吐鲁番坳陷二叠系烃源岩有机质沉积特征

二叠系烃源岩是我国西部吐鲁番坳陷中重要的潜在生烃层系。以地表剖面暗色泥岩的分析资料为主,结合部分井下烃源岩样品分析数据,探讨了吐鲁番坳陷二叠系烃源岩沉积时水体的Eh值、pH值及沉积特征。利用烃源岩分布、有机碳含量及有机质显微组份的赋存状态等特征对烃源岩的有机质沉积特征进行了研究。通过对烃源岩有机质分布的影响因素分析,发现烃源岩有机质的赋存大体上有3种不同的状态:顺层富集型、局部富集型及分散型。泥质碳酸盐岩类和泥岩类烃源岩主要沉积在半深湖--深湖相带,沉积物中有机碳含量高;灰色、深灰色泥岩及黑灰色碳酸盐岩主要沉积在浅湖相带,有机碳含量偏低;绿灰色、灰色泥岩主要沉积在河流--三角洲平原相带,沉积物中有机碳含量低。烃源岩沉积时具还原程度强的沉积相带是原始有机质沉积的良好场所,沉积有机质能及时沉积并保存,烃源岩大多有机质丰度高,有机质类型好;反之,则明显变差。     

羌塘盆地石炭—二叠系烃源岩地球化学特征讨论

长期以来,羌塘盆地烃源岩的研究一直限于中生代地层,而对其古生代地层生烃能力一直缺乏系统研究。针对这一问题,本文选择羌塘盆地石炭—二叠系8条剖面的暗色泥岩及碳酸盐岩样品,对其从有机质丰度、有机质类型和热演化程度等方面进行了有机地球化学特征的分析。研究发现,石炭—二叠系可能烃源岩类型包括泥岩和碳酸盐岩两种,其分布总体上受沉积相的控制,碳酸盐岩烃源岩可能为局限台地相发育的泥晶灰岩,而泥质烃源岩主要为三角洲及斜坡相发育的暗色泥岩及凝灰质泥岩。石炭—二叠纪泥岩有机碳含量较高,具有较好生烃能力,大多达到烃源岩标准,尤其是刻莫石炭系剖面及贡日二叠系剖面,大多为中等—好烃源岩。碳酸盐岩有机碳含量总体比较低,为非烃源岩。石炭—二叠系碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机质类型为Ⅱ1型,泥质烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型。石炭—二叠系烃源岩热演化程度总体较高,除盆地东部刻莫石炭系剖面处在成熟阶段外,大都处在高成熟—过成熟阶段,非常有利于天然气的生成,具备良好的天然气勘探前景。     

柴达木盆地东部石炭系烃源岩评价

柴达木盆地东部地区石炭系暗色泥岩、碳酸盐岩、煤及炭质泥岩均发育。大量区域地质调查及有机地球化学分析表明,石炭系烃源岩主要以暗色泥岩和碳酸盐岩为主,炭质泥岩和煤可能具有生烃能力。暗色泥岩有机碳含量平均为1.13%,有机质类型以Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型为主,为中等—好的烃源岩;碳酸盐岩有机碳含量低,平均为0.26%,有机质类型为Ⅱ1与Ⅱ2型,属中等—差的烃源岩。除都兰地区有机质成熟度过高、处于过成熟的生干气阶段外,其他地区有机质成熟度中等,正处于生、排烃高峰期,具有良好的油气勘探前景。石灰沟地区烃源岩厚度大、丰度高,暗色泥岩和碳酸盐岩分别达到了好烃源岩和中等烃源岩的标准,有机质成熟度中等,生烃潜力较大。     

柴达木盆地东部石炭系烃源岩评价

柴达木盆地东部地区石炭系暗色泥岩、碳酸盐岩、煤及炭质泥岩均发育.大量区域地质调查及有机地球化学分析表明,石炭系烃源岩主要以暗色泥岩和碳酸盐岩为主,炭质泥岩和煤可能具有生烃能力.暗色泥岩有机碳含量平均为1.13%,有机质类型以Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型为主,为中等-好的烃源岩;碳酸盐岩有机碳含量低,平均为0.26%,有机质类型为Ⅱ1与Ⅱ2型,属中等-差的烃源岩.除都兰地区有机质成熟度过高、处于过成熟的生干气阶段外,其他地区有机质成熟度中等,正处于生、排烃高峰期,具有良好的油气勘探前景.石灰沟地区烃源岩厚度大、丰度高,暗色泥岩和碳酸盐岩分别达到了好烃源岩和中等烃源岩的标准,有机质成熟度中等,生烃潜力较大.     

