北京市蔬菜和菜地土壤砷含量及其健康风险分析

通过对北京市蔬菜和菜地土壤砷含量状况进行大规模调查,研究了蔬菜和土壤砷含量及其健康风险,并筛选出抗砷污染能力强的蔬菜品种。根据蔬菜的消费量并兼顾品种多样性的原则,在北京市规模化蔬菜栽培基地 (采集蔬菜及土壤样品) 和蔬菜批发市场 (蔬菜样品) 共采集93种蔬菜400多份蔬菜样品和39个土壤样品系统地分析其砷含量。研究发现：北京市菜地土壤砷含量范围和平均含量分别为4.44~25.3和9.40 mg/kg,明显超过北京市土壤砷背景值;北京市蔬菜砷含量最高达0.479 mg/kg,平均含量为0.028 mg/kg,均未超过《食品中砷限量卫生标准》(GB4810-94) 的限量值,但其中有2个蔬菜样品 (萝卜和大蒜) 砷含量超过WHO/FAO制订的限量标准。北京市蔬菜砷含量在东偏北方向 (偏转11^o-30^o) 存在明显的"U"型趋势分布。裸露地蔬菜砷含量显著高于设施蔬菜。油菜、萝卜、小白菜、大葱、芥菜、黄瓜、大白菜和甘蓝抗砷污染能力较弱,而辣椒、云架豆、冬瓜、茄子、菠菜、西红柿、芹菜等抗砷污染能力则较强。北京市居民从蔬菜中摄入砷平均值为0.016 mg/(人·d),蔬菜砷对北京市部分人群存在一定的健康风险。     

科尔沁沙地夏秋(6—9月)季不同类型沙丘土壤呼吸对气温变化的响应

 通过测定分析了科尔沁沙地6—9月不同生境（固定、半固定和流动沙丘）土壤呼吸速率的日动态、月际动态及其对气温变化的响应。结果表明：测定期平均土壤呼吸速率在各生境间存在显著差异,其大小为固定沙丘（2.35 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1）＞半固定沙丘（1.67 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1）＞流动沙丘（1.06 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1）;指数模型能够较好地揭示不同生境土壤呼吸对气温变化的响应,但土壤呼吸的月际动态与气温变化不完全同步;各生境土壤在高温环境下的Q10值(土壤呼吸对温度敏感程度)普遍低于低温环境下的Q₁₀值;固定、半固定和流动沙丘基于气温月际变化的Q₁₀值分别为2.34、1.99和1.31,表明不同的植被状况和土壤性质会影响到土壤呼吸对温度变化的敏感程度。     

乌梁素海氮污染及其空间分布格局

针对草型富营养化湖泊乌梁素海富营养化日趋严重和湿地面积逐渐萎缩的现实,本文系统地研究了TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N和Org-N在上覆水与沉积物中的分布规律。结果表明,上覆水中TN含量平均为1.78mg/L,且无机氮污染以NH4+-N为主,占无机氮总量的69%以上;表层沉积物中氮素的水平分布格局均体现出西高东低的经向分异特征并主要以Org-N的形式存在;表层沉积物中TN对底栖生物已经具有一定的生态毒性效应并正由最低级向严重级过渡;氮素在乌梁素海沉积剖面上均表现出随深度增加而含量递减的规律,表层0¹0cm的TN平均含量达到1.28g/kg,分别为10²2cm和22⁴0cm的1.6和1.9倍,揭示了乌梁素海富营养化进程加速始于20世纪90年代。     

北京市小麦籽粒的重金属含量及其健康风险分析

为评价北京市小麦重金属含量及其健康风险,采集北京市现有小麦种植区土壤和小麦籽粒对应样品68份,分析其重金属含量,并估算消费导致重金属摄入量。结果表明:北京市麦地土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均值分别为7.46、0.165、37.8、20.3、24.2、14.3和70.1mg/kg,处于比较清洁水平。这说明小麦种植这种土地利用方式并不会导致土壤重金属升高。小麦籽粒中重金属含量,除Cr与食品卫生标准限值没有显著性差异外,其他元素均显著低于相应标准限值。普通人群通过小麦制品消费,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的摄入量分别为0.005、0.004、0.136、0.994、0.041、0.024、4.75mg/人 · d。北京小麦种植的主要4个区中,顺义产小麦的Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb导致的重金属摄入量高于其他3个区,房山产小麦导致的重金属摄入量最低。对于普通人群而言,通过小麦和蔬菜摄入重金属没有明显风险。     

