半干旱地区泥石流沟道地形要素关联度评价：以神府—东胜矿区人为泥 …

在神府－－东胜态和区人为泥石流沟道广泛野外调查的基础上,选取了４３条典型泥石流样沟,在１：１００００地形图及其卫片上进行了形态要素量测,应用流域地貌分析原理,对４３条样沟各形态要素进行了剖析及关联度评价,并进行了泥流沟道发育阶段的信息维分析,所得结论为：为干旱地区的人为泥充沟道地势比沿持续干旱为主以形成区比降最大,区别于自然泥石流沟道;沟道分区面积比以汇海淀区面积最大,明显区别于湿润地区,流域形状     

小秦岭金矿区人为泥石流

１９９４－０７－１１小秦岭金矿区西峪内发生重大人为泥石流，造成５１人死亡，数百人失踪，经济损失巨大．西峪内集体和个体矿点乱弃废石，堵塞沟道，在暴雨激发下，形成泥石流．目前矿区滥采、乱堆仍十分严重，部分沟段又被废石所堵塞，可能会再发生人为泥石流．     

Connected Degree Evaluation on Watershed Topography Factors of Man-made Debris Flow Gully in Semiarid Area

在神府—东胜矿区人为泥石流沟道广泛野外调查的基础上,选取了43条典型泥石流样沟,在1∶10 000地形图及卫片上进行了形态要素量测,应用流域地貌分析原理,对43条样沟各形态要素进行了剖析及关联度评价,并进行了泥石流沟道发育阶段的信息维分析,所得结论为半干旱地区的人为泥石流沟道地势比沿程变化奇特,以形成区比降最大,区别于自然泥石流沟道;沟道分区面积比以汇水区面积最大,明显区别于湿润地区;流域形状以扇形为主,沟道给养面积较大,崎岖系数不甚太大是半干旱地区人为泥石流沟道的独特之处,泥石流沟道发育以幼、青年期为主,最后得出了以沟道比降为主因子的各形态要素的主次排序。     

半干旱地区泥石流沟道地形要素关联度评价——以神府-东胜矿区人为泥石流沟为例

在神府-东胜矿区人为泥石流沟道广泛野外调查的基础上,选取了43条典型泥石流样沟,在1:10000地形图及卫片上进行了形态要素量测,应用流域地貌分析原理,对43条样沟各形态要素进行了剖析及关联度评价,并进行了泥石流沟道发育阶段的信息维分析,所得结论为:半干旱地区的人为泥石流沟道地势比沿程变化奇特,以形成区比降最大,区别于自然泥石流沟道;沟道分区面积比以汇水区面积最大,明显区别于湿润地区;流域形状以扇形为主,沟道给养面积较大,崎岖系数不甚太大是半干旱地区人为泥石流沟道的独特之处,泥石流沟道发育以幼、青年期为主,最后得出了以沟道比降为主因子的各形态要素的主次排序。     

冷渍沟泥石流成因分析及危险性评价

为研究冷渍沟泥石流发育特征及沟道危险性分区,采用现场调查结合室内软件模拟的方法。在获取流域DEM、降雨数据及泥石流容重等模拟参数信息后,利用Massflow等软件,反演了冷渍沟泥石流的运动状态,划分了沟道危险区范围,模拟得出泥石流最大泥深7.5 m,最大流速8.55 m/s,泥石流高危险区占77%。结合目前沟道泥石流发育特征及模拟结果,分析得出：冷渍沟暴发更大规模泥石流的可能性极大;沟道高危险区域较大,应加快工程治理。     

动床条件下粘性泥石流沟道淤积实验研究

泥石流淤积是危害建筑物的主要方式之一.为了探讨动床条件下泥石流沟道淤积规律,开展了不同泥石流重度、不同沟床物质重度、不同沟道坡度以及不同泥石流总量共4组单次淤积实验和1组不同沟道坡度下的泥石流连续淤积实验.实验结果表明,单次淤积时,泥石流淤积厚度随着沟道坡度的增加而减小,随着泥石流重度的增大而增大,随泥石流总量的增大而增大,受沟床物质重度变化的影响较小;连续淤积时,随着沟道坡度的增加,第2次淤积相对于第1次淤积结果依次表现为完全淤积、冲淤交替以及完全冲刷,且冲刷始于沟道前缘,逐渐向后缘发展.在分析泥石流淤积厚度的影响因素基础上,通过回归分析建立了动床条件下粘性泥石流沟道淤积厚度的经验预测公式:H=0.005x+ (1.63E-11)e(rc)-0.003ln(sinθ) +0.22V-0.02.     

