湿地公园建设中的湿地保护与恢复措施

从湿地公园定义及效益分析入手,分析了湿地公园建设中的保护及恢复措施。保护措施主要是通过隐蔽条件建设、生境岛营造、繁殖巢构建、建设生态廊道、野外投食以及建设生态围栏和警示牌等,达到保护湿地生物的目的;恢复措施主要包括基质恢复、植被恢复、水环境恢复以及岸坡恢复等。湿地保护与恢复措施的实施可为我国湿地公园建设与管理提供技术支撑。     

新疆乌鲁木齐柴窝堡湖国家湿地公园的湿地保护和恢复

根据新疆乌鲁木齐柴窝堡湖国家湿地公园的湿地资源和水资源现状,分析了湿地公园水源补给不足、水质污染的问题。通过实施水质保护恢复工程、湿地生态环境恢复工程、栖息地恢复工程、野生动物保护等生态修复措施,达到保护湿地以及生物多样性的目的,同时缓解该区域因地下水超采引起的生态恶化,提高水资源的利用效率,促进湿地的保护和恢复。     

水府庙国家湿地公园湿地恢复工程评估

为加强湿地保护与恢复研究,采用湿地生态系统、湿地环境质量、湿地景观、基础设施、管理5类项目22个因子作为指标体系,评估湖南水府庙国家湿地公园湿地保护与恢复工程的修复效果。结果表明:水府庙公园湿地生态系统评价总得分为81.4分,湿地生态系统总体评价结果为"优秀",说明湿地公园通过湿地恢复工程的实施效果明显。根据评估结果,提出了相应的湿地保护与管理措施。     

南京新济洲湿地生态恢复研究

以新济洲湿地为例,研究了长江洲滩湿地生态恢复的内涵,提出了生态恢复工程方案。新济洲湿地位于长江下游南京市江宁区段,由于自然因素和人为因素的影响,该湿地结构和功能发生了明显的变化。通过对新济洲湿地的野外研究,分析了退化湿地生态系统的特征,从湿地生境、生物、结构与功能方面阐述了生态恢复的总体构想,研究了湿地恢复的工程手段与可持续利用模式。新济洲湿地生境恢复包括栖息地、基底、水体和土壤的恢复;湿地生物恢复途径有提高植被覆盖率、控制外来物种和保护野生动植物;湿地结构与功能恢复内容包括生态序列重建,生态系统、湿地景观与生物多样性恢复。湿地恢复的工程手段有景观建设、功能区建设、生态定位站、血吸虫防治、植被移植、防护林和河道整治等;湿地可持续利用模式包括桑基鱼塘、生态农业与生态旅游。     

山东寿光滨海国家湿地公园湿地保护与恢复措施和工程探析

山东寿光滨海国家湿地公园中,湿地类型多样,动植物资源丰富,珍稀濒危物种和特有种多,具有很高的保护价值.该湿地公园中的湿地为典型的人工湿地,在经历了人类活动的高强度干扰后,人工湿地明显退化,亟需通过生态技术或生态工程对退化的湿地进行恢复和保护.通过分析区域现有湿地水文、水质条件以及湿地类型、资源现状和目标保护物种分布,综合考虑水源地,以湿地资源有效保护为根本出发点,运用生态保护规划的理论和方法,通过水系贯通、湿地功能恢复、水质和动植物生境改善等一系列生态重点工程和措施,优化该湿地公园的湿地生态环境,使该公园的湿地充分发挥它的多种功能,为该公园的湿地保护与恢复规划提供科学依据.     

江西东江源国家湿地公园的湿地保护技术与措施设计

湿地保护保育措施设计是江西东江源国家湿地公园规划与建设的核心。对河流湿地进行保护和保育、修复和恢复,构建良好的河流廊道生态系统,恢复其生态功能和湿地生物多样性,营造优美的湿地景观,是把东江源国家湿地公园打造成＂健康的湿地、洁净的水源、原生态的河流＂的关键。通过设计河道保洁工程、河流湿地修复与恢复工程、生态河岸带建设工程、水生生物多样性恢复工程、湿地生态滤场构建、生态缓冲控制区6大工程14个项目,对东江源国家湿地公园的湿地进行科学、系统与有效的保护。     

