乌鲁木齐国际机场对流云和雷暴天气分析

利用逐时实测资料和历史天气图资料,对１９８６￣１９９５年乌鲁木齐国际机志的对流云和雷暴天气的气候特征进行了统计分析,给出了机场对流云、雷暴天气的年变化、日变化特征和天气形势,为机场对流云和暴天气的预报提供了气候依据。     

基于探空资料的绵阳机场雷暴潜势预报方法

本文利用绵阳机场2010～2014年逐时气象观测资料、温江站探空资料与绵阳市闪电定位仪资料,通过探空资料计算各对流参数与雷暴发生的相关系数,筛选相关系数高的对流参数作为预报因子,并探讨各预报因子的物理意义。分别用事件概率回归(REEP)、Fisher判别分析以及指标叠加三种方法制作雷暴潜势预报,其中指标叠加法CSI评分最高,并且可以通过累加值N的大小来确定雷暴发生概率。用指标叠加法试报机场2015年6～8月雷暴,临界成功指数CSI=52.9%,击中率POD=81.8%,利用该方法对绵阳机场周边(市辖区范围)航路上的雷暴也有较好的预报能力。      

对流温度在北京夏季局地热力对流云分析中的应用

利用北京近郊地区南苑机场1990-2000年6-8月观测资料,分析了北京夏季对流云出现日数、出现时间、云底高、生命史等基本特征;利用北京站1995-2000年6-8月常规探空资料,分析了北京夏季对流温度和对流凝结高度的特征,尝试用对流温度预报对流云的出现,用对流凝结高度预报对流云的云高。结果表明:对流温度在局地热力对流云的预报中具有一定的指示意义,对流凝结高度能在一定程度上反映出对流云的云高。有对流云时,对流温度与实测温度之差在4℃以内的,占对流云总数的80%。在对流温度与实测温度之差≤4℃的有对流云日内,对流凝结高度与实测对流云云高之差90%以上都是在1200m以内,500m以内的也达到了53%。     

基于Web GIS的长沙市雷暴天气短期预报模型的研究与应用

基于对长沙地区1971-2000年30年雷暴气候特征的分析研究,采用数值模式输出统计、指数与经验指标、诊断分析三者相结合的MED法,同时引入莱克力指数、修正的K指数等物理量,综合应用数值预报产品、经验指标及区域气象站资料,研究开发出该地区249个站点3-10月甚短期(6 h,6～12 h)雷暴危害度等级潜势预报模型;同时,采用MOS法,研制出短期0～48 h雷暴活动移动趋势预报模型.模型以Web GIS技术为依托,建立了集数据采集、存储、开发、管理、分析和信息传输与发布、信息实时处理等功能于一体的网络信息服务平台.长沙市甚短期雷暴危害度等级潜势预报模型两年(2006-2007年)的业务运行情况表明,该模型对雷暴落区及强度均有较强的预报能力.     

数值预报产品在航空气象预报中的应用

文章对WAFS及国内外利用WAFS格点资料和图形产品进行航空天气预报的方法作了简要介绍;希望气象业务部门在此基础上,充分利用我国民航气象数据库资料制作更丰富的航空预报产品和提高雷暴、积冰、颠簸等对飞行有重要影响的天气现象的预报准确率,进一步满足航空用户的各种需要,提高航空气象服务效益.     

数值预报产品在航空气象预报中的应用

文章对WAFS及国内外利用WAFS格点资料和图形产品进行航空天气预报的方法和简要介绍；希望气象业务部门在此基础上，充分利用我国民航气象数据库资料制作更丰富的航空预报产品和提高雷暴，积冰，颠簸等对飞行有重要影响天气现象的预报准确率，进一步满足航空用户的各种需要，提高航空气象服务效益。     

基于T213集合预报的中国极端温度预报方法研究

基于中国T213集合预报系统资料,根据Anderson-Darling检验原理,研究基于集合预报与模式历史预报累积概率密度(简称模式气候)分布函数连续差异特征的极端温度天气预报方法,建立极端温度天气预报指数(Extreme Temperature Forecast Index, 简称EFI)的数学模型。利用S指数评分方法确定发布极端温度预警信号的阈值,得出:1月的发布极端高温的预警信号的阈值为0.7或0.8,发布极端低温的预警信号的阈值为-0.7或-0.8。基于EFI指数以及该阈值,对2013年1月中国极端温度天气进行预报试验,得出:极端天气预报指数对极端温度天气具有较好的识别能力,可提前3~7 d发出极端温度预警信号,随着预报时效的延长,预报技巧逐渐降低。     

南京地区雷暴活动强度潜势预报

利用江苏省2008、2009和2010年6 8月闪电定位资料对雷暴活动的强度进行了分级,并使用同一时段的探空资料计算了47个代表南京地区 环境层结特征的对流参数,利用其与雷暴活动强度的相关性选取预报因子.在此基础上,采用Bayes分类法和Logistic 回川归分析法,结合逐步选择法进一步筛选预报因子,分别建立了两种雷暴强度的预报模型.通过检验独立样本对比分析两种模型的预报效果,结果表明,Logistic回归分析法的Hedike技巧评分为0.396,并能识别出30％的强雷暴,而Bayes分类法的Hedike技巧评分为0.370,只能识别出5％的强雷暴.Logistic回归分析法对雷暴强度的潜势预报具有较好的指示意义.进一步分析进入预报模型的9个对流参数,表明雷暴活动越强时,低层空气越暖湿,中层空气越干冷,高低层的风切变越大.     

基于气象卫星观测资料的雷电预报指标研究

本文利用风云二号静止卫星获得的红外通道观测资料相当黑体温度TBB,对南京及其周边地区2009-2010年出现的16次雷暴天气过程进行了研究。结果表明：雷暴云中心冷云顶降温率达到10°C／h,并且冷云顶亮温TBB在-33℃以下时,雷暴云中会有闪电发生;雷暴云中心冷云顶到对流云区边界的温度梯度达到0．65°C／km是雷暴得以快速发展加强重要指标;各种参数指标相互配合可以为雷电预报提供有力的理论依据。     

大理机场雷暴特征及潜势预报分析

利用大理机场5年天气观测资料和FNL 1.0X1.0数据,对大理机场雷暴特征及潜势预报进行分析,结果发现：大理机场全年各月都有可能出现雷暴天气,雷暴天气主要出现在6~9月,每年7月和8月雷暴天气出现最为频繁;雷暴天气持续时间0~1小时的次数最多,持续时间1~2小时的雷暴也比较常见,持续时间4~6小时的次数较少,没有出现持续时间6小时以上的雷暴;雷暴可以出现在大理机场的任何方向,出现在东边的次数最多,出现在天顶的次数最少;雷暴初期平均在1月31日,雷暴终期平均在11月14日,雷暴的初期和终期年际差别较大。选取对流有效位能、500hPa相对湿度、0度层高度、近地表四层等压面的抬升指数和可降水量作为预报因子建立大理机场雷暴预报方程,预报方程是显著的,有较好的雷暴潜势预报能力。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on