泥石流沟道汇流对堆积危险范围影响的数值模拟研究

利用离散元法和图形处理器（GPU）并行计算手段建立泥石流运动堆积模型,以自然界沟道泥石流汇流后运动堆积特征及危险范围作为模拟参照,利用所构建的泥石流流通槽完成沟道泥石流不同交汇角汇流模拟试验和堆积危险范围预测,实现了泥石流沟道汇流的可视化模拟和数值模拟。试验结果表明,可视化模拟能够模拟出自然界中泥石流自流通区运动汇流后产生堆积的运动特征;数值模拟实现了锐角条件下仅考虑单因素即沟道交汇角对泥石流堆积危险范围影响的模拟试验。此外,利用GPU并行计算的优势可用于模拟大规模泥石流汇流现象,模型的可扩展性为泥石流汇流堆积危险范围分析向更为复杂的地理环境模拟奠定基础。     

灰色理论在舟曲南屿沟泥石流灾害危险性评价中的应用研究

为分析不同因素对泥石流灾害危险性的影响程度,基于对舟曲南屿沟泥石流灾害影响因素调查结果总结和分析,利用灰色理论分析了泥石流灾害危险性与影响因素间关联程度,并建立了其预判模型。结果表明：沟岸坡度、沟道堵塞程度及冲淤变幅,沟道平均纵坡降和长度,沟道内植被覆盖率、流域面积及人口密度,松散固体物源量和灾害点密度等因素的影响程度较接近;相同区域内不同沟道泥石流灾害危险性程度受沟岸坡度、沟道堵塞程度、冲淤变幅、沟道平均纵坡降及长度等因素影响显著;基于自然和人为因素建立了泥石流灾害易发程度预估模型,其能够为区域内泥流灾害防治工作部署提供依据。     

栾川“7·24”暴雨泥石流启动模式分类

2010年7月河南省栾川县连续降雨达半月之久,24日又突降大暴雨,导致县境内暴发区域性泥石流(简称“7·24”暴雨泥石流),全县14个乡镇普遍受灾,死亡68人、失踪21人,直接经济损失约19.8亿元.为给当地政府提供合理的泥石流防治建议,对栾川县“7·24”暴雨泥石流中31个灾害点进行了野外调查并进行了工程地质分析.调查发现,此次栾川县暴雨泥石流类型丰富,泥流、泥石流及水石流均有发育;地貌上看,泥石流多属于坡面型,水石流基本上为沟谷型.同时,因栾川县采矿业发达,矿渣型泥石流发育十分典型,且大多为尾矿坝溃决所致.鉴于栾川“7·24”暴雨泥石流范围大、类型多的特点,若按规范分类则很难提供针对性的泥石流防治建议,而若按启动模式分类则能在防治建议中对症下药.因此结合前人研究成果和此次调查分析结论,按启动模式将栾川县泥石流划分为7种类型,分别为:沟道拖拽-溃决型、沟道冲切-崩滑型、冲击液化型、坡面崩滑型、坡面冲刷-沟道启动型、尾矿溃决型及其复合型.同时,对7种类型中典型泥石流点的启动模式进行了详细分析.     

基于无人机测量的泥石流固体颗粒图像识别与泥石流预警

强震导致崩塌与滑坡碎屑物在泥石流流域内广泛堆积,挤压侵占天然沟道,完全改变了沟床物源级配构成,泥石流激发降雨临界值急剧降低。震后泥石流物源粒径和沟道宽度的变化直接改变了震后泥石流启动过程及机制。泥石流预警模型并未考虑震后泥石流物源组成的动态变化作为主控因素,需要进一步改进。本文现场调查了泸定9·5地震后泥石流沟的形成区及流通堆积区松散堆积物组成,采用无人机航测采集岩土粒径,结合PCAS软件进行泥石流粒径识别,分别通过系统误差、高度误差及坡度误差三个方面进行误差分析,探讨无人机航测泥石流形成区沟道粒径方法的准确性;对泸定大渡河流域得妥乡内的洛进沟和两岔河沟进行粒径测量,结合泥石流1 h预报模型和改进的精细化泥石流1 h预报模型,得到这两条沟震前震后的综合降雨临界值,发现强震后泥石流流域颗粒粒径明显减小,两条泥石流沟的激发临界降雨量都大幅降低;通过误差分析,得到无人机近地观测结合软件测量研究区域内泥石流沟道形成区物源粒径的方法与人工现场测量之间的误差较小,可以用于泥石流物源粒径识别,且由于强震后泥石流的激发降雨临界值是一个动态变化过程,采用无人机可以高效识别泥石流沟道物源的变化。     