中国公路交通的重金属排放及其对土地污染的初步估算

本文研究了全国各省市机动车Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd排放总量和公路两侧土壤中Pb含量的分布及其面积。结果表明,东部发达省份机动车的重金属排放量较西部地区大。使用含铅汽油的1990~1996年期间,北京市公路两侧土壤中Pb的年输入量为2.48~3.17 mg/ (kg · a)、累积量为11.4 mg/kg;1997~2003年使用无铅汽油后,两者分别下降到0.26~0.29 mg/(kg · a)和1.30 mg/kg。公路两侧的土壤中Pb含量随垂直距离的外延呈指数形式下降。公路交通对道路两侧土壤产生严重和轻度Pb污染的范围分别为距公路0~10 m和10~65 m。2003年北京市和全国受公路交通Pb污染的土地面积为2310 km²和28900 km²。公路交通的重金属排放是导致我国土地污染的重要原因之一。     

盐水入侵下辽河口芦苇沼泽土壤甲烷排放的室内模拟研究

为了探究盐水入侵对辽河口芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽土壤CH_4排放通量的影响,在辽河口芦苇沼泽采集土壤样品,配制盐度为0.7‰、1.5‰、3‰和6‰的4种盐水,采用原状土芯模拟和静态箱-气相色谱法,分别测定4种盐度盐水入侵下,土壤CH_4排放通量、植物地上生物量、土壤溶解性有机碳和微生物量碳含量。研究结果表明,整个实验期间,在4种盐度盐水入侵下,土壤CH_4排放通量平均值分别为9.01 mg/(m~2·h)、6.80 mg/(m~2·h)、6.77 mg/(m~2·h)和5.34 mg/(m~2·h);实验结束后,土壤溶解性有机碳质量比分别为754.8 mg/kg、602.2 mg/kg、579.5mg/kg和288.3 mg/kg,土壤微生物量碳质量比分别为1 797.1 mg/kg、967.5 mg/kg、895.3 mg/kg和480.8 mg/kg;盐水的盐度升高显著降低了土壤CH_4排放通量、土壤溶解性有机碳含量和微生物量碳含量;土壤CH_4排放通量分别与土壤溶解性有机碳、微生物量碳含量显著正相关,与芦苇地上生物量不相关;在盐水入侵条件下,生源有效碳含量可能是限制芦苇沼泽土壤CH_4排放通量的关键因子。     

NaCl胁迫对骆驼蓬幼苗液泡膜H+-ATPase和H+-PPase活性的影响

 研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对骆驼蓬幼苗Na⁺、K⁺含量及液胞膜H⁺-ATP酶(H⁺-ATPase)和H⁺-焦磷酸酶(H⁺-PPase)活性的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫浓度的增加使骆驼蓬幼苗根、叶中的K⁺含量下降,Na+含量和Na+/K⁺比及K⁺对Na⁺的吸收和运输选择性增高;根、叶液胞膜H⁺-ATPase和H⁺-PPase活性升高,H⁺-ATP酶耦联比率无显著变化;根液胞膜依赖ATP和PPi的质子泵活性及Na⁺/H⁺逆向转运活性先升后降,叶依赖ATP的质子泵活性及Na⁺/H⁺逆向转运活性升高,依赖PPi的质子泵活性先升后降。说明液泡膜H⁺-ATPase和H⁺-PPase驱动的质子泵和Na⁺/H⁺逆向转运活性对Na+在液泡内的积累及其骆驼蓬的耐盐性起重要作用。     

盐度对三种荒漠植物渗透调节物质积累影响的研究

 以甘肃省河西走廊荒漠盐碱地生长的盐爪爪、罗布麻和苏枸杞为研究材料，测定了其在不同盐度下叶片几种渗透调节物质的含量和Na⁺、K⁺-ATPase活性。研究了3种荒漠植物对盐胁迫的生理响应及适应特征。研究结果表明，盐爪爪叶片的Na⁺/K⁺比和Na⁺+K⁺的总量均明显高于罗布麻和苏枸杞;土壤盐分增加，盐爪爪叶片的Na⁺、K⁺-ATPase活性增强，而罗布麻和苏枸杞叶片的Na⁺、K⁺-ATPase活性降低;盐爪爪可溶性糖分和脯氨酸的积累量均明显提高，而罗布麻和苏枸杞叶片可溶性糖分和脯氨酸的变化趋势不一致。可见盐爪爪对盐胁迫的耐受力和渗透调节力均强于罗布麻和苏枸杞。     