羌塘盆地石油地质条件与初步评价

羌塘盆地是我国西部尚待进一步勘探与开发的最具前景的中、新生代大型含油气盆地。盆地内发育有10套烃源层，其中主要烃源层有4套，即上侏罗统索瓦组(J3s)、夏里组(J2x)、布曲组(J2b)和上三叠统肖茶卡组(T3x)，除中央隆起带西部缺失外，在盆地其他地区有广泛分布，累积厚度大于3000m。主要烃源层由碳酸盐岩和泥质岩两类岩性组成，J3s和T3x主要为碳酸盐岩烃源层，有机质含量普遍不高，有机碳含量为0．15％。0．25％，多属差-中等烃源岩。J3x和T3x主要是泥质岩烃源层，有机质含量较高，有机碳含量为0．6％。1．2％，属中等—好轻源层。此外，J2x和J3s还有一套油页岩烃源层，不仅有机碳含量特别高，而且可溶有机质也特别丰富，是盆地内最有价值的烃源层。4套主要烃源层均为海相沉积，有机物质以海相低等生物为主，形成以混合型(Ⅱ型)为主的有机质类型，具有较强的成烃能力。盆地中间有机质热演化处于成熟阶段，盆地周边和中央隆起带附近处于高成熟阶段，再向外达到了过成熟阶段。推测，盆地中部为原油分布区，向外扩展为凝析油—湿气区，再向外为干气分布区。其中以索瓦组的原油分布范围最大，而自夏里组→布曲组→肖茶卡组，原油分布区的面积逐步缩小。盆地储集岩类有碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩以及少量火山岩。碎屑岩主要分布于上三置统肖茶卡组三段、中侏罗统雀莫惜组(J2q)、上株罗统夏里组和雪山组(J3x)及古近系双湖组(E2s)；岩石类型以细砂岩、粉砂岩为主，次为中砂岩和组砂岩。碳酸盐岩储层主要分布于肖茶卡组一、二段，布曲组和索瓦组；主要岩石类型有泥灰岩、粒屑灰岩、鲕粒灰岩、生物礁灰岩和白云岩等，其中白云岩储层具有特殊的意义。火山岩分布于二叠系和上三叠统。盆地内白云岩储层分布较广，在乎面上分布与古隆起有关，已发现的白云岩中，以隆鄂尼布曲组的白云岩规模最大，并部分地区储有轻质原油。盆地内存在多层盖层岩石类型，主要有泥质岩、蒸发岩、碳酸盐岩、致密砂岩、火山岩、硅质岩和煤岩等，其中肋三种分布广泛，各层系均较发育，且封闭性能较好，是盆地内主要的益层岩石类型，尤以泥质岩和蒸发岩更为重要。羌塘盆地具备了形成大、中型油气田的石油地质条件，是青藏地区最具油气希望的盆地，展现了美好的勘探前景和开发潜力。     

柴达木盆地东部石炭系烃源岩评价

柴达木盆地东部地区石炭系暗色泥岩、碳酸盐岩、煤及炭质泥岩均发育.大量区域地质调查及有机地球化学分析表明,石炭系烃源岩主要以暗色泥岩和碳酸盐岩为主,炭质泥岩和煤可能具有生烃能力.暗色泥岩有机碳含量平均为1.13%,有机质类型以Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型为主,为中等-好的烃源岩;碳酸盐岩有机碳含量低,平均为0.26%,有机质类型为Ⅱ1与Ⅱ2型,属中等-差的烃源岩.除都兰地区有机质成熟度过高、处于过成熟的生干气阶段外,其他地区有机质成熟度中等,正处于生、排烃高峰期,具有良好的油气勘探前景.石灰沟地区烃源岩厚度大、丰度高,暗色泥岩和碳酸盐岩分别达到了好烃源岩和中等烃源岩的标准,有机质成熟度中等,生烃潜力较大.     

