中国山地灾害研究进展与未来应关注的科学问题

本文首先简要回顾了山地灾害研究与防治方面的新进展：认识了山地灾害的空间分布规律,建立了山洪、泥石流、滑坡危险性评价方法;发展了滑坡稳定性分析的原理和计算方法,建立了泥石流流体应力本构关系、泥石流流速流量和冲击力计算公式、粘性泥石流起动模型,提出了山洪和泥石流规模放大效应;基于降雨和地面成灾环境要素耦合分析,发展了山地灾害气象预报方法;基于对灾害物理特性的认识,研发了一系列灾害监测预警仪器、数字流域平台与智能手机网络相结合的山洪预警系统;发展了灾害治理工程技术,形成了适合欠发达地区特点的灾害治理技术体系。在此基础上,分析了在灾害形成、运动、预测预报、防治技术和风险管理等方面还需要进一步深化研究的问题,提出山地灾害学科今后面临的任务。最后,针对国家减灾需求和学科发展目标,提出灾害对生态的响应机制、气候变化对山地灾害的影响与巨灾预测、水—土耦合的细观结构力学、灾害风险的理论与方法、基于灾害形成理论的机理预报模式、灾害防治技术规程的健全等未来应该关注的科学技术问题。     

不同时空尺度的泥石流预报技术体系

降水诱发的泥石流是我国主要的泥石流灾害类型。降水是该类泥石流灾害预报的关键动态因子,不同的降水监测和预报技术与方法决定了泥石流预报的不同时空尺度。分析了不同降水监测和预报技术的时空尺度和时空分辨率,并以此为基础,结合下垫面条件分析,建立了不同时空尺度的泥石流预报体系框架:大中区域泥石流预报(数值天气预报)─中小区域泥石流预报(多普勒天气雷达)─单沟泥石流预报(多普勒天气雷达和地面降水遥测)。具体的技术体系包括下垫面条件分析、降水监测和预报方法以及预报结果的表述与发布。     

地貌灾害预测预报的基本问题——以泥石流预测预报为例

从地貌灾害的定义入手，阐述了地貌灾害预测预报需要解决的四个基本问题、解决这四个问题的二种途径，以及进行预测预报的四种方法。以泥石流为例，论述了泥石流预测预报的现状及其热点、难点和可能的突破点，以及目前和今后一段时期的切人点和研究重点。综述了国内外对泥石流小尺度空间预测，规模预测，时间预测，包括重现期预测、降雨预测和危险度预测的一系列有实用价值的经验公式及其在应用中存在的问题。阐明了灾害评价和预测预报在灾害学研究中的重要地位。     

山地地质灾害气象等级预报(预警)模型应用

浙江省是一个山地地质灾害多发地区,这些灾害包括泥石流、滑坡、崩塌等,它们的发生大多与降水有关。在分析浙江省地质灾害发生规律的基础上,探讨了地质灾害气象等级预报(预警)模型的主要结构、功能和特点,重点讨论了该模型在台风强降水引发的地质灾害预报(预警)中的应用情况。该模型应用于0414号台风“云娜”、0418号台风“艾利”影响期间浙江省地质灾害的预报(预警),取得了较好的效果。     

暴雨山洪灾害预警方法研究进展

暴雨山洪灾害预警是中小流域山洪灾害防控体系的薄弱环节,也是决定山洪灾害防控成败的关键。论文围绕山洪灾害预警的核心问题,从中国山洪灾害区域差异特征、山洪灾害预警技术方法、山洪灾害概率预警现状3个方面进行了综述。中国山洪灾害分布存在明显的时空差异,因此有必要根据山洪灾害的区域差异发展有针对性的预警方法。以临界雨量为指标的雨量预警是目前中国中小流域暴雨山洪灾害预警的主要技术手段,但常规方法仅给出一个(组)确定的临界雨量阈值,导致预警结果存在突出的不确定性问题。概率预警可以定量评估诸多不确定性,给出山洪灾害概率预警结果,因此具备很好的理论优势与潜在应用价值。论文展望了山洪灾害概率预警未来的研究重点与方向：(1)充分挖掘暴雨洪水样本信息,开展山洪灾害概率预警基础方法与技术集成研究;(2)加强非平稳性条件下的临界雨量阈值估算与山洪灾害概率预警研究;(3)综合考虑预警阈值发生概率及其致灾概率,优化“多级预警、多级响应”技术方法,推进山洪灾害综合预警业务系统建设与应用。     