Hydrogeologic Behavior of an Alluvial Aquifer,Salta Province,Argentina: Simulations of Hydraulic Conductivity Field,Groundwater Flow,and Chloride Migration

This work was designed to analyze the hydrogeological behavior of an alluvial aquifer in the River Mojotoro basin site in the Province of Salta, Argentina. The study area presents coarse-grained sediments with high infiltration capacity. The hydraulic conductivity field is affected by the physical heterogeneity of the medium and a geostatistical method, kriging, was used to construct this field from local measurements. The groundwater flow velocity field is computed using a hybrid mixed finite-element method and small variations in the flow directions were determined. Given the existence of a point source of chloride in the region under study, the spatial distribution of the generated plume in the saturated zone is analyzed. The advection-diffusion equation describing the transport of chloride in vertical and horizontal cross-sectional planes of the aquifer is discretized employing a method of characteristics combined with a mixed finite-element procedure, which provides an efficient method to eliminate spurious numerical oscillations and handle the convective term in the equation. The migration of chloride shows patterns, which are affected by the litologic heterogeneities of the aquifer and the regional groundwater flow.     

Gravitational field routing strategy considering the distribution of traffic flow

Traffic flow transmission is a constantly important aspect of complex networks, geographical information science, and other science and engineering fields. Previous studies have shown that vehicle flow is more strongly correlated with morphological properties of streets than those of axial lines. In addition, street-based topological representations are more suitable for vehicle flow prediction, as well as more memory-oriented and global in nature. In this study, we construct a dual graph to represent the street–street relationship and propose a routing strategy for networks on the basis of gravitational field theory. We aim to diminish traffic congestion and enhance the transmission performance of networks. We borrow from gravitational field theory in establishing a gravitational field stimulated by a node in packet transmission and in defining the corresponding gravitational field equation. On the basis of this study, we present a mathematical model and a routing strategy. Experimental results indicate that compared with the shortest path routing strategy, the proposed method considerably enhances network capacity and effectively balances network traffic flow, especially for congested networks. We achieve critical gravitation that can always maximize network capacity, regardless of the values of other parameters.     

排导结构中泥石流的流动形态

根据能量守恒原理，推导出泥石流在排导槽中的能量方程。根据此方程，可求出泥石流在排导槽中任意横断面的平均流速。对方程涉及的各参数进行了深入的讨论，首次引入泥石流对一般水体的修正系数K。并把该成果应用于平川泥石流的治理。     

山区河流准三维水沙输运与河床演变模拟

在渠道水力学和河流动力学研究的基础上，对不规则河流形态下的纵向流速分布和弯道水流进行了讨论，并分析了任意断面和垂线位置的流场计算公式。在综合各种泥沙动力学研究成果基础之上，探讨了在天然河流中的悬移质输沙能力与沉积条件，分析了河床质起动的控制性因素及推移质输沙方程。提出了受冲淤影响的河床质粒径组成和动态递推公式。结合这些流场与泥沙计算方法及河床形态调整技术，作者提出一个准三维河流动力学模型。该模型只需要河流几何形状、人流条件以及泥沙级配参数，能够模拟出不规则几何形态的河道断面流速分布及平面流场分布，并且对于弯道水流特征与泥沙输送一沉积特征也能得到较好的表现。该模型是对有关河流演变理论和实验成果的综合应用，为研究山区高含沙水流下的河床变形以及洪水演进提供了强有力的工具。     

资勒沟泥石流灾害及特征

1987年6月5日晨,资勒沟暴发了一场灾害性泥石流,沟口的公路桥和凉红道班被摧毁,致使5名道班工人死亡。该沟是一条暴发频率很低的泥石流沟。这场泥石流是由局地暴雨激发而引起的,雨强为55.2毫米/小时。泥石流为粘性,容重2.18吨/立方米,最大流量352.1立方米/秒,最大流速10—12米/秒,总冲出物方量约8万—9万立方米。     

山洪泥石流灾害预报预警技术述评

山洪泥石流灾害一直都是山区人民的心头之患，严重威胁着山区人民的生命财产安全。山洪泥石流灾害预报预防，是21世纪我国山丘区防灾减灾的一个重要战略方向。文章通过对国内外大量文献资料的综合分析，评价了目前国内外最具典型的山洪泥石流灾害空间预报技术、时间预报技术以及预警系统开发等预报预警技术，并指出了未来山洪泥石流灾害预报预警技术的发展趋势。     