广西北部湾北缘晚古生代一新生代油气资源潜力探讨

通过野外地质剖面调查、丈量和室内烃源岩样品的有机地球化学测试,完成了广西北部湾北缘烃源岩岩石类型、地层厚度、分布的勘查、烃源岩的有机地球化学特征分析和综合评价。研究表明：广西北部湾北缘烃源包括了海相沉积的碳酸盐岩和湖相沉积的泥页岩两大类,海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩TOC含量分布范围为5．26％～0．001％,平均含量为0．41％,有机质类型以I型为主,少量为II型;母质来源为海洋低等浮游生物,藻类。艮（％）分布范围1．32％～4．78％之间,有机质热演化大多处于过成熟阶段,极少数为高成熟阶段。湖相泥页岩烃源岩主要分布古近系中,TOC含量分布范围为14．82％～0．07％,平均值为4．04％。有机质类型为III型和I型,艮分布范围为0.37％～0．41％,有机质热演化处于未成熟阶段。古近系那读组、二叠系合山组和石炭系寺门组为北部湾北缘最具生烃潜力的地层。     

新疆富蕴县扎河坝凹陷石炭—二叠系烃源岩特征及生烃条件分析

准噶尔盆地东北部扎河坝凹陷发育有大面积烃源岩,前人曾发现挥发性原油。对扎河坝凹陷内石炭系、二叠系烃源岩各项有机地化特征进行分析。结果表明,该盆地石炭系、二叠系烃源岩有机质丰度相对较高,各项参数均达到烃源岩要求。新疆富蕴县扎河坝凹陷内发育有两套烃源岩层,分别为下石炭统姜巴斯套组和下二叠统扎河坝群。下石炭统姜巴斯套组灰黑色碳质泥岩单层连续厚度在数米至80 m,累积厚150～200 m。总体沉积环境为滨岸-浅水陆棚环境。二叠系扎河坝群上部为一套含煤碎屑岩为主的地层,碎屑沉积岩中赋存可采煤层和少量古生物化石,发育灰黑色碳质泥岩,厚约50 m。姜巴斯套组烃源岩有机质来源复杂,烃源岩有机碳含量0.24%～1.04%,均值0.74%;有机质类型为Ⅱ_2-III型干酪根;热演化程度较高,有机质处于高成熟演化阶段;综合评价为高成熟、中等油气源岩。二叠系扎河坝群有机碳含量0.96%～8.08%,均值3.34%;总体沉积环境为滨湖-浅湖相,有机质类型为Ⅱ_2型干酪根;热演化程度较高,有机质处于高成熟演化阶段;综合评价为高成熟、中等油气源岩。     

内蒙古额济纳旗西部ZK0-1井二叠系烃源岩特征及其意义

银额盆地以古生界为目的层的钻井极少,获得的钻井岩心更是十分有限。对银额盆地西部路北凸起带ZK0-1井揭示的地层岩性组合特征进行分析,在此基础上对下二叠统暗色泥岩层段岩心系统地采集烃源岩样品,并进行有机质丰度、干酪根类型、有机质成熟度等地球化学特征分析。结果表明,银额盆地路北凸起带二叠系烃源岩厚度大(单层厚度大于43m),有机质丰度高(平均有机碳含量为3.1%),为以Ⅱ型干酪根为主、低成熟—成熟演化阶段的良好烃源岩。通过与二叠系地表剖面烃源岩地球化学特征对比,探讨了风化作用对烃源岩评价指标的影响。     

江汉盆地海相地层有效烃源岩的识别

海相地层或海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩地球化学评价的焦点问题之一是如何鉴定有机质丰度下限和划分有效烃源岩与非有效烃源岩。江汉盆地海相地层烃源岩的地球化学研究表明,在有机质成熟演化过程中,烃源岩有机碳(TOC)含量不会有明显的降低,有机碳含量是有机质丰度评价的有效地球化学指标。参考国内外有关碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机质丰度的评价标准,结合本区油气显示,该高演化区有效碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机碳的下限值为0.2%～0.3%,二叠系烃源岩为有效烃源岩。     