河西走廊山洪灾害危险度区划

探究河西走廊山洪灾害危险性分布特征,可为该地区山洪灾害监测、预警和防治工程规划提供科学支持,对保障地区人民生命财产安全具有重要的社会意义。从河西走廊山洪灾害防治及预警角度出发,根据河西走廊山洪灾害发生的机制,选取高程标准差、坡度、植被覆盖度、降水、河网密度、泥石流沟密度6个影响因子,以Arc GIS和IDRISI为平台,构建河西走廊山洪灾害危险度区划多准则决策支持模型,完成了河西走廊山洪灾害危险度区划图。结果表明:河西走廊山洪灾害危险度与6个危险因子是函数关系。其中,高程标准差、坡度和植被覆盖度与危险度呈多项式分布,降水、河网密度和泥石流沟密度则与危险度成正相关性;河西走廊山洪灾害极高度危险区460 km~2,占研究区总面积的3.12%;高度危险区1383.76 km~2,占研究区总面积的7.54%;中度危险区2166.85 km~2,占研究区总面积的11.26%;低度危险区154 787.63 km~2,占研究区总面积的65.01%;极低度危险区33 847.89 km~2,占研究区总面积的13.07%。     

山洪泥石流风险评估与风险管理理论与方法

山洪泥石流是中国常见的自然灾害,充分认识其形成机制与潜在风险是防灾减灾的关键。本文阐述了山洪泥石流形成机理,以及风险分析与管理的方法和内容,系统认识了地表产流流量激增、土体破坏物质供给激增、沟道堵塞体级联溃决流量放大和动床侵蚀规模增大等4个山洪泥石流的形成过程,介绍了基于动力过程的山洪泥石流风险评估方法和承灾体易损性评估方法,构建了基于灾害动力过程的风险评估与风险制图方法。进而,基于风险评估结果,提出可用于具体灾害点减灾的风险管理内容和风险调控技术、灾害防治的工程与非工程措施与制技术方案。最后,重点讨论了包括灾害风险预测、临灾预案、灾害防治工程方案等内容的风险处置对策,并形成一套基于山洪泥石流动力过程的风险评估与风险管理理论与方法体系。     

山地研究 泥石流与滑坡

X432007010216四川省山区城镇山洪灾害特征分析=Analysis of characters of torrent disasters in the towns of the mountain areas,Sichuan,China/高延超,何杰…∥成都理工大学学报.自然科学版.—2006,33(1).—84~89四川省山区城镇山洪灾害分为溪河洪水、泥石流、溪河洪水 泥     

基于3S技术的河北省泥石流灾害预测模型研究

河北省是泥石流灾害发育活跃的地区之一,具有发生面广、点多及突发性和毁灭性较强等特点,危害较严重。利用3S技术分析太行山区、燕山山区泥石流发育特征,评估泥石流灾害的危险性,并根据评估结果建立泥石流灾害预测模型,为提高泥石流灾害预测以及防灾减灾提供技术支撑和研究思路。     

呼和浩特:地质灾害预警信息将通过手机发送

5月1日起,内蒙古呼和浩特市国土资源局启动汛期地质灾害气象预警预报工作,预报预警对象为降雨诱发区域的突发性地质灾害,以泥石流、滑坡和崩塌为主。据了解,地质灾害气象预警预报信息通过手机短信形式发布到市、旗县区乡     

A study on the early—warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system’s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system's performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN)real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system′s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

云南滑坡泥石流灾害的气象成因与监测

根据云南滑坡泥石流灾害资料，分析了其形成环境与分布特征，给出了典型降水滑坡泥石流灾害事件，研究了滑坡泥石流灾害与气象环境的关系。云南滑坡泥石流灾害主要出现在盛夏7～8月，主要影响天气系统有切变线、冷锋、西风槽、西南涡、孟加拉湾风暴、南海西行台风和两高辐合区。诱发滑坡泥石流灾害的前期降水类型有3种，即暴雨型，中～大雨型和连阴雨型。得出了云南滑坡泥石流发生的区域临界雨量指标，提出了滑坡泥石流灾害的气象监测预警方法。     

云南金省沙江流域滑坡泥石流灾害区划研究

滑坡泥石流灾害区划是自然灾害区划体系中的重要部分。选取11个指标,运用模糊聚类方法进行了云南金沙江流域滑坡泥石流灾害区划,将该流域划分为3个滑坡泥石流灾害区、9个滑坡泥石流灾害亚区,揭示了该流域滑坡泥石流灾害的地域差异性,为因地制宜地制定滑坡泥石流灾害防治规划及减灾防灾措施提供了科学依据。     