贡嘎山东坡磨西河流域泥石流暴发的临界雨量值初探

在实地调查和前人研究的基础上,查明了贡嘎山东坡磨西河流域内泥石流沟的分布状况、暴发规律及危害特征等;并根据近20年来流域内发生的典型泥石流灾害,分析了泥石流发生前的降雨过程,发现磨西河流域内泥石流发生的当日雨量和前6 d有效雨量之间具有明显的幂函数关系,据此以泥石流发生的当日雨量和前6 d有效雨量为指标,初步探讨了磨西河流域内泥石流暴发的雨量值。     

Three-dimensional structure of flow at a confluence of river channels with discordant beds

This paper presents three-dimensional data of the mean and turbulent structure of flow collected at a natural confluence of rivers with discordant beds to (1) describe the three-dimensional flow field of a natural junction of channels; (2) assess the role of changes in bed morphology occurring during transport-effective events on the structure of flow at a confluence; and (3) examine how the three-dimensional structure of flow varies with changes in the ratio of momentum flux between the two confluent streams. Three-dimensional measurements of velocity were reconstructed from the measurements obtained with an array of four, two-component electromagnetic current meters. Six detailed velocity profiles were taken at five cross-sections in a wide range of flow conditions. The mean field of flow is characterised by (1) the acceleration of flow in the downstream portion of the post-confluence channel, but by lower velocities upstream in the mixing layer area; (2) a stagnation zone at the apex of the junction; (3) a zone of flow deviation, and strong fluid upwelling, close to the avalanche face and at the margin of the tributary mouth bar; and (4) reduced velocities over the depositional bar at the downstream junction corner. The position and extent of these zones vary with changes in the ratio of momentum flux. Very high intensity of turbulence (peaks up to 50%) and turbulent kinetic energy were observed in the mixing layer region. Distortion of the mixing layer, characteristic of flow where bed discordance is present between the two tributary channels, was evident from mean and turbulent flow data. This field study suggests that the effects of bed discordance on flow, sediment transport, and the resultant bed morphology must be incorporated into conceptual and numeric models of these sites of complex flow.     

A new theoretical treatment of compaction and the advective-diffusive processes in sediments: a reviewed basis for radiometric dating models

Classical treatment of mass conservation of solids in growing sediments states an advection-diffusion equation for the bulk sediment density. Thus, the diffusion coefficient has to account for elemental processes of exchange of solid particles by pore water or reciprocally. Nevertheless, in a gravity field, these exchanges are forced and cannot be treated as diffusion but as mass flow. A compaction potential energy is defined so that its spatial gradients force a mass flow involving a conductivity function. This leads to a more consistent definition of mass sedimentation rates and to a writing of the continuity equation for density involving only an advection term. Typical bulk density profiles show an asymptotic increase with depth. With the present formulation, this can be obtained as a steady-state solution under constant sedimentation rate and constant conductivity, while the classical formulation fails to do it. Alternatively, it can be found that under these conditions, the compaction potential is a linear function of the bulk density. The mass flow due to compaction and the compaction potential are found for several sediment cores from literature data. From this basis, the advection-diffusion equation for a particle-associated tracer is rewritten. In particular, when the mass flow term due to compaction is considered, the resulting sub-grid scale processes lead to a different formulation of the diffusive fluxes: they are proportional to the gradients of specific concentration in solids instead of the concentration per unit bulk volume. This new formulation is most suitable to find out analytical solutions for radiometric dating models involving mixing and compaction. Numerical solutions are found for the new and the classical treatment for some particular cases to illustrate differences.     

Three-dimensional massively parallel electromagnetic inversion—I. Theory

An iterative solution to the non-linear 3-D electromagnetic inverse problem is obtained by successive linearized model updates using the method of conjugate gradients. Full wave equation modelling for controlled sources is employed to compute model sensitivities and predicted data in the frequency domain with an efficient 3-D finite-difference algorithm. Necessity dictates that the inverse be underdetermined, since realistic reconstructions require the solution for tens of thousands of parameters. In addition, large-scale 3-D forward modelling is required and this can easily involve the solution of over several million electric field unknowns per solve. A massively parallel computing platform has therefore been utilized to obtain reasonable execution times, and results are given for the 1840-node Intel Paragon. The solution is demonstrated with a synthetic example with added Gaussian noise, where the data were produced from an integral equation forward-modelling code, and is different from the finite difference code embedded in the inversion algorithm