A comparison of burial,maturity and temperature histories of selected wells from sedimentary basins in The Netherlands

Sedimentary basins in The Netherlands contain significant amounts of hydrocarbon resources, which developed in response to temperature and pressure history during Mesozoic and Cenozoic times. Quantification and modelling of burial, maturity and temperature histories are the major goals of this study, allowing for a better understanding of the general geological evolution of the different basins as well as petroleum generation. All major basins in The Netherlands encountered at least one time of inversion and therefore moderate to high amounts of erosion. In order to determine the amount of inversion the basins have experienced, a 1D study was performed on 20 wells within three basins (West Netherlands, Central Netherlands and Lower Saxony Basins). New vitrinite reflectance values were obtained and existing data re-evaluated to gain a good data base. The burial histories of six wells, two for each studied basin, are presented here, to demonstrate the differences in basin evolution that led to their present shape and petroleum potential. The Permo-Triassic subsidence phase can be recognized in all three basins, but with varying intensity. In the Jurassic, the basins experienced different relative movements that culminated in the Cretaceous when the influence of the inversion caused erosion of up to 2,500 m. Most wells show deepest burial at present-day, whereas the timing of maximum temperature differs significantly.     

鄂尔多斯盆地与国外相似盆地对比及其中生界石油储量预测

选取3个国外克拉通盆地,即西西伯利亚盆地、巴黎盆地和伊利诺斯盆地,与鄂尔多斯盆地进行对比。鄂尔多斯盆地作为发育在坳拉谷基底之上的克拉通盆地,具有含丰富油气资源量的地质基础。鄂尔多斯盆地为中生代陆相沉积,其烃源岩的分布相对于整个盆地较为局限,圈闭类型较为复杂多样,除此之外的其他地质因素均比较相似。根据盆地对比估算得到鄂尔多斯盆地中生界的探明石油储量为17.21 x10⁸t据西西伯利亚盆地)、22.67 x10⁸t据巴黎盆地)和24. 40 x10⁸t (据伊利诺斯盆地),表明鄂尔多斯盆地中生界具有很大的资源潜力和勘探前景。     

东营凹陷烃类流体热演化模拟研究——基于Basin2盆地模拟软件

通过运用Basin2盆地模拟软件,模拟东营凹陷的烃类流体热演化表明,该凹陷为高地温梯度沉积盆地,古地温梯度值随着地质年代的更新逐渐下降。研究区下第三系地层中内部洼陷地温梯度较凹陷的凸起区以及南缓坡带、北陡坡带低,同时南缓坡带的地温梯度比北陡坡带较高。因此,隆起区的生油门限要起比洼陷处略浅些,在时间上隆起区的生油门限要起比洼陷处也略旱。东营凹陷的烃源岩属于东营组、沙河街组和孔店组,但主力烃源岩主要来属于孔店组地层、沙河街组沙四段和沙三段.从区域上来看,烃源岩分布主要是在沉积厚度大的洼陷内,并已经进入生油高峰,而凹陷凸起区和缓坡带以及陡坡带的烃源岩主要属于低成熟阶段．     

中非Melut盆地与我国东部裂谷盆地的类比及意义

Melut盆地为中非地区重要的含油气裂谷盆地,具被动裂谷成盆特征,处于区域构造勘探向"三新领域"勘探的转型阶段,油气富集规律尚不十分清楚,通过开展Melut盆地与我国东部主动裂谷盆地的类比分析,有助于深化盆地成藏认识,推进勘探转型.研究表明,Melut盆地北部具被动裂谷成盆特征,发育大型富油凹陷,形成以古近系跨时代成藏组合为主,近源白垩系成藏组合为辅的油气富集特点,古近系Yabus组上段跨时代岩性油藏与近源白垩系Galhak组断块油藏是北部深化勘探的重要领域;盆地中南部具被动裂谷与主动裂谷的叠加演化过程,与海拉尔盆地相似,具小型断陷沉积充填与成藏特征,近源成藏组合是有利的勘探对象,继承性洼槽内低凸起、凹陷间断裂隆起带及缓坡断层坡折带是有利的成藏构造带.该研究深化了Melut盆地成藏认识,明确了盆地南北具有不同的成盆机制与成藏特征,对推动北部成熟探区深化勘探与中南部低探区勘探突破具有重要意义.     