灰色理论在舟曲南屿沟泥石流灾害危险性评价中的应用研究

为分析不同因素对泥石流灾害危险性的影响程度，基于对舟曲南屿沟泥石流灾害影响因素调查结果总结和分析，利用灰色理论分析了泥石流灾害危险性与影响因素间关联程度，并建立了其预判模型。结果表明：沟岸坡度、沟道堵塞程度及冲淤变幅，沟道平均纵坡降和长度，沟道内植被覆盖率、流域面积及人口密度，松散固体物源量和灾害点密度等因素的影响程度较接近；相同区域内不同沟道泥石流灾害危险性程度受沟岸坡度、沟道堵塞程度、冲淤变幅、沟道平均纵坡降及长度等因素影响显著；基于自然和人为因素建立了泥石流灾害易发程度预估模型，其能够为区域内泥流灾害防治工作部署提供依据。     

泥石流易发区灾害可接受程度对比研究 ——以云南东川和甘肃舟曲为例

以云南东川和甘肃舟曲两个泥石流易发区为例,通过问卷调查和统计分析,对比两地区公众对泥石流灾害后果关注程度和对泥石流灾害可接受程度及其影响因素的异同。研究结果表明：① 东川公众最关注财产损失,舟曲公众最关注疾病发生,两地区公众对环境破坏和房屋损失的关注程度都较高。② 东川公众对泥石流灾害发生次数（简称次数）和每年愿意支付的防灾保险费用（简称保险费用）可接受程度高的人数百分比高于舟曲公众;舟曲公众对泥石流灾害提前预告时间（简称预告时间）、居住地到泥石流灾害点距离（简称距离）可接受程度高的人数百分比高于东川公众。③ 两地区公众对 “次数”的可接受程度最低,对“保险费用”的可接受程度最高,对“预告时间”和“距离”的可接受程度中等。④ 两地区公众对泥石流灾害可接受程度有共同影响的因素包括：年龄对“距离”的影响,性别对“次数”和“距离”的影响,文化程度对“预告时间”和“保险费用”的影响,收入对“次数”“距离”和“保险费用”的影响。其它影响泥石流可接受程度的因素,两地区公众各有差异。     

中国2004年泥石流灾害特点及其对减灾的启示

分析了我国2004年成灾特点,大陆首次出现大规模的大风泥石流,在植被较好的地区仍然有泥石流发生,年内同一地区多次成灾增大了灾害损失,建筑选址不当是造成人员死亡的一个重要原因,低频性泥石流常造成严重灾害.受上述成灾特点的启示,提出在进行潜在泥石流判识时要慎重对待植被较好的区域,注重对低频泥石流的防范,在建筑物选址时应注意潜在泥石流危害,加强重大工程建设区泥石流灾害的预警,建立群测群防体系,进行监测预警,制定临灾预案,发展灾害保险业务以分担灾害风险等减灾对策.     

Detailed debris flow hazard assessment in Andorra: A multidisciplinary approach

In many mountainous areas, the rapid development of urbanisation and the limited space in the valley floors have created a need to construct buildings in zones potentially exposed to debris flow hazard. In these zones, a detailed and coherent hazard assessment is necessary to provide an adequate urban planning. This article presents a multidisciplinary procedure to evaluate the debris flow hazard at a local scale. Our four-step approach was successfully applied to five torrent catchments in the Principality of Andorra, located in the Pyrenees. The first step consisted of a comprehensive geomorphologic and geologic analysis providing an inventory map of the past debris flows, a magnitude–frequency relationship, and a geomorphologic–geologic map. These data were necessary to determine the potential initiation zones and volumes of future debris flows for each catchment. A susceptibility map and different scenarios were the principal outcome of the first step, as well as essential input data for the second step, the runout analysis. A one-dimensional numerical code was applied to analyse the scenarios previously defined. First, the critical channel sections in the fan area were evaluated, then the maximum runout of the debris flows on the fan was studied, and finally simplified intensity maps for each defined scenario were established. The third step of our hazard assessment was the hazard zonation and the compilation of all the results from the two previous steps in a final hazard map. The base of this hazard map was the hazard matrix, which combined the intensity of the debris flow with its probability of occurrence and determined a certain hazard degree. The fourth step referred to the hazard mitigation and included some recommendations for hazard reduction. In Andorra, this four-step approach is actually being applied to assess the debris flow hazard. The final hazard maps, at 1 : 2000 scale, provide an obligatory tool for local land use planning. Experience achieved during the study showed that the collaboration between geologists, geomorphologists, engineers, and decision makers is essential and that only a multidisciplinary approach allows for solving all the problems of such a complex process as debris flows. Finally, we propose that our approach may be applied to other mountainous areas, adapting the hazard matrix to new local conditions.