祁连山疏勒河源区冻土退化对土壤微生物生物量碳氮的影响

对青藏高原东北缘祁连山西段疏勒河源区多年冻土区0~50 cm土壤微生物生物量碳氮分布特征及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明:稳定型和极不稳定型多年冻土区0~50 cm土壤中微生物量碳含量范围分别为0.015~0.620 g/kg和0.019~0.411 g/kg,微生物量氮含量范围分别为0.644~12.770 mg/kg和0.207~3.725 mg/kg;土壤微生物量总体呈现出稳定型显著高于极不稳定型多年冻土,表明多年冻土退化（多年冻土由稳定型退化为极不稳定型）对土壤微生物量积累有明显抑制作用。土壤微生物生物量碳占有机碳、微生物生物量氮占全氮的比值在稳定型多年冻土中显著高于极不稳定型,表明多年冻土退化对土壤微生物的矿化能力有明显抑制作用。土壤微生物量及其与土壤养分的比值有显著的剖面变化特征,随土壤深度增加而减小。土壤微生物量碳氮均与土壤温度显著负相关,与地下生物量显著正相关。稳定型多年冻土中,土壤微生物量碳氮与碳氮比正相关、与氧化还原电位负相关;不稳定型多年冻土中,土壤微生物量碳氮与pH正相关。土壤微生物量碳氮与土壤温度和pH在剖面变化上显著相关。逐步回归分析表明驱动微生物生物量碳氮在不同多年冻土类型和土层之间变化的因子是不同的。     

纳帕海湿地土壤有机碳和微生物量碳研究

以纳帕海湿地天然沼泽、沼泽化草甸和草甸为研究对象,研究土壤有机碳和土壤微生物量碳含量的时空分布及其变化。结果表明,天然沼泽、沼泽化草甸和草甸0~40 cm深土层的平均有机碳含量在(18.02±0.24)~(258.44±3.37)g/kg之间变动;三者10~40 cm深土壤的各土层平均有机碳含量随着土壤深度增加在不断减小,且差异显著(p0.05);其土壤表层(0~10 cm)的平均微生物量碳含量都较高,分别为(446.23±98.72)mg/kg(沼泽化草甸)、(204.23±44.90)mg/kg(天然沼泽)和(158.64±65.24)mg/kg(草甸);三者0~40 cm深土层的微生物量碳含量差异明显,沼泽化草甸的微生物量碳含量最高,为940.00 mg/kg,天然沼泽次之,为472.23 mg/kg,草甸最低,为359.78 mg/kg;在垂直分布上,三者的土壤微生物量碳含量表现出与土壤有机碳含量一致的规律;土壤有机碳含量和土壤微生物量碳含量都与土壤含水量显著相关,表明纳帕海湿地土壤有机碳含量和土壤微生物量碳含量主要受土壤水分的影响,而人为疏干排水是导致土壤水分下降的诱因。     

东莞市农田土壤和蔬菜重金属的含量特征分析

从东莞市采集118 个农田土壤样品和43 个蔬菜样品, 测试其中Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、 Cd、As 和Hg 等8 种重金属元素的含量, 并结合GIS 制图和数据统计, 对农田土壤中重金属 的空间分布和来源、土壤和蔬菜中重金属的富集特征及其潜在风险进行了分析。结果表明, 农田土壤中Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cd 和Hg 等元素含量均高于相应元素的广东省土壤背景值, 其中, Pb (65.38 mg kg^-1) 和Hg (0.24 mg kg^-1) 含量分别为其对应背景值的1.82 和2.82 倍。与我国《土壤环境质量标准》中II 级标准(pH < 6.5) 相比, 土壤中Cu、Ni、Cd 和Hg 含量样本超标率分别为3.4%、5.9%、1.7%和28%, 表现为以Hg 为主的多种重金属共同污染。土壤 中8 种重金属中Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr 和As 等元素主要来源于成土母质, Pb、Hg 和Cd 等元素主要与人类活动有关。空间分布上, Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、As 和Hg 等7 种重金属含量呈现出西部高、东部低的特点, Cd 含量在西北部和东南部较高, 西南部较低。与《食品中污染物限量》(GB2762-2005) 等相关标准比较, 蔬菜中Ni、Pb 和As 含量的样本超标率分别为4.7%、16.3%和48.8%。蔬菜中重金属富集系数的顺序为: Cd > Zn > Cu > As > Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb。     

东莞市农田土壤和蔬菜重金属含量分析(英文)

