.64~+0.96,单阶段模式年龄为2.76~3.04 Ga;锆石ε_Hf（t）值为-1.9~+7.91,单阶段和两阶段模式年龄分别为2 546~2 888 Ma和2 548~3 119 Ma.这些TTG岩石主要为新太古代早期岩石的部分熔融,并有少量中太古代地壳物质参与.近于同期具有岛弧性质的辉长岩和变质作用暗示阜平杂岩新太古代晚期可能经历了俯冲和弧-陆或陆-陆碰撞.古元古代中期（2.1~2.0 Ga）阜平地区花岗质岩浆活动强烈.该阶段花岗岩具有A型花岗岩特征,与同期的火山-沉积岩系形成于华北克拉通古元古代中期伸展的陆内裂谷环境中.阜平杂岩中基性麻粒岩包体记录的变质作用时代为1.89~1.85 Ga,并具有顺时针演化的P-T轨迹,其代表了古元古代晚期裂谷闭合的陆内造山过程,表明华北最终克拉通化.      

东秦岭发现~1.9Ga钼矿床——河南龙门店钼矿床Re-Os定年

河南龙门店钼矿床位于华北陆块南缘熊耳山地区,其赋矿围岩为新太古代一古元古代太华群片麻岩.6件辉钼矿样品的Re-Os模式年龄最小值为1868±6Ma,最大值为2044±14Ma,等时线年龄为1875Ma,表明该矿床形成于早元古代,是目前我国已知最老的钼矿床.     

鲁西郯城蛇纹岩微量元素和锆石U-Pb年代学:对华北陆块东部岩石圈地幔改造的启示

对鲁西郯城蛇纹岩进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和全岩微量元素研究。结果为:蛇纹岩中44颗锆石的年龄值可以分为5组,其中岩浆锆石的年龄为古元古代—新太古代(1 815～2 518 Ma)、新元古代(711 Ma、719 Ma)、早白垩世(106～122 Ma)和晚白垩世(78～92 Ma),而变质锆石形成于晚三叠世(225～231 Ma)。郯城蛇纹岩轻重稀土元素分馏不明显,相对富集大离子亲石元素(Ba、Th、U),相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Zr、Hf),整体上与华北陆块代表古老岩石圈地幔残留的橄榄岩类包体地球化学特征相类似。蛇纹岩的原岩为纯橄岩,是华北陆块东部古老岩石圈地幔的残留。古元古代—新太古代岩浆锆石的存在,代表拆沉的华北陆块基底物质对岩石圈地幔的改造;新元古代岩浆锆石和晚三叠世变质锆石的发育,表明蛇纹岩的原岩受到了由超高压变质作用的俯冲-断离扬子陆壳物质熔融产生的熔体改造;早白垩世和晚白垩世岩浆锆石年龄的出现,与华北陆块东部该时期发育的岩浆作用时间相一致。华北陆块东部岩石圈地幔受到多阶段、不同性质熔体的改造,改造的峰期发生在早白垩世,与华北陆块东部岩石圈发生大规模减薄的峰期时间一致。     

金沙江缝合带元古宙残留基底的发现——来自同位素地质年龄的证据

应用颗粒锆石U－Pb法和Rb-Sr全岩等时线法重新研究了金沙江东同办洼龙地区原统归于早二叠世额阿钦群中的一套高级变质岩系的原岩时代和变质时代。其中含蓝晶石二云母片岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为（432±35）Ma;而斜长角闪岩U－Pb锆石的上交点年龄为（1627±192）Ma,暗示这套变质岩系的原岩时代应大于（1627±192）Ma。（432±35）Ma的Rb-Sr等时线年龄可能代表其变质时代,首次提出金沙江地区应存在早中元古代残留变质其底或策陆块,层位上可与劳山杂岩对比,金沙江缝合带和牢山缝合带是相关联的同一条缝合带。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the