黄河三角洲湿地保护与恢复的现状、问题与建议

黄河三角洲湿地是中国暖温带保存最完整、最广阔和最年轻的湿地生态系统,其原始性、脆弱性和作为珍稀濒危鸟类重要栖息地的作用在国际上备受关注。着眼于当前黄河三角洲湿地的生态问题及变化趋势,分析了黄河三角洲湿地保护与恢复的现状、问题和发展趋势,阐明了黄河三角洲湿地保护与恢复的基本框架和关键技术,明确了下一步黄河三角洲湿地保护与恢复的主要任务,并从区域可持续发展角度提出了黄河三角洲湿地保护与恢复的措施与建议。     

沉湖湿地的保护与恢复

沉湖湿地自然保护区地处长江中游北岸,其生态系统完整,功能独特,野生动植物资源丰富,是一处典型的淡水湖泊沼泽湿地。本文在对沉湖湿地的资源现状、存在的主要问题、保护与恢复的指导思想、建设的总体目标等简要阐述的基础上,对当前沉湖湿地的保护与恢复提出一些发展的理念和模式,以供参考。     

广州大学城湾咀头湿地保护与生态恢复研究

分析了广州大学城湾咀头湿地现状,研究了其湿地保护与生态恢复工程,旨在通过有效措施保护湿地鸟类、提升湿地生物多样性、净化区域珠江水质,形成集湿地保护、生态恢复和自然观赏于一体的广州特色湿地。     

基于生物–环境–服务功能模型的三江源高寒草甸湿地不同恢复措施效果评价

研究以青海省三江源区退化草甸湿地为研究区，对湿地环境和功能进行评估，构建了基于生物（Biology）-环境（Environment）-服务功能（Service）的BES模型（涉及3个生物指标，4个环境指标，8种生态系统服务功能指标）评估3种湿地恢复技术（I-补播草种+生长期封育；II-围栏封育和III-防鼠样地）对湿地恢复的效果。基于2017年和2018年的监测数据，计算湿地综合健康指数（Comprehensive healthy index，CHI）和净变动指数（Net variation index，NVI），分析不同恢复措施下湿地健康的恢复过程及其恢复程度。结果表明：① 3种修复技术在湿地恢复中均取得较好的效果。湿地的综合健康指数从2016年未实施任何措施时的0.499分别上升至0.712、0.716和0.650，湿地健康水平由警戒状态恢复至良好状态；② 评价期内恢复技术I和II对湿地恢复效果均好于恢复技术III，但未发现恢复技术I和II之间存在显著差别；③ 高寒湿地生物指标与供给指标恢复速度较快、恢复程度较好，而土壤支持等指标恢复速度较慢、幅度较小。补播草种有助于短时、高效地恢复湿地植被，而实现土壤和功能的全面恢复还需要结合封育等更多的措施和更长的周期。     

Paleoenvironmental change in wetlands of the Florida Everglades, southeast USA

In this special issue, we report on efforts to reconstruct paleoclimate/paleolimnology of the Florida Everglades, applying a wide range of techniques including sedimentological, micropaleontological and biogeochemical approaches. The papers included here describe results obtained by studies conducted in Everglades National Park and the greater South Florida Everglades by Florida Coastal Everglades Long Term Ecological Research Program (FCE LTER) collaborators. This multi-investigator project contrasts nutrient dynamics in two inland-to-marine transects aligned along separate drainages in southern Florida that differ in their susceptibility to coastal pressures and in volume of freshwater delivery. This effort focuses on the paleoecological aspects of FCE LTER research that address scales of ecosystem transformations driven by climate variability and change and human activities. The central question addressed by this body of work is “How is the shape of the freshwater-to-marine gradient in the Florida coastal Everglades controlled by changes in climate, freshwater inflow (i.e. through human activities), and disturbance (i.e. sea level rise, hurricanes, fire)?”     

Regional climate gradients in precipitation and temperature in response to climate teleconnections in the Greater Everglades ecosystem of South Florida

Precipitation and temperature in Florida responds to climate teleconnections from both the Pacific and Atlantic regions. In this region south of Lake Okeechobee, encompassing NWS Climate Divisions 5, 6, and 7, modern movement of surface waters are managed by the South Florida Water Management District and the US Army Corps of Engineers for flood control, water supply, and Everglades restoration within the constraints of the climatic variability of precipitation and evaporation. Despite relatively narrow, low-relief, but multi-purposed land separating the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Mexico, South Florida has patterns of precipitation and temperature that vary substantially on spatial scales of 10¹–10² km. Here we explore statistically significant linkages to precipitation and temperature that vary seasonally and over small spatial scales with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Over the period from 1952 to 2005, ENSO teleconnections exhibited the strongest influence on seasonal precipitation. The Multivariate ENSO Index was positively correlated with winter (dry season) precipitation and explained up to 34 % of dry season precipitation variability along the southwest Florida coast. The AMO was the most influential of these teleconnections during the summer (wet season), with significant positive correlations to South Florida precipitation. These relationships with modern climate parameters have implications for paleoclimatological and paleoecological reconstructions, and future climate predictions from the Greater Everglades system.     