广西合浦、南宁、宁明、百色盆地烃源岩有机地球化学特征与勘探潜力分析

广西合浦、南宁、宁明等第三系盆地的主要烃源岩层与百色盆地一样,均是中始新统深湖-半深湖相暗色泥质岩层,特点是分布面积广,厚度大,有机质丰度高.有机碳含量多数大于2.0%,达到"好"到"最好"的评价标准.有机质成熟度多数处于低熟阶段,部分在成熟阶段.干酪根类型主要为Ⅱ1型.综合分析认为:合浦、南宁、宁明三个盆地都具有优质...     

Salt redistribution during extension and inversion inferred from 3D backstripping

A 3D backstripping approach considering salt flow as a consequence of spatially changing overburden load distribution, isostatic rebound and sedimentary compaction for each backstripping step is used to reconstruct the subsidence history in the Northeast German Basin. The method allows to determine basin subsidence and the salt-related deformation during Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic inversion and during Late Triassic–Jurassic extension. In the Northeast German Basin, the deformation is thin-skinned in the basinal part, but thick-skinned at the basin margins. The salt cover is deformed due to Late Triassic–Jurassic extension and Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic inversion whereas the salt basement remained largely stable in the basin area. In contrast, the basin margins suffered strong deformation especially during Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic inversion. As a main question, we address the role of salt during the thin-skinned extension and inversion of the basin. In our modelling approach, we assume that the salt behaves like a viscous fluid on the geological time-scale, that salt and overburden are in hydrostatical near-equilibrium at all times, and that the volume of salt is constant. Because the basement of the salt is not deformed due to decoupling in the basin area, we consider the base of the salt as a reference surface, where the load pressure must be equilibrated. Our results indicate that major salt movements took place during Late Triassic to Jurassic E–W directed extension and during Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic NNE–SSW directed compression. Moreover, the study outcome suggests that horizontal strain propagation in the salt cover could have triggered passive salt movements which balanced the cover deformation by viscous flow. In the Late Triassic, strain transfer from the large graben systems in West Central Europe to the east could have caused the subsidence of the Rheinsberg Trough above the salt layer. In this context, the effective regional stress did not exceed the yield strength of the basement below the Rheinsberg Trough, but was high enough to provoke deformation of the viscous salt layer and its cover. During the Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic phase of inversion, horizontal strain propagation from the southern basin margin into the basin can explain the intensive thin-skinned compressive deformation of the salt cover in the basin. The thick-skinned compressive deformation along the southern basin margin may have propagated into the salt cover of the basin where the resulting folding again was balanced by viscous salt flow into the anticlines of folds. The huge vertical offset of the pre-Zechstein basement along the southern basin margin and the amount of shortening in the folded salt cover of the basin indicate that the tectonic forces responsible for this inversion event have been of a considerable magnitude.     

天山东段地区二叠系芦草沟组沉积特征与古环境对比

天山东段地区二叠系芦草沟组的沉积时代、沉积环境和构造背景存在争议。根据芦草沟组中发现的标准化石桃树园吐鲁番鳕、托姆介介形虫和孢粉化石组合,结合沉积地层中大量碎屑锆石最年轻峰值年龄261 Ma,认为芦草沟组的沉积时代为瓜德鲁普世(中二叠世)而非乌拉尔世(早二叠世)。近年来,在芦草沟组中发现典型海相指示矿物海绿石、海相或海陆交互相托姆介介形虫,加之超高盐度咸化湖盆的证实,认为芦草沟组主体为湖相沉积,但部分沉积时段受到海侵(泛)事件影响。天山东段地区准噶尔盆地、三塘湖盆地、吐哈盆地二叠系芦草沟组具有相似的岩石组合、动物群面貌和构造特征,但不同盆地古盐度、古气候、古氧化还原条件、古水深、初级生产力及热液输入强度等具有差异,分析认为芦草沟组形成于相似的伸展裂谷构造背景,但不同盆地之间沉积特征具有差异、不具备统一的沉积中心,为一系列弥散性裂谷盆地群。     