A total of 118 of agricultural soil and 43 of vegetable samples were collected from Dongguan City,Guangdong,China. The spatial distribution,sources,accumulation charac-teristics and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were de-picted in details by three different approaches,including total contents of eight metal ele-ments in soils and vegetables,GIS maps and multivariate analysis of heavy metals in soils in the study. The results show that there are higher accumulation of heavy metals such as Cu,Zn,Ni,Pb,Cd and Hg in agricultural soils,and the contents of Pb (65.38 mg kg-1) and Hg (0.24 mg kg-1) are 1.82 and 2.82 times of the background contents of the corresponding heavy metals in soils of Guangdong Province,respectively. There are about 3.4% of Cu,5.9% of Ni,1.7% of Cd and 28% of Hg in all collected soil samples from all investigated sites which have overran the contents for heavy metals of the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995,Grade Ⅱ ). The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly reflected by Hg. There are different sources to eight metal elements in soils,Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr and As are predominantly derived from parent materials,and Pb,Hg and Cd are affected by anthropogenic activities. The spatial distribution shows that the Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr,Pb,As and Hg contents of agricultural soils are high in the west and low in the east,and Cd contents are high in the northwest,southeast and low in the southwest in Dongguan. The ratios of vegetable samples which Ni,Pb and As concentrations higher than the Maximum Levels of Con-taminants in Foods (GB2762-2005) are 4.7%,16.3% and 48.8%,respectively. The order of bio-concentration factors (BCF) of heavy metals in vegetables is Cd Zn Cu As Ni Hg Cr Pb. It is necessary to focus on potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and hu-man's health from agricultural soils and vegetables in Dongguan City,Guangdong Province.     

Heavy metal pollution of soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River, Hunan Province

A total of 219 agricultural soil and 48 vegetable samples were collected from the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River (the Hengyang–Changsha section) in Hunan Province. The accumulation characteristics, spatial distribution and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted. There are higher accu-mulations of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in agricultural soils, and the contents of Cd (2.44 mg kg-1), Pb (65.00 mg kg-1) and Zn (144.13 mg kg-1) are 7.97, 3.69 and 1.63 times the corresponding background contents in soils of Hunan Province, respectively. 13.2% of As, 68.5% of Cd, 2.7% of Cu, 2.7% of Ni, 8.7% of Pb and 15.1% of Zn in soil sam-ples from the investigated sites exceeded the maximum allowable heavy metal contents in the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995, Grade II). The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly due to Cd. The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in vegetable soils are significantly higher than the contents in paddy soils. 95.8%, 68.8%, 10.4% and 95.8% of vegetable samples exceeded the Maximum Levels of Contami-nants in Foods (GB2762-2005) for As, Cd, Ni and Pb concentrations, respectively. There are significantly positive correlations between the concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in vegetables and the concentrations in the corresponding vegetable soils (p<0.01). It is very necessary to focus on the potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human health in agricultural soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River, Hunan Province of China.     

湘江中下游农田土壤和蔬菜的重金属污染

A total of 219 agricultural soil and 48 vegetable samples were collected from the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River（the Hengyang-Changsha section）in Hunan Province.The accumulation characteristics,spatial distribution and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted.There are higher accumulations of heavy metals such as As,Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn in agricultural soils,and the contents of Cd（2.44 mg kg^-1 ）,Pb（65.00 mg kg^-1 ）and Zn（144.13 mg kg^-1 ）are 7.97,3.69 and 1.63 times the corresponding background contents in soils of Hunan Province,respectively. 13.2%of As,68.5%of Cd,2.7%of Cu,2.7%of Ni,8.7%of Pb and 15.1%of Zn in soil samples from the investigated sites exceeded the maximum allowable heavy metal contents in the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils（GB15618-1995,Grade Ⅱ）.The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly due to Cd.The contents of As,Cd,Cu,Pb and Zn in vegetable soils are significantly higher than the contents in paddy soils.95.8%, 68.8%,10.4%and 95.8%of vegetable samples exceeded the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods（GB2762-2005）for As,Cd,Ni and Pb concentrations,respectively.There are significantly positive correlations between the concentrations of Cd,Pb and Zn in vegetables and the concentrations in the corresponding vegetable soils（p〈0.01）.It is very necessary to focus on the potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human health in agricultural soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River,Hunan Province of China.     