湿地恢复的技术与方法研究

从湿地恢复的基本概念和应遵循的原则入手,阐述了湿地恢复的两种模式,即被动恢复模式和主动恢复模式。从确定湿地恢复的目标、明确恢复区域、制定恢复方案、监测恢复活动、评价是否成功、恢复的长期管理等方面阐述了湿地恢复的流程。最后从土壤基质的恢复、植被恢复、栖息地保护与生境改善、湿地生态水管理、富营养化治理、有害生物防控、火生态控制等方面介绍了常见的湿地恢复措施。     

Challenges in using siliceous subfossils as a tool for inferring past water level and hydroperiod in Everglades marshes

Successfully rehabilitating drained wetlands through hydrologic restoration is dependent on defining restoration targets, a process that is informed by pre-drainage conditions, as well as understanding linkages between hydrology and ecosystem structure. Paleoecological records can inform restoration goals by revealing long-term patterns of change, but are dependent on preservation of biomarkers that provide meaningful interpretations of environmental change. In the Florida Everglades, paleohydrological hind-casting could improve restoration forecasting, but frequent drying of marsh soils leads to poor preservation of many biomarkers. To determine the effectiveness of employing siliceous subfossils in paleohydrological reconstructions, we examined diatoms, plant and sponge silico-sclerids from three soil cores in the central Everglades marshes. Subfossil quality varied among cores, but the abundance of recognizable specimens was sufficient to infer 1,000–3,000 years of hydrologic change at decadal to centennial resolution. Phytolith morphotypes were linked to key marsh plant species to indirectly measure fluctuations in water depth. A modern dataset was used to derive diatom-based inferences of water depth and hydroperiod (R² = 0.63, 0.47; RMSE = 14 cm, 120 days, respectively). Changes in subfossil quality and abundances at centennial time-scales were associated with mid-Holocene climate events including the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period, while decadal-scale fluctuations in assemblage structure during the twentieth century suggested co-regulation of hydrology by cyclical climate drivers (particularly the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation) and water management changes. The successful reconstructions based on siliceous subfossils shown here at a coarse temporal scale (i.e., decadal to centennial) advocate for their application in more highly resolved (i.e., subdecadal) records, which should improve the ability of water managers to target the quantity and variability of water flows appropriate for hydrologic restoration.     

Response of diatom assemblages to 130 years of environmental change in Florida Bay (USA)

Coastal ecosystems around the world are constantly changing in response to interacting shifts in climate and land and water use by expanding human populations. The development of agricultural and urban areas in South Florida significantly modified its hydrologic regime and influenced rates of environmental change in wetlands and adjacent estuaries. This study describes changes in diatom species composition through time from four sediment cores collected across Florida Bay, for the purposes of detecting periods of major shifts in assemblage structure and identifying major drivers of those changes. We examined the magnitude of diatom assemblage change in consecutive 2-cm samples of the ²¹⁰Pb-dated cores, producing a record of the past ~130 years. Average assemblage dissimilarity among successive core samples was ~30%, while larger inter-sample and persistent differences suggest perturbations or directional shifts. The earliest significant compositional changes occurred in the late 1800s at Russell Bank, Bob Allen Bank and Ninemile Bank in the central and southwestern Bay, and in the early 1900s at Trout Cove in the northeast. These changes coincided with the initial westward redirection of water from Lake Okeechobee between 1881 and 1894, construction of several canals between 1910 and 1915, and building the Florida Overseas Railroad between 1906 and 1916. Later significant assemblage restructurings occurred in the northeastern and central Bay in the late 1950s, early 1960s and early 1970s, and in the southwestern Bay in the 1980s. These changes coincide with climate cycles driving increased hurricane frequency in the 1960s, followed by a prolonged dry period in the 1970s to late 1980s that exacerbated the effects of drainage operations in the Everglades interior. Changes in the diatom assemblage structure at Trout Cove and Ninemile Bank in the 1980s correspond to documented eutrophication and a large seagrass die-off. A gradual decrease in the abundance of freshwater to brackish water taxa in the cores over ~130 years implies that freshwater deliveries to Florida Bay were much greater prior to major developments on the mainland. Salinity, which was quantitatively reconstructed at these sites, had the greatest effect on diatom communities in Florida Bay, but other factors—often short-lived, natural and anthropogenic in nature—also played important roles in that process. Studying the changes in subfossil diatom communities over time revealed important environmental information that would have been undetected if reconstructing only one water quality variable.     