晚白垩世西峡盆地和夏馆盆地古地震事件的发现及意义

以大量的野外工作为基础,辅以地球化学研究,确定了西峡盆地和夏馆盆地普遍存在着古地震事件的物质记录。同沉积期古地震事件主要表现为同沉积小断裂、同沉积角砾岩层等,且同沉积地震事件对于河流侵蚀作用的产生具有重要的影响;成岩期古地震事件主要表现为沿断裂上盘砾岩的"涂抹"和成岩期形成的方解石擦磨晶体,以及由断裂(裂隙)所围限的不同于周侧岩性的块体。古地震事件的研究不仅可以为恐龙蛋的埋藏作用提供信息,也可以为研究古地理和古构造背景提供信息。     

Basin evolution of the northern part of the Northeast German Basin — Insights from a 3D structural model

A 3D structural model for the entire southwestern Baltic Sea and the adjacent onshore areas was created with the purpose to analyse the structural framework and the sediment distribution in the area. The model was compiled with information from several geological time-isochore maps and digital depth maps from the area and consists of six post-Rotliegend successions: The Upper Permian Zechstein; Lower Triassic; Middle Triassic; Upper Triassic–Jurassic; Cretaceous and Cenozoic. This structural model was the basis for a 3D backstripping approach, considering salt flow as a consequence of spatially changing overburden load distribution, isostatic rebound and sedimentary compaction for each backstripping step in order to reconstruct the subsidence history in the region. This method allows determination of the amount of tectonic subsidence or uplifting as a consequence of the regional stress field acting on the basin and was followed by a correlation with periods of active salt movement. In general, the successions above the highly deformed Zechstein evaporites reveal a thickening trend towards the Glückstadt Graben, which also experienced the highest amount of tectonic subsidence during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Two periods of accelerating salt movement in the area has been correlated with the E–W directed extension during the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic and later by the Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic inversion, suggesting that the regional stress field plays a key role in halokinesis. The final part of this work dealt with a neotectonic forward modelling in an attempt to predict the future topography when the system is in a tectonic equilibrium. The result reveals that many of the salt structures in the region are still active and that future coastline will run with a WNW–ESE trend, arguing that the compressional stresses related to the Alpine collision are the prime factor for the present-day landscape evolution.     

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷与松辽盆地孤店CO2气田含片钠铝石砂岩的岩石学特征

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷南屯组与松辽盆地孤店CO₂气田泉头组发育大量含片钠铝石砂岩。通过偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、茜素红-S染色、X射线衍射、电子探针与INCA能谱分析等,对含片钠铝石砂岩的骨架碎屑组分、胶结物与自生矿物、成岩共生序列等岩石学特征进行了系统研究。研究表明,含片钠铝石砂岩的岩石类型为长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,粒度以细粒、细-中粒为主,分选差-中等。砂岩中胶结物主要为次生加大石英、自生石英、片钠铝石、铁白云石和粘土矿物。其中,片钠铝石最高可达砂岩总体积的22％在砂岩中或以放射状、束状、菊花状、杂乱毛发状、毛球状、板状等集合体充填孔隙,或呈束状和板状交代长石和岩屑。电子探针与INCA能谱综合分析表明,片钠铝石主要由Na、Al、O、C等组成。在含片钠铝石砂岩中,成岩共生序列依次为粘土矿物包壳-次生加大石英、自生石英、自生高岭石-油气充注-CO₂充注-片钠铝石-铁白云石。其中,CO₂注入前形成的自生矿物组合主要为次生加大石英、自生石英和自生高岭石,CO₂注入后形成的自生矿物组合主要为片钠铝石和铁白云石。