湘江中下游农田土壤和蔬菜的重金属污染

从湖南省湘江中下游衡阳-长沙段沿岸采集219 个农田土壤样品和48 个蔬菜样品, 测 试其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn 等7 种重金属元素的含量, 并结合GIS 作图与数据统 计, 对农田土壤中重金属空间分布、土壤和蔬菜中重金属富集特征以及其潜在风险进行分析。 结果表明, 农田土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb 和Zn 含量均大于湖南省相应土壤重金属含量背 景值, Cd (2.44 mg kg^-1)、Pb (65.00 mg kg^-1)、Zn (144.13 mg kg^-1) 含量分别超标7.97、3.69 和 1.63 倍。与我国《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995) 中II 级标准(pH 6.5~7.5) 比较, 土壤 As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb 和Zn 含量的超标率分别为13.2%、68.5%、2.7%、2.7%、8.7%和 15.1%, 表现为以Cd 为主的多种重金属混合污染。菜地土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Pb 和Zn 的含 量( 几何均值) 分别高于水稻土As、Cd、Cu、Pb 和Zn 含量。与《食品中污染物限量》 (GB2762-2005) 等标准比较, 蔬菜As、Cd、Ni、Pb 含量的样本超标率分别为95.8%、68.8%、 10.4%和95.8%; 蔬菜Cd、Pb、Zn 含量与相应土壤的Cd、Pb、Zn 含量存在极显著的相关性 (P < 0.01)。湘江中下游的农田土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染的潜在风险值得关注。     

Heavy metal concentrations of agricultural soils and vegetables from Dongguan, Guangdong

A total of 118 of agricultural soil and 43 of vegetable samples were collected from Dongguan City, Guangdong, China. The spatial distribution, sources, accumulation characteristics and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted in details by three different approaches, including total contents of eight metal elements in soils and vegetables, GIS maps and multivariate analysis of heavy metals in soils in the study. The results show that there are higher accumulation of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Hg in agricultural soils, and the contents of Pb (65.38 mg kg?1) and Hg (0.24 mg kg?1) are 1.82 and 2.82 times of the background contents of the corresponding heavy metals in soils of Guangdong Province, respectively. There are about 3.4% of Cu, 5.9% of Ni, 1.7% of Cd and 28% of Hg in all collected soil samples from all investigated sites which have overran the contents for heavy metals of the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995, Grade Ⅱ). The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly reflected by Hg. There are different sources to eight metal elements in soils, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and As are predominantly derived from parent materials, and Pb, Hg and Cd are affected by anthropogenic activities. The spatial distribution shows that the Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, As and Hg contents of agricultural soils are high in the west and low in the east, and Cd contents are high in the northwest, southeast and low in the southwest in Dongguan. The ratios of vegetable samples which Ni, Pb and As concentrations higher than the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (GB2762-2005) are 4.7%, 16.3% and 48.8%, respectively. The order of bio-concentration factors (BCF) of heavy metals in vegetables is Cd > Zn > Cu > As > Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb. It is necessary to focus on potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human’s health from agricultural soils and vegetables in Dongguan City, Guangdong Province.     

锡林河流域羊草草原暗栗钙土矿质氮动态变化

通过野外采样,分析了内蒙古锡林河流域三个不同放牧强度羊草草原0～30cm表层土壤中矿质氮（NH₄⁺-N+NO₃^--N）的浓度特征,研究了它们在生长季期间的含量变化情况。结果表明:羊草草原暗栗钙土中矿质氮主要以NH₄⁺-N形式存在,矿质氮含量仅占土壤全氮的0.20%～0.92%;土壤矿质氮含量随草地放牧强度升高而降低,围封禁牧多年的羊草样地矿质氮含量高于轮牧地和自由放牧地;生长季期间0～10cm、10～20cm和20～30cm各层次土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量随土壤温度、水分和植物生长吸收的变化而波动明显,不同深度土壤矿质氮的季节变化趋势基本一致,表层0～10cm土壤矿质氮含量波动幅度最大:在4月和7、8月份,NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度分别出现峰值;NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量随采样深度增加而降低,各采样点0～30cm土壤中NH₄⁺-N含量均高于NO₃^--N。     

土地利用方式对白浆土氧化甲烷的影响

白浆土在不同土地利用方式下CH4氧化潜力存在显著差异。天然草甸表层土氧化大气CH4的潜力最大,如果被开垦成人工林、旱田和水田,则氧化潜力分别降低64%、98%和117%。土壤透气性下降,甲烷氧化细菌数量减少以及活性降低,可能是土地利用方式改变后白浆土氧化CH4潜力下降的主要原因。白浆土氧化大气CH4潜力具有明显的垂直分异:草甸和林地土壤氧化大气CH4的潜力随着土壤深度的增加而减小;旱田土壤中耕作层下残存的有机质含量较高的层次仍保留了较强的氧化大气CH4潜力,氧化CH4速率是耕作层的13倍;即使是在大气中培养,水田土壤整个剖面仍排放CH4,最低层CH4排放率最小。供试白浆土氧化大气CH4速率与土壤有机碳、碱解氮和全氮含量显著正相关,与pH和土壤含水量(%WHC)负相关。在一定的温度和水分条件下,土壤有机碳含量是决定白浆土氧化大气CH4速率的一个最重要因素。