Mechanisms for Organic Matter and Phosphorus Burial in Sedimentsof a Shallow, Subtropical, Macrophyte-Dominated Lake

We studied the role that submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) plays in the sedimentation of organic matter (OM) and phosphorus (P) in Lake Panasoffkee, Florida (USA), a shallow, hard-water, macrophyte-dominated water body. Carbon/Nitrogen ratios (C/N) and stable isotope signatures (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) in algae, higher plants, and surface sediments were measured to identify sources of OM to the lake mud. Pollen, plant macrofossils, and geochemistry in sediment cores indicated that primary productivity and SAV abundance in Lake Panasoffkee increased in the late 1800s, probably as a response to increased P loading from human settlement and forest clearance. SAV and associated periphyton served as temporary sinks for soluble P, maintaining relatively clear-water, low-nutrient conditions in the lake. P accumulation in Lake Panasoffkee sediments increased together with indicators for greater SAV presence. This suggests that SAV and associated epiphytes promote P burial and retention in sediments. Although it might be assumed that rooted submersed macrophytes are directly responsible for P uptake from water and transfer to sediments, C/N and stable carbon isotope results argue for the importance of other macrophyte growth forms, and perhaps epiphytic algae, in permanent OM and P sequestration. For instance, high rates of photosynthesis by epiphytes in hard-water systems consume CO₂ and promote CaCO₃ precipitation. Sloughing of accumulated carbonates from macrophyte leaves transfers epiphytes and associated P to the sediment. Our paleolimnological findings are relevant to restoration efforts in the Florida Everglades and support the claim that constructed SAV wetlands remove P from waters effectively.     

浙江余杭湿地生态修复现状及技术措施

近年来,湿地生态修复的理念逐渐被人们认知和认同,一些符合生态修复理念的民生工程在各地政府的大力扶持下起到了良好的宣传与示范作用,并逐步得到推广应用。然而由于我国对湿地生态修复的研究起步较晚,湿地生态修复的理念及技术尚停留在初级阶段。根据浙江省余杭区湿地资源调查资料,分析了当前湿地修复中存在的不足,提出一些切实可行的生态修复理念及技术措施。     

Comparative Study on Collective Forest Tenure Reform and Water Rights System Reform in China

Collective forest tenure reform and water rights system reform are two types of resource system reform initiated by the Chinese government since the implementation of the reform and opening policy of the 1980s. Forest tenure reform has been completed and water rights system reform is ongoing. This study analyzes key points and problems with collective forest tenure reform and summarizes four typical successful reform measures and lessons that will have implications for the developing water rights system: the collective forest-cutting quota system, collective forest tenure compensation, collective forest tenure confirmation, and collective forest tenure trading center. A flexible water permission index, compensation measures in water rights trade, water rights approval, and various forms of water rights trading platforms are proposed as reform measures. This study fills a gap in comparative studies between two important resource system reforms in China and provides a reference for further reform and development of water rights systems locally and abroad.     

基于生态水文调控的流域综合管理研究综述

在全球气候变化与人类活动的双重影响下,流域水与生态等问题将更加突出、相互交织,是当前亟需解决的影响和制约世界各国可持续发展的瓶颈问题。基于对流域综合管理概念内涵的理解,以生态水文学理论和基于自然的水资源解决方案的理念为指导,提出了基于生态水文调控的流域综合管理概念与内涵,着重阐述了其核心内容：① 理论方法——流域生态水文调控原理与方法;② 应用实践——面向生态-社会协调可持续的流域水资源综合管理。将丰富和发展流域综合管理理论方法与技术体系,提升流域综合管理的实效性和整体水平。     

当前我国湿地保护中存在的问题和保护建议

基于我国对湿地的认知变化及保护历程,结合第二次全国湿地普查结果,分析当前我国湿地保护中存在的主要问题,并提出针对性建议,主要包括:落实保护红线、创新保护格局;完善法律法规、推进湿地保护绩效考核;实施生态补偿机制、提升湿地造血功能;加强科技支撑及人才建设、建立智能管理体系;宣扬湿地文化,推进社会主流生态价